Measure Of Protective Factors Research Articles

Examination of the Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk - Youth Version (SAPROF-YV) in Canadian Adolescents

The Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk - Youth Version (SAPROF-YV) is a new measure of protective factors. It is used with a risk-focused tool, such as the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), to provide a more balanced and comprehensive assessment of violence risk in adolescents. Our study investigated the relationship between the SAPROF-YV and aggression in a sample of 69 adolescents. Using a retrospective follow-up study design, we reviewed files at an inpatient treatment centre and a probation office. The SAPROF-YV showed good convergent and discriminant validity with the SAVRY. The SAPROF-YV was predictive of the absence of minor verbal aggression. While the SAPROF-YV added incremental predictive validity to SAVRY Protective factors for minor verbal aggression, it did not add incrementally to SAVRY Risk factors in the prediction of any type of aggression. We discuss implications for future research and clinical applications.

Enhancing the sweat resistance of sunscreens.

While sunbathing of performing outdoor sport activities, sunscreens are important for protection of uncovered skin against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, perspiration negatively affects the performance of a sunscreen film by weakening its substantivity and uniformity through the activation of two mechanisms, namely sunscreen wash-off and sunscreen redistribution. We used a perspiring skin simulator to investigate the effect of sunscreen formulation on its efficiency upon sweating. Specifically, we modified the sunscreen formulation by incorporating a hydrophobic film former and adding water-absorbing particles. Sunscreen performance before and after perspiration is assessed by in vitro sun protection factor measurements, direct detection of changes in the sunscreen distribution using UV reflectance imaging, and by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy for microscopic characterization of the UV filter relocation. The results show that incorporating a hydrophobic film former can decrease sunscreen wash-off due to sweating, while an excessive amount of film former might negatively affect the sunscreen distribution. The addition of water-absorbing particles, on the other hand, had either a negative or positive impact on the sunscreen substantivity, depending on the particle properties. While the addition of large water-absorbing particles appeared to increase sunscreen redistribution, smaller particles that could form a gel-like structure upon contact with water, appeared to change sunscreen wetting and sweat droplet spreading, thereby decreasing sunscreen wash-off and sunscreen redistribution. We find that using a combination of hydrophobic film formers, which increase water resistance, and small water-absorbing particles, which change the wetting behavior, can make sunscreen formulations more sweat-resistant and less runny.

Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Resilience-Focussed Interventions: A Conceptual Analysis to Inform Future Research.

Internationally, the mental health of children and adolescents is undoubtedly an important construct of theoretical, clinical, and policy level concern. Worldwide, five mental disorders (depression, alcohol misuse, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder) represent half of the 10 leading causes of disability and premature death; with mental disorders accounting for 15–30% of disability adjusted life years in the first three decades of life. This provides a solid rational founded in implications for population health as to why reducing and preventing mental health problems in children and adolescents deserves attention. Past research has indicated interventions focussed on building resilience through strengthening protective factors may offer the potential to address mental health problems in children and adolescents, and in particular aid in reducing such problems during times of increased risk or adversity. With childhood and adolescence being critical periods of development, there is a need to reflect on the strengths and limitations of resilience-focussed interventions and anticipated future needs of the world’s youth. This conceptual analysis identifies a number of future research directions that may meaningfully add to the evidence base and improve implementation, evaluation, and impact of resilience-focussed interventions. These largely relate to refining the understanding of how resilience protective factors relate to mental health problems in children and adolescents. Important issues and potential opportunities to improve the related research field include improved reporting of intervention content; improved measurement of resilience protective factors in intervention trials; continued reporting and review of evidence of association between protective factors and mental health outcomes; and incorporation of mediation analysis within intervention trials. There is a need for further intervention studies in this space to be conducted as rigorous trials of resilience-focussed approaches based on such evidence of association, with clearly posited mechanisms of change, and inclusive of analysis of differential intervention effects. The suggested implications for research made in this conceptual analysis will aid in improving the quality of the evidence base relevant to the fostering of resilience and prevention of mental health problems in children and adolescents.

