Means Of Mass Communication Research Articles

REPRESENTATION OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES AND THEIR RELATION TO ELEMENTS OF ECONOMIC CULTURE IN THE FILM LASKAR PELANGI

Currently, film is no longer interpreted as a work of visual art, but as a social representation and mass communication. In which there is a lot of social interaction to build a good film. While film can also be interpreted as a means to convey messages conveyed to the community. Film is a new facility for all humans to work both in writing and orally which can provide visualization into a film. So film as a means of mass communication also functions as a cultural transmission in society. Laskar Pelangi film with educational and social themes is understood as a representation of cultural reality that shows how a culture works and lives in a society. So that film can be said to be an effective medium in cultural learning by the community. This research is a cultural studies research with a subjective research approach. Through the unit of analysis in the form of the Laskar Pelangi film, this concept reflects a number of educational cultural findings such as the still weak education sector due to the uneven distribution of the education budget that is not optimal, the pretentiousness of education because it is more concerned with prestige than skills, lack of respect for the process, education is still measured from statistical figures. and the commercialization of education. Keywords: film, education, culture, economy

SOCIAL MEDIA AS A NEW INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE FOR COMMUNICATION

The role of social media in modern communications is difficult to underestimate: from interpersonal correspondence, user-generated content quickly spilled over into a sociocultural phenomenon. On the one hand, we can talk about expanding the possibilities of using the global network, and on the other hand, and this is fundamental, social media have become an independent means of mass communication, with much more multifunctional tools for “getting” into the core of the target audience. The purpose of the article is to reveal the phenomenon of computer-mediated communication of young people through the use of social media and identify their functions. Based on the results of the questionnaire survey "Internet communication as a factor in the formation of the information culture of a new generation of young people", a hypothesis was put forward that social media claim the position of a universal ecosystem. The institutionalization of social networks provides for the structuring of social practices, while the criterion for institutionalization is their structural variability (a global service system in which it is possible to satisfy scientific, educational, sociocultural, consumer and other needs). The closed ecosystem of social media, developing a targeted approach to the demonstration of user content, largely controls the mind, shaping both creative and conformist behavior, giving birth to a new generation of people – generation social young. Modern youth, based on survey data, has prioritized all mediated communication in social networks, linking the online space with everyday life. The new - "digital" generation has moved the usual social practices to social networks, institutionalizing them. In addition to informal communication, social networks have become one of the main channels of interaction between a teacher and a student, despite the fact that correspondence through personal pages is not welcomed by the administration of educational institutions for several reasons. Formally, such communication remains outside the system of corporate communications and can be easily removed or become destructive. On the other hand, chatting creates a feeling of friendly communication, which often contributes to the development of trusting relationships and has a positive effect on the learning process. The article attempts to scientifically comprehend social media from the point of view of the usual practices of youth communication in social networks and their new institutional structure. The identified and described functions of social media ("Communication", "Consolidation", "Replication of content", "State", "Finding", "Establishing contacts", "Image") probably contribute to the development of theoretical sociological foundations for studying the phenomenon of institutionalization of social media.

The Effect of Social Media on Iranian Citizens’ Electoral Participation and Political Action

The present age is called the age of communication. Undoubtedly, in all matters of the world, the most incredible information is on the shoulders of the mass media. Today, the media have influenced the identity of contemporary man by expanding geographical, cultural and political boundaries so that the identity of modern man can be called media identity. The increasing role of new means of mass communication in various parts of human life has led to multiple fields. One area that social media have influenced in the present age is political participation. The present paper sought to test the effect of social media on the Iranian citizens’ willingness to electoral participation political actions using the World Values Survey (WVS) wave 7 data release (49 countries/territories). The results show that social media indirectly, through the mediator variable of political trust, reduces the willingness of individuals to participate in elections. Moreover, the results show that social media, both directly and indirectly, increases citizens’ willingness to engage in political protests.

Political media and its Role in Activating Political Reform - Theoretical Study

In light of the great changes that the world is witnessing today, especially at the political level, it is clear that the media has a very important impact on the course of events, the research aims to identify the political media, as well as to identify the names of political programs provided by satellite channels, and revealing the topics that the political programs focused on through the political goals set for them.The researcher dealt with the problem of research in the questions raised by the researcher, namely: What is the position of the political function of the political media in directing mass communication in modern societies in general and Iraqi society in particular? How does the political media do that? While the importance of the research sheds light on the media as the most influential, widespread and rapid in the modern era in influencing the masses politically, they are superior to other mass communication means, by producing the elements of meaningful and successful media work.The most important conclusions reached by the researcher said that the level of influence of political media lies in the motives of exposure to watch Iraqi satellite channels, and the level of the most important issues addressed by the political media in the Iraqi satellite channels was influential. The most important recommendations are the need for political media to build bridges of trust with the viewer, respect his mind, and work to restore his interest in Iraