Recovery Measures Research Articles

A Review of COVID-19-Related Literature on Freight Transport: Impacts, Mitigation Strategies, Recovery Measures, and Future Research Directions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions in the freight transport sector. The number of studies on the impact of COVID-19 on freight transport and possible mitigation strategies are growing. However, a systematic and comprehensive review highlighting the research themes, main findings, research methods, and future research directions of these studies remains scarce. Therefore, this study presents a mixed review comprising scientometric and systematic reviews to cover these research gaps. Results show that 68 studies have been published on this topic since the beginning of 2020 and that they cover three main themes: the impacts of COVID-19 on freight transport, mitigation strategies, and recovery during and after COVID-19. In addition, we describe the research methods, main findings, and possible research directions in each of them. Thus, the findings of our work present both theoretical and practical analyses of COVID-19-related research on freight transport and provide important future research directions in this domain.

A roadmap for ladybird conservation and recovery.

Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) provide services that are critical to food production, and they fulfill an ecological role as a food source for predators. The richness, abundance, and distribution of ladybirds, however, are compromised by many anthropogenic threats. Meanwhile, a lack of knowledge of the conservation status of most species and the factors driving their population dynamics hinders the development and implementation of conservation strategies for ladybirds. We conducted a review of the literature on the ecology, diversity, and conservation of ladybirds to identify their key ecological threats. Ladybird populations are most affected by climate factors, landscape composition, and biological invasions. We suggest mitigating actions for ladybird conservation and recovery. Short-term actions include citizen science programs and education, protective measures for habitat recovery and threatened species, prevention of the introduction of non-native species, and the maintenance and restoration of natural areas and landscape heterogeneity. Mid-term actions involve the analysis of data from monitoring programs and insect collections to disentangle the effect of different threats to ladybird populations, understand habitat use by taxa on which there is limited knowledge, and quantify temporal trends of abundance, diversity, and biomass along a management-intensity gradient. Long-term actions include the development of a worldwide monitoring program based on standardized sampling to fill data gaps, increase explanatory power, streamline analyses, and facilitate global collaborations.

Measurement of elastic strain recovery in an orthodontic aligner as a driving force for orthodontic treatment.

Orthodontic aligners undergo deformation during installation, producing an unexpected component of elastic restoring force that causes unintended changes in the dentition. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between strain and elastic recovery of the aligner. We distinguished the contributions to aligner deformation due to molding and installation by measuring the thickness distribution of an aligner after molding using micro-CT and tracking changes in grid patterns drawn on the sheet used to fabricate the aligner. The aligner was installed on a device that simulated canine movement. Although canine strain was quite strong around the cusp, and in premolar, it was observed mainly in their centers. Furthermore, after molding, thickness distribution of the aligner was found. But, it is no clear relationship between the thickness distribution and the strain distribution. Our method of analysis can help improve aligner design and establish molding method to deliver optimal orthodontic treatment.

TDCS over the primary motor cortex contralateral to the trained hand enhances cross-limb transfer in older adults.

Transferring a unimanual motor skill to the untrained hand, a phenomenon known as cross-limb transfer, was shown to deteriorate as a function of age. While transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) ipsilateral to the trained hand facilitated cross-limb transfer in older adults, little is known about the contribution of the contralateral hemisphere to cross-limb transfer. In the present study, we investigated whether tDCS facilitates cross-limb transfer in older adults when applied over the motor cortex (M1) contralateral to the trained hand. Furthermore, the study aimed at investigating short-term recovery of tDCS-associated cross-limb transfer. In a randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled setting, 30 older adults (67.0 ± 4.6 years, 15 female) performed a short grooved-pegboard training using their left hand, while anodal (a-tDCS) or sham-tDCS (s-tDCS) was applied over right M1 for 20 min. Left (LHtrained) - and right-hand (RHuntrained) performance was tested before and after training and in three recovery measures 15, 30 and 45 min after training. LHtrained performance improved during both a-tDCS and s-tDCS and improvements persisted during recovery measures for at least 45 min. RHuntrained performance improved only following a-tDCS but not after s-tDCS and outlasted the stimulation period for at least 45 min. Together, these data indicate that tDCS over the M1 contralateral to the trained limb is capable of enhancing cross-limb transfer in older adults, thus showing that cross-limb transfer is mediated not only by increased bi-hemispheric activation.