Desarrollo y evidencia de validez de una escala multidimensional de riesgo de suicidio y factores protectores en un contexto chileno

Suicide is a major public health concern, making risk assessment essential for its prevention. Although there are multiple related factors, there are few psychometric tools for the joint measurement of both protective and risk factors, making a multidimensional understanding of suicidal behaviour difficult. On this basis, the present study aims to develop a quickly applicable, multidimensional assessment approach to evaluate both risk and protective factors. A cross-sectional, instrumental design was used, together with a non-probabilistic, availability sampling, with two samples of young adults over 18 years of age (n=405 and n=117). The final measure is composed by 25 items and 5 dimensions (i.e. suicidal ideation, emotion-focused coping strategies, self-esteem, perceived social support and expectations towards the future). Results show good model fit, using ESEM, adequate levels of reliability (ω> .8) (α > 0.7). In addition, there was evidence of validity based on the relationship with other variables and metric invariance between men and women. Results suggest that the scores are reliable and present evidence of validity for their interpretation in equivalent populations.

In vitro skin model for characterization of sunscreen substantivity upon perspiration.

The resistance of sunscreens to the loss of ultraviolet (UV) protection upon perspiration is important for their practical efficacy. However, this topic is largely overlooked in evaluations of sunscreen substantivity due to the relatively few well-established protocols compared to those for water resistance and mechanical wear. In an attempt to achieve a better fundamental understanding of sunscreen behaviour in response to sweat exposure, we have developed a perspiring skin simulator, containing a substrate surface that mimics sweating human skin. Using this perspiring skin simulator, we evaluated sunscreen performance upon perspiration by in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) measurements, optical microscopy, ultraviolet (UV) reflectance imaging and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. Results indicated that perspiration reduced sunscreen efficiency through two mechanisms, namely sunscreen wash-off (impairing the film thickness) and sunscreen redistribution (impairing the film uniformity). Further, we investigated how the sweat rate affected these mechanisms and how sunscreen application dose influenced UV protection upon perspiration. As expected, higher sweat rates led to a large loss of UV protection, while a larger application dose led to larger amounts of sunscreen being washed-off and redistributed but also provided higher UV protection before and after sweating.

Psychometrics and cultural adaptations of the Communities That Care Youth Survey: A systematic review.

The Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTCYS) is an assessment for youth risk and protective factors focused on antisocial behaviors, drug abuse, violence, and delinquency. The systematic review aimed to analyze psychometric validations and cross-cultural adaptation processes of CTCYS to prepare its Brazilian validation. PubMed, SpringerLink, Scopus, and Web of Science were the databases included. The study followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol. Twenty articles were selected based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. In general, the construct validity indexes were considered adequate, and the measures of risk and protective factors were equivalent between ethnic groups, gender, and populations at risk. Reliability values for most scales are good, averaging about 0.78. We found cultural adaptations from six different countries with some satisfactory results, but not so good as the original properties of CTCYS and the adjustments to other ethnic groups or subpopulations in the United States. This survey may be a potentially reliable and valid instrument to assess risk and protection in different cultures and populations. However, there is still a gap in the instrument's cross-cultural adaptation processes.

Ability self-concepts and parental support may protect adolescents when they experience low support from their math teachers

IntroductionExperiencing low support from teachers can be associated with low academic achievement. Nonetheless, individual- (i.e., ability self-concepts) and contextual-level (i.e., parental support) protective factors may help adolescents to display academic resilience. This study examined whether high school students’ math ability self-concepts and parental support can mitigate the possible negative association between perceived low math teacher support and their math achievement. MethodCorrelational data were drawn from the High School Longitudinal Study (N = 14,580, Mage = 17.42 in 11th grade, 51% female), a nationally representative study of high school students in the U.S. The measures of protective factors (i.e., math ability self-concepts and parental support) were obtained from the surveys administered to students and parents in 9th grade. Students’ perceived teacher support and their math achievement score were measured in 11th grade. A series of linear regression analyses were estimated to test our hypotheses. Results & ConclusionsPerceived low teacher support was negatively associated with adolescents’ math achievement. Adolescents’ math ability self-concepts were directly and positively associated with their math achievement. The interaction between perceived low teacher support and ability self-concepts in predicting adolescents’ achievement varied by parental support. The association between perceived low teacher support and adolescents’ math achievement was not statistically significant when adolescents were high on one of the protective factors. That is, high parental support may be protective for adolescents with low math ability self-concepts. This study highlights the interaction between adolescents’ academic motivation and parental support in demonstrating resilience to perceived low teacher support.

Measuring Resilience Across Participating Regions in the UPRIGHT EU Horizon 2020 Project: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Resilience Scale for Adolescents.

Resilience is the process and outcome of healthy adaptation despite significant adversity. Proliferation of research on the resilience construct has led to scientific concerns about the operationalization and measurement of resilience for assessment science and practice. Various studies that have investigated the psychometric properties and construct validity of the Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) have yielded inconsistent findings, which could partly be due to variations in the methodological approaches. This study investigated the factor structure and construct validity of the READ in four European regions participating in the Universal Preventive Resilience Intervention Globally Implemented in Schools to Improve and Promote Mental Health for Teenagers (UPRIGHT) project. Participants included adolescents aged 10–15 years from Spain (n = 391, females = 51%), Iceland (n = 379, females = 55%), Italy (n = 460, females = 55%), and Poland (n = 316, females = 51%). The five-factor model of the READ was similar across gender and participating regions. Construct validity of the READ was supported. After establishing construct separability, incremental validity was supported (except for the social competence subscale). The READ is a valid and reliable measure of protective factors involved in resilience and demonstrates promise for cross-cultural applicability. Recommendations for measuring resilience and validating the READ in future investigations are provided.

Comparing respirator laboratory protection factors measured with novel personal instruments to those from the PortaCount

A quantitative fit test is performed using a benchtop instrument (e.g., TSI PortaCount) to assess the fit factor provided by a respirator when assigned to a worker. There are no wearable instruments on the market to measure protection factors while the respirator is in use. The aim of this study is to evaluate two new, wearable, quantitative instruments—a dual-channel optical particle counter (DC OPC) and a dual-channel condensation particle counter (DC CPC)—that would enable in-situ, real-time measurement of respirator workplace protection factor. Respirator laboratory protection factors measured by the new instruments were compared to those measured with the TSI PortaCount on one test subject for three test aerosols (sodium chloride, incense, ambient) at target laboratory protection factors of 100, 300, and 1,000 for sodium chloride and ambient, and 75 and 500 for incense. Three replicates were performed for each test condition. Data were analyzed with a two-sided paired t-test at a significance level of 0.05. Laboratory protection factors measured with the DC CPC agree with those measured with the PortaCount whereas those from the DC OPC generally do not. Mean laboratory protection factors derived from the DC CPC are only statistically significantly different for mean values of a laboratory protection factor at ambient conditions for a target laboratory protection factor of 300 (p = 0.02) and for incense at a target laboratory protection factor of 75 (p = 0.03). Although statistically significant, the difference in laboratory protection factors derived from the DC CPC are not substantial in practice and may be explained by systematic uncertainty. In contrast, the DC OPC reports substantially larger mean laboratory protection factors, differing by about half an order of magnitude in extreme cases, and statistically significantly different mean laboratory protection factors for the sodium chloride aerosol for target laboratory protection factors of 100 and 300 (p = 0.01 and p = 0.01).

Prevalence and associated factors of weapon carrying among university students from 25 countries

The study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of recent weapon carrying among university students from 25 countries. Using a cross-sectional study design, 18 433 university students (median age = 20 years) 25 countries in Africa, the Americas, and Asia, replied to self-reported measures of weapon carrying, risk behaviours, negative emotions, stimuli, and protective factors. The prevalence of weapon carrying (past month) was 6.4% overall, 3.9% among female and 9.8% among male students. The prevalence of weapon carrying was above 10% among students in three countries: Bangladesh, Tunisia and Russia. In contrast, the prevalence of weapons carrying was the lowest (< 2.5%) in China, Laos, and Singapore. In the adjusted logistic regression analysis, male sex, risk behaviour (binge drinking, current tobacco use, frequent drug use, in a physical fight, history of multiple sexual partners, and having sustained a serious injury), and negative emotions and stimuli (depression, sleeping problems, and physical intimate partner violence victimisation) were associated with past-month weapon carrying. One in ten male and one in 20 female university students across 25 countries had been carrying a weapon in the past months. The results identified a potentially high-risk group of university students (males, substance use, violence victimisation and behaviour, sexual risk behaviour, injury, and psychological distress) that could be targeted for strategies to reduce weapon carrying in this population.