Assessing the effect of mitigation efforts to improve vegetation recovery in powerline construction sites across Norway

Land-use related to technical infrastructure puts great pressure on nature and landscapes globally. We used a screening approach to evaluate vegetation development in 295 construction sites related to upkeeping of the national power grid in Norway and assessed if and how active measures for vegetation recovery can contribute to mitigate negative impacts on biodiversity and natural carbon storage. Bayesian networks were developed to assess the effect of interventions on the vegetation cover, and an ensemble learning algorithm (Boruta) was used to assess variable importance. Multivariate analysis was run to investigate plant functional group composition. The screening approach uncovered some broad results; A large diversity of installation types are associated with gridline-systems, and the large variation of mitigation measures are hard to classify and evaluate. Years since restoration, region and site ID were important to explain the total vegetation cover, while restoration treatment, soil and installation type were not important. Graminoids dominate the total vegetation cover, in both seeded and non-seeded sites. More detailed studies will contribute to more accurate evaluation of different measures and vegetation recovery. Lack of documentation and well-designed monitoring hamper the development of reliable procedures of mitigation in construction projects, as the ecological outcome of the efforts can be questioned.

Simultaneous Determination of Protoberberine Alkaloids Derived from Coptidis Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex in Pharmaceuticals by On-line Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)—High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection (HPLC-UV)

An automated on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of six protoberberine alkaloids in compound Chinese medicines containing Coptidis Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex. The sample solution extracted by acidic-methanol was loaded into the constructed system directly to perform enrichment and the purification of the analytes was performed automatically. A cation-exchanged sorbent based on turbulent chromatography was employed for on-line SPE to remove macro and neutral matrix interferences from samples. The target alkaloids were retained on the SPE column and eluted onto the trapping C18 column by a mobile phase of methanol/500 mM ammonium acetate (85:15) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Ion pair reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to complete the determination of six analytes. The results showed the linear correlation coefficients for all analytes were above 0.999. The peak area of relative standard deviation in reproducibility measurements were from 0.55% to 2.39%. Recovery measurements spiked at two levels were from 92.71% to 104.28%. The reported method was suitable for the determination of six active alkaloids in multicomponent Chinese medicines containing Coptidis rhizoma and Phellodendri cortex.

Reconceptualizing Recovery After Concussion: A Phenomenological Exploration of College Student Experiences.

Typical measures of recovery from concussion-such as symptom scales, neurocognitive testing, or exertion measures-may not capture individualized experiences of concussion. This report examines how college students with concussion interact with and consider their recovery. Sixteen college students who sustained concussions while in college completed 40- to 75-min semistructured interviews. All were enrolling to become mentors in a peer mentoring program for students with concussion. Questions addressed experiences as a college student with concussion, life changes following concussion, and role of peers in recovery. Using phenomenological reduction, analysis focused on the phenomenon of recovery and motivation for participation in a mentoring program. Two main themes were found: (a) What Recovery Looks Like and (b) Gaining Perspective, Learning to Cope and Adapting to Change. Thirteen participants denied the label of "recovered" even though all had been deemed recovered and discharged from medical care. Instead, two subthemes emerged within What Recovery Looks Like: Ongoing Recovery and Reconceptualizing Recovery. Perceptions of recovery were influenced by effort, capacity, and resilience. In the second theme, students described strategies, resources, and supports used to cope with their injuries; most commonly used was emotion-focused coping. College students with concussion consider recovery as an ongoing process rather than a dichotomized condition. Student experiences may not be reflected in commonly used symptom scales or objective assessments. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21084925.

Ferritin: An Iron Deficiency Biomarker In Collegiate Female Distance Runners

Iron deficiency is a concern in distance runners due to the implications that hemoglobin production becomes impaired limiting oxygen uptake and tissue oxidation in the body. Ferritin is a biomarker used to diagnose iron deficiency. The related signs and symptoms of iron deficiency are associated with decreased performance and prolonged recovery. PURPOSE: To investigate whether the change in ferritin levels affect measures of performance, measures of recovery, and rate of perceived exertion in female endurance runners. METHODS: Ten participants (3 freshman and 7 upperclassman) that were female distance runners on an NCAA Division I Track and Field Team (20.0 ± 1.4 yrs) from one mid-Atlantic university completed the study. Each participant completed the self-reported demographic questionnaire to determine participation eligibility, injury history, and iron supplementation history. In addition, a post-race questionnaire following each race was completed to self-report measures related to performance and recovery (RPE, sleep, dietary, hydration and stress). Results of most recent ferritin levels at different time points and race times during the competitive indoor track and field season were obtained from existing data. RESULTS: Ferritin levels were found to decrease in both freshman and upperclassman groups from the previous six and eighteen months of testing, respectively. Ferritin levels preseason and postseason were 50.33 ± 17.94 ng/ml and 46.33 ± 17.75 ng/ml, respectively, with no significance in change (F = 1.767, p = 0.220). Partial correlations indicated moderate relationships between ferritin levels and feeling ill or injured (r = 0.42, p = 0.002), hours of sleep the previous three nights (r = 0.315, p = 0.021), and rate of perceived exertion (r = 0.407, p = 0.002). Other results were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Ferritin can be a valuable tool in determining iron status in the body and is associated with several measures of recovery. Regular ferritin testing with other hematological markers provide a comprehensive analysis of factors that influence levels of aerobic capacity. Difference in iron stores have a significant relationship with measures of recovery, thus additional studies should be conducted to further investigate the importance of ferritin levels and confirm the findings of this study.