Psychometric Properties of the Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) and Measurement Invariance Across Two Different German-Speaking Samples.

The Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) is a highly rated scale for measuring protective factors of resilience. Even though the READ has been validated in several different cultural samples, no studies have validated the READ across samples in German from Switzerland and Germany. The purpose of this study was to explore the construct validity of the German READ version in two samples from two different countries and to test the measurement invariance between those two samples. A German sample (n = 321, M = 12.74, SD = 0.77) and a German-speaking Swiss sample (n = 349, M = 12.67, SD = 0.69) of seventh graders completed the READ, Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWL). The expected negative correlations between READ and HSCL-25 and the positive correlations between RSE, self-efficacy, and SWL were supported. Furthermore, the results of the measurement invariance demonstrated that the originally proposed five-dimensional structure is equal in the German and Swiss samples, and it can be assumed that the same construct was assessed by excluding one item. The five-factor, 27-item solution is a valid and reliable self-report measure of protective factors between two German-speaking samples.

The relationship between resilience and loneliness elucidated by a Danish version of the resilience scale for adults

BackgroundResearch on the relationship between resilience and loneliness is sparse. The construct of resilience has been conceptualized in multiple ways, including the measurement of resilience. The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) is a measure of protective factors. The present study examined whether resiliency moderates any negative relationship between loneliness and mental health and additionally examined the psychometric properties of the Danish translation of the RSA.MethodsA Danish sample (N = 422) completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale, Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 (HSCL-25), the Sense of Coherence (SOC-13), and the RSA, Resilience Scale for Adults.ResultsThe measure of loneliness correlated significantly and negatively with most facets of the RSA, except the subscales of family cohesion and structured style. The strongest correlation was the negative one between loneliness and SOC. The results indicated that people feeling lonely also experience their life as less meaningful.ConclusionThe study supports the existing six-factor structure of the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) in a Danish sample. The results indicate that all facets of resiliency were negatively related to loneliness. Also, the facets of perception of self and family coherence could explain a substantial amount of the variance associated with symptoms of depression in relation to loneliness.

Safety and Photoprotective Efficacy of a Sunscreen System Based on Grape Pomace (Vitis vinifera L.) Phenolics from Winemaking.

In winemaking, a large amount of grape pomace is produced that is rich in polyphenolics and highly beneficial for human health, as phenols are useful for skin ultraviolet (UV) protection. In this investigation, we evaluated the safety and clinical efficacy of a sunscreen system containing a grape pomace extract from Vitis vinifera L. as a bioactive ingredient. The recovery of phenolics in the waste was performed by percolation. Nine emulsions were developed using a factorial design and two were evaluated clinically: Formulation E, containing only UV filters (butylmethoxydibenzoyl methane, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA), and F, with the extract at 10.0% w/w + UV filters. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH assay and the in vitro efficacy was established by sun protection factor (SPF) measurements (Labsphere UV-2000S). Clinical tests were performed to determine safety (human repeated insult patch test) and to confirm efficacy (photoprotective effectiveness in participants). The results showed a synergistic effect between the sunscreen system and the extract on UVB protection and antioxidant activity. Both samples were considered safe. Formulation F was 20.59% more efficient in protecting skin against UVB radiation, taking approximately 21% more time to induce erythema compared to the extract-free sample.

The impact of extreme reuse and extended wear conditions on protection provided by a surgical-style N95 filtering facepiece respirator

Most respirators employed in health care settings, and often in first responder and industrial settings, are intended for single-use: the user dons the respirator, performs a work activity, and then doffs and discards the respirator. However, in the current COVID-19 pandemic, in the presence of persistent shortages of personal protective equipment, extended use and reuse of filtering facepiece respirators are routinely contemplated by many health care organizations. Further, there is considerable current effort to understand the effect of sterilization on the possibility of reuse, and some investigations of performance have been conducted. While the ability of such a respirator to continue to provide effective protection after repeated sanitization cycles is a critical component of implementing its reuse, of equal importance is an understanding of the impact that reusing the respirator multiple times in a day while performing work tasks, and even extending its wear over multiple days, has on the workplace protective performance. In this study, we subjected a stockpiled quantitatively fitted surgical style N95 filtering facepiece respirator device to extreme reuse and extended wear conditions (up to 19 uses over a duration of 5 days) and measured its protective performance at regular intervals, including simulated workplace protection factor measurements using total inward leakage. With this respirator, it was shown to be possible to maintain protection corresponding to an assigned protection factor greater than 10 under extreme usage conditions provided an individual is properly trained in the use of, and expertly fitted in, the respirator. Other factors such as hygiene and strap breakage are likely to place limits on reuse.

Novel Composition of Multifunctional Sunblock from Eisenia bicyclis and Aloe vera Extracts and a Mixed Compound of Titanium Dioxide

Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a novel composition of multifunctional sunblock (NCMFS) by combining extracts from Eisenia bicyclis (E. bicyclis ) and Aloe vera (A. vera ) with a mixture of micron- and nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) powders, which are MP-100 and MPT-136, respectively, characterized by ultraviolet (UV)-blocking properties. Methods: The mixed compound was prepared by combining micron-TiO2 and nano-TiO2 particles. The NCMFS was prepared by combining E. bicyclis and A. vera extracts with the mixed compound. The physicochemical properties (particle shape and size) of the mixed compound and UV, infrared (IR), and thermal blocking efficiency of each compound were analyzed. Results: Analysis of the physicochemical properties of the mixed compounds showed that the optimum ratio of mixing MP-100 and MPT-136 was 2.5:7.5. Measurement of sun protection factor (SPF) and protection grade of UV-A (PA) values of A. vera , E. bicyclis , and mixed extracts and NCMFS showed that the NCMFS mixture had the highest values, which were 34.35±0.36 and 34.87±0.36, respectively. Similarly, upon measuring the SPF and PA values, the highest values, 34.39±0.41 and 34.37±0.52, respectively, were measured for NCMFS and compared to the values of each single compound or the mixed compound. In addition, it was found NCMFS has excellent antifine dust adhesion rate and water-resistant properties. Conclusion: Therefore, our results suggested that the NCMFS consisting of the mixture of TiO2 and E. bicyclis and A. vera extracts has not only UV, IR, and thermal-blocking activity but also antidust protectant and water-resistance properties.

In vivo SPF from multifunctional sunscreen systems developed with natural compounds-A review.

The use of sunscreens is mandatory, especially in countries with high ultraviolet (UV) incidence. In consequence, there has been a growing interest in using compounds from natural sources to develop new multifunctional products that protect human skin from the consequences of UV exposition. Even though there are in vitro methods to determine anti-UV efficacy, it is still required to test photoprotection activity on human skin to validate product performance. In this review, we summarized all reported clinical studies about sun protection factor (SPF) measurements of sunscreens with natural compounds. We also discussed the probable action mechanism of those actives. Herein, we provided an overview on recent studies concerning photoprotection activity of compounds from natural sources, for example, rutin, ferulic acid, caffeine, shea butter, and plant extracts, mainly presented in sunscreen systems with efficacy clinically established by SPF. Our review suggested that even when the in vivo SPF evaluation has inherent difficulties, it is essential to assure the real efficacy of sunscreens. Furthermore, the incorporation of natural compounds could enhance the in vivo SPF values of such sunscreens by different mechanisms. Finally, some compounds derived from natural resources with skin benefits could be used as "green"/natural UV filters that provide broad-spectrum sunscreens with further upgrading of the multifunctional dermocosmetic formulation to enhance aesthetics and even skin health.