A History Of Regular Exercise And Cardiac Vagal Tone

Less Heart Rate Variability (HRV; a measure of parasympathetic or vagal activity) is indicative of parasympathetic withdrawal (or sympathetic dominance) and has been associated with difficulties in stress regulation. This suggests HRV could be a viable measure of physiological stress reactivity and recovery. Thus, understanding the relationship between exercise behavior and HRV reactivity could be of value in understanding how exercise may improve stress reactivity and recovery for regular exercisers. PURPOSE: Explore the relationship between exercise behavior participation and vagal tone reactivity in response to exercise. METHODS: Participants’ (N=25, 13 females, 23.3±4.0 yrs) reported retrospective exercise behavior [length of participation (LOP) in primary mode of exercise], then completed a 20-min exercise interval (5-blocks of 3-min exercise to 1-min rest) at high-intensity where heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during the session. HRV (High Frequency Power) was recorded prior to and 10-min post exercise. HRV reactivity was calculated by subtracting post from pre recordings, where a greater value equals more reactivity or less recovery. RESULTS: No differences in percentage of peak HR (>1 yr: 99%; <1 yr: 96%; F(3.4, 12.5)=0.7 P=0.59) and RPE (>1-yr: 14.6; <1-yr: 13.6; F(9.0, 50.9)=1.3, P=0.28) were observed during exercise between those LOPs of > 1-year and < 1-year, suggesting everyone engaged in exercise of the same intensity, duration, and mode. While HRV reactivity was not significantly different between those exercising >1-year (1.87±0.16) versus <1-year (3.98±0.99; F(3, 16.2)=2.21, P=0.14), LOP and HRV reactivity were inversely related (HI: r = -0.56, P=0.02). CONCLUSION: Participants who had been regular exercisers for longer experienced less HRV reactivity or recovered faster than their counterparts. This suggests that continued regular exercise over time is related to an advantageous response (i.e., less vagal reactivity and faster recovery) to an exercise stressor.

A Coherence Parameter Characterizing Generative Compressed Sensing With Fourier Measurements

In 1, a mathematical framework was developed for compressed sensing guarantees in the setting where the measurement matrix is Gaussian and the signal structure is the range of a generative neural network (GNN). The problem of compressed sensing with GNNs has since been extensively analyzed when the measurement matrix and/or network weights follow a subgaussian distribution. We move beyond the subgaussian assumption, to measurement matrices that are derived by sampling uniformly at random rows of a unitary matrix (including subsampled Fourier measurements as a special case). Specifically, we prove the first known restricted isometry guarantee for generative compressed sensing (GCS) with subsampled isometries, and provide recovery bounds with nearly order-optimal sample complexity, addressing an open problem of 2, p. 10. Recovery efficacy is characterized by the coherence, a new parameter, which measures the interplay between the range of the network and the measurement matrix. Our approach relies on subspace counting arguments and ideas central to high-dimensional probability. Furthermore, we propose a regularization strategy for training GNNs to have favourable coherence with the measurement operator. We provide compelling numerical simulations that support this regularized training strategy: our strategy yields low coherence networks that require fewer measurements for signal recovery. This, together with our theoretical results, supports coherence as a natural quantity for characterizing GCS with subsampled isometries.

Fit for purpose: Conception and psychometric evaluation of developmentally appropriate measures to assess functional recovery in first-episode psychosis across geo-cultural contexts.