Are Protective Factors Valid Constructs? Interrater Reliability And Construct Validity Of Proposed Protective Factors Against Sexual Reoffending

Most sexual recidivism risk assessment tools focus primarily on risk factors and deficits without consideration for strengths or protective factors which might mitigate reoffense risk. The current study is the first in a research program designed to develop and validate the Structured Assessment of PROtective Factors for violence risk—Sexual Offence version (SAPROF-SO), a measure of protective factors against sexual reoffending. The study aimed to test interrater reliability and construct validity of the SAPROF-SO with a high-risk ( n = 40) and routine ( n = 40) sample. Interrater reliability between three independent raters was generally good to excellent for the SAPROF-SO domain and Total scores across both samples and compared favorably with validated measures of dynamic risk. Moreover, the SAPROF-SO demonstrated construct validity and was moderately independent of existing measures of risk. Findings open the door for a more balanced, strengths-based, and accurate approach to recidivism risk assessment.

Validating the SAPROF with Forensic Mental Health Patients

ABSTRACT Assessing and managing level of violence risk among forensic mental health patients is a primary role of clinical staff. Forensic risk assessments are typically focused on risk factors and deficits, whereas patient protective factors are either partially included or excluded by clinicians. The Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk (SAPROF) is a recently developed measure of protective factors designed to augment the conventional use of risk assessment tools with a correctional/forensic population. In the current study, the psychometric properties of the SAPROF were examined in a sample of 50 forensic inpatients and outpatients found Not Criminally Responsible (NCR) at a psychiatric hospital in Ontario, Canada. The SAPROF was found to have adequate internal, intrarater, and interrater reliability. Using a subsample of inpatients only, incremental predictive validity was demonstrated for institutional misconducts at six-month follow-up over the HCR-20 V3. Taken together, the results suggest that the SAPROF may be a useful addition to clinical practice and inform review board decisions about risk prediction, risk management, and treatment planning.

Protective and Health-Related Factors Contributing to Resilience Among Student Veterans: A Classification Approach.

Occupational therapists can foster student veterans' resilience, but targets for intervention must be developed. To explain factors influencing student veterans' successful adaptation to past combat exposure, we hypothesized that participants with high life meaning would have greater levels of protective factors and lower levels of health conditions than those with low life meaning. Longitudinal panel study with two measurements. Participants were classified by level of combat exposure (high-low) and life meaning (high-low) at follow-up, yielding four possible classifications (e.g., resilient group: high combat exposure, high life meaning). Linear mixed models were fit to obtain adjusted means of protective factors and health conditions for each classification; independent-samples t tests were used to examine differences between classifications. Community. Convenience sample of 153 combat-exposed student veterans. Psychometrically sound measures of combat exposure, life meaning, protective factors (social and instructor autonomy support, coping ability, academic self-efficacy, social-community participation, and meaningful activity), and health conditions (posttraumatic stress [PTSD], depression, somatic symptoms). Groups with high life meaning at follow-up in response to both levels of combat exposure reported greater meaningful activity and coping ability and fewer depressive symptoms. Participants with high life meaning in response to low combat exposure had greater social support and fewer somatic symptoms; participants with high life meaning in response to high combat exposure had lower PTSD. Occupational therapists may foster student veterans' resilience by promoting meaningful activity, social support, and coping ability while managing symptoms of health conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to offer empirical support for potential targets of occupational therapy intervention that address student veterans' successful adaptation to combat exposure. Findings suggest that researchers should develop and test interventions that facilitate successful engagement in meaningful and shared activities and that occupational therapists should work within multidisciplinary teams to bolster coping ability and manage symptoms of combat-related health conditions.

The Protective Factors Survey, 2nd Edition: Establishing validity and reliability of a self-report measure of protective factors against child maltreatment

The Protective Factors Survey, 2nd Edition (PFS-2) is designed to support the evaluation of child maltreatment prevention programs. It measures four protective factors thought to be critical in the prevention of abuse and neglect: Family Functioning/Resilience, Nurturing and Attachment, Social Supports, and Concrete Supports. It also measures a fifth component, the Caregiver/Practitioner Relationship, to assess the respondent’s engagement with the program or service being evaluated. In this study, we describe a national field test collecting PFS-2 data across 60 individual program sites in seven states (N = 826). The results from this study indicate that the PFS-2 is a valid, reliable, and stable measure. Implications for the child maltreatment prevention field are discussed.