Given the paucity of functional recovery measures for young people with psychosis, we developed and conducted psychometric testing of the Functional Outcomes Interview (FOI) and the Roles and Aspirations Among Youth scale (RAY; a much-needed patient-reported outcome measure). Both measures were developed in English, Tamil, and French through discussions with professionals, participants, and families at early psychosis programs in Canada and India. The FOI assesses the number and tenure of functional roles and allows the nuanced assessment of each role in terms of performance, need for support, and quality of social contacts. The roles include work, school, household responsibilities, parenting/caregiving, and efforts to return to work/school. The RAY is a self-report of current roles and future aspirations. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, factorial validity, and concurrent validity for the RAY; and inter-rater reliability (IRR), internal consistency, and concurrent validity for the FOI were assessed. The RAY had adequate internal consistency and temporal stability and was unidimensional in factor analysis. The FOI had acceptable IRR and internal consistency, as evinced by comparable performance ratings across functional roles. Significant associations between our novel measures and well-established measures of functioning and negative symptoms indicate concurrent validity. The FOI and RAY were designed to be youth friendly, assess aspirations, and acknowledge individuals as desiring and holding multiple roles. They thus represent a significant advancement in assessing functional recovery in first-episode psychosis. Having been tested in two distinct settings, these measures show promise for wider deployment across geo-cultural contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Increased extent of waterfowl grazing lengthens the recovery time of a colonizing seagrass (Halophila ovalis) with implications for seagrass resilience.

Herbivore distributions and abundance are shifting because of climate change, leading to intensified grazing pressure on foundation species such as seagrasses. This, combined with rapidly increasing magnitudes of change in estuarine ecosystems, may affect seagrass resilience. While the overall resilience of seagrasses is generally well-studied, the timeframes of recovery has received comparatively little attention, particularly in temperate estuaries. We investigated how the recovery time (RT) of seagrass is affected by simulated grazing in a southwestern Australian estuary. Whilst excluding swans, we simulated different grazing intensities (25, 50, 75, and 100% removal from 1 m2 plots) at four locations in the Swan-Canning Estuary, Western Australia during summer and tracked the recovery of seagrass over 3 months, using seagrass cover as the main measure of recovery. We found that seagrass recovered within 4–6 weeks from the lower grazing intensities (25 and 50%) and 7–19 weeks from the higher grazing intensities (75 and 100%) across the estuary. Increased grazing intensity led to not only longer recovery times (RTs), but also greater variability in the RT among experimental locations. The RT from the higher grazing intensities at one location in particular was more than double other locations. Seagrass recovery was through vegetative mechanisms and not through sexual reproduction. There was a significant grazing treatment effect on seagrass meadow characteristics, particularly belowground biomass which had not recovered 3 months following grazing. As the pressure of climate change on estuarine environments increases, these quantified RTs for seagrass provide a baseline for understanding grazing pressure as a singular disturbance. Future work can now examine how grazing and other potentially interacting pressures in our changing climate could impact seagrass recovery even further.

Transient amplification enhances the persistence of tropicalising coral assemblages in marginal high‐latitude environments

Predicting the viability of species exposed to increasing climatic stress requires an appreciation for the mechanisms underpinning the success or failure of marginal populations. Rather than traditional metrics of long‐term population performance, here we illustrate that short‐term (i.e. transient) demographic characteristics, including measures of resistance, recovery and compensation, are fundamental in the poleward range expansion of hard corals, facilitating the establishment of coral populations at higher latitudes. Through the annual census of subtropical and temperate Acropora spp. colonies in Japan between 2017 and 2019, we show how enhanced transient amplification (i.e. short‐term increases in population growth following disturbance) supports the persistence of coral assemblages within more variable high‐latitude environments. The transient dynamics of both the subtropical and temperate assemblages were strongly influenced by their corresponding recruitment patterns. However, we demonstrate that variation in colony survival and fragmentation patterns between the two assemblages determines their relative capacities for transient amplification. This latitudinal variation in the transient dynamics of Acropora spp. assemblages emphasizes that coral populations can possess the demographic plasticity necessary for exploiting more variable, marginal conditions.

Prediction of successful veno-venous extracorporeal life support liberation using the oxygen challenge test.

The oxygen challenge test (OCT) is an underutilized measure of lung recovery, easily performed prior to proceeding with a trial-off V-V ECLS as part of a weaning algorithm. Evidence-based thresholds for OCT results which support continuing with V-V ECLS weaning are lacking, making interpretation of these tests challenging in clinical practice. We performed a retrospective review of patients commenced on V-V ECLS as a bridge-to-recovery at Vancouver General Hospital from 2015-2019. The absolute PaO2 post-OCT and change in PaO2 proportional to incremental FiO2 change on the ventilator (∆PaO2 ) were evaluated as predictive screening metrics for identifying conditions favorable for successful trial-off of V-V ECLS. An optimal cut-off of PaO2 ≥ 240 mm Hg post-OCT (AUC 0.77) and ∆PaO2 ≥ 250 mm Hg (AUC 0.76) was identified as a threshold for predicting successful trials-off. A total of 26 and 24 patients achieved post-OCT PaO2 and ∆PaO2 thresholds, and 100% of these patients were liberated successfully from ECLS during their admission. The OCT can serve as an effective screen of shunt reduction and native lung recovery which can be used alongside other measures of ventilation to assess for suitability of liberation from V-V ECLS prior to a trial-off. Achieving a PaO2 ≥ 240 mm Hg post-OCT is a strong prognostic indicator for successful liberation from V-V ECLS during ICU admission.

Ecosystem and Driving Force Evaluation of Northeast Forest Belt

The ecosystem in the Northeast Forest Belt (NFB) can provide various ecosystem services, such as soil conservation, habitat provision, water conservation, and so on. It is essential for maintaining the ecological environment in Northeast China and the entire country. In the face of increasingly severe environmental problems, the comprehensive and accurate evaluation of ecosystem conditions and their changes is significant for scientific and reasonable recovery and protection measures. In this study, the NFB was taken as the research area. The spatio-temporal changes in ecological quality from 2005 to 2015 and the main driving factors behind them were analyzed by constructing the comprehensive ecosystem evaluation index. The results showed that: The landscape types of the NFB were mainly forest, cropland, and grassland. And the better ecological environment of the NFB was mainly distributed in the south of Changbai Mountains (CBM), the middle of Lesser Khingan Mountains (LKM), and the northwest of Greater Khingan Mountains (GKM). In contrast, the northeast of CBM, the southwest of LKM, and the edge of southern GKM were relatively poor. During 2005–2015, the ecosystem in the NFB was in a relatively good state as a whole, showing a steady-to-good development trend. However, more attention needed to be paid to some areas where degradation still existed. Land use/cover, climate (annual average rainfall, etc.), and human disturbance were potential factors affecting ecosystem evolution in the NFB. This study aims to provide an effective scientific basis and policy reference for the environmental protection and construction of the NFB.

Recording of motor and somatosensory evoked potential in an anaesthetised Wistar rat using digital polyrite system

Objectives: The aim of this article is to explain the detailed methodology to record Motor evoked potential (MEP) and somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) in adult albino Wistar rat, male (200–250 g) which has not been defined previously. Materials and Methods: We have standardised recording of both MEP and SSEP in these rats under anaesthesia on ADI digital polyrite system. Results: Evoked potentials have been widely studied in spinal cord injured patients to estimate the degree of injury and to establish a predictive measure of functional recovery. MEPs and SSEPs, arising from the motor cortex or peripheral nerve and generated either by direct electrical stimulation or by transcranial magnetic stimulation, have been advocated as a reliable indicator of descending and ascending pathway integrity. In the rat brain, there is a physical overlap between the motor and somatosensory cortex. Hence, our objective was to identify the exact area for stimulation in the cortex where we could record maximum response with the application of minimum electrical stimulation. Conclusion: The recording of MEP and SSEP together provides a powerful neurological technique to monitor the tracts of the spinal cord.

Tea farming communities’ perceptions of Fairtrade and COVID-19 in Phongsali district of Laos

ABSTRACT Tea farming communities in Laos are faced with COVID-19 impacts, while simultaneously having difficulties in access to Fairtrade. This paper examines community issues on how tea farmers perceived Fairtrade as an economic recovery from COVID-19. Taking a case study from five tea farming communities in the Phongsali district of Laos, this paper reveals pivotal role Fairtrade plays in supporting tea farmers’ community development to enhance their income and livelihoods. It suggests communities’ mixed perceptions of Fairtrade in contributing to economic recovery under the COVID-19 impacts over the long term. We argue that Fairtrade can be deployed as an ad-hoc economic recovery measure in the face of the COVID-19 impacts to sustain tea farmers’ trading, income, food security, and community development in Phongsali. This paper suggests how Fairtrade would serve as a safety net for enhancing local community development while the COVID-19 pandemic remains a huge challenge to local economic development.

Randomized Benchmarking beyond Groups

Randomized benchmarking (RB) is the gold standard for experimentally evaluating the quality of quantum operations. The current framework for RB is centered on groups and their representations, but this can be problematic. For example, Clifford circuits need up to $O(n^2)$ gates, and thus Clifford RB cannot scale to larger devices. Attempts to remedy this include new schemes such as linear cross-entropy benchmarking (XEB), cycle benchmarking, and non-uniform RB, but they do not fall within the group-based RB framework. In this work, we formulate the \emph{universal randomized benchmarking (URB) framework} which does away with the group structure and also replaces the recovery gate plus measurement component with a general ``post-processing'' POVM. Not only does this framework cover most of the existing benchmarking schemes, but it also gives the language for and helps inspire the formulation of new schemes. We specifically consider a class of URB schemes called \emph{twirling schemes}. For twirling schemes, the post-processing POVM approximately factorizes into an intermediate channel, inverting maps, and a final measurement. This leads us to study the twirling map corresponding to the gate ensemble specified by the scheme. We prove that if this twirling map is strictly within unit distance of the Haar twirling map in induced diamond norm, the probability of measurement as a function of gate length is a single exponential decay up to small error terms. The core technical tool we use is the matrix perturbation theory of linear operators on quantum channels.

Understanding Resilience Optimization Architectures: Alignment and Coupling in Multilevel Decomposition Strategies

Abstract Including resilience in an overall systems optimization process is challenging because the space of hazard-mitigating features is complex, involving both inherent and active prevention and recovery measures. Many resilience optimization approaches have thus been put forward to optimize a system’s resilience while systematically managing these complexities. However, there has been little study about when to apply or how to adapt architectures (or their underlying decomposition strategies) to new problems, which may be formulated differently. To resolve this problem, this article first reviews the literature to understand how choice of optimization architecture flows out of problem type and, based on this review, creates a conceptual framework for understanding these architectures in terms of their underlying decomposition strategies. To then better understand the applicability of alternating and bilevel decomposition strategies for resilience optimization, their performance is compared over two demonstration problems. These comparisons show that while both strategies can solve resilience optimization problem effectively, the alternating strategy is prone to adverse coupling relationships between design and resilience models, while the bilevel strategy is prone to increased computational costs from the use of gradient-based methods in the upper level. Thus, when considering how to solve a novel resilience optimization problem, the choice of decomposition strategy should flow out of problem coupling and efficiency characteristics.

Service Delivery Digitalization as a Tool for COVID- 19 Recovery in Fast-Food Restaurants in Nairobi, Kenya

Purpose: The goal of this study was to assess the influence of the adoption of service delivery digitalization tools on Covid-19 recovery in fast-food restaurants in Nairobi.&#x0D; Methodology: To collect and analyze data for this study, correlational research design was used. A total number of 89 questionnaires were administered to fast-food senior managers in Nairobi. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.&#x0D; Findings: In an aim to identify the service delivery digital tools adopted to enhance COVID-19 recovery in fast-food restaurants, the results indicated that contactless payment systems, online delivery apps, digital menus, KDS and POS were the highest adopted tool with a mean of 1.00. Service robots and touch less elevators were not adopted in the fast-food restaurants in this study with a mean of .00. The other tools adopted were self-service kiosks with .84, ORS with .71 and drive thru systems with .71. On determining the level of COVID-19 recovery in fast food restaurants in Nairobi, the results indicated that the rate of restaurant sales increasing had a mean of 3.09. This means that it was to a large extent, increase in the restaurant operations had a mean of 3.21, while increase in the number of customers had 3.02. Increase in customer satisfaction had 3.08 and increase in customer loyalty had 3.21 which also meant that the level of all measures of COVID-19 recovery were to a moderate extent. On determining the influence of service delivery digitalization on COVID-19 recovery level, the tools significantly and positively influenced level of COVID-19 recovery (β = .430, t = 4.446, p&lt;.05). The study also found that online delivery apps, digital menus and contactless payment systems also significantly and positively influenced the level of COVID-19 recovery in fast food restaurants in Nairobi (β = .600, t = 6.999, p&lt;.05; β = .614, t = 7.254, p&lt;.05 &amp; β = .580, t = 6.649, p&lt;.05 respectively).&#x0D; Contribution to theory and practice: The newly acquired insights in this study will contribute to the academic literature on the adoption of service delivery digitalization tools and their impact on COVID-19 recovery in fast food restaurants. In addition, the results from the study could be helpful to the management of fast food restaurant in improving customer satisfaction, loyalty and sales after a pandemic. Since the results present a way fast food restaurants have adopted to recover from the effects of COVID-19 pandemic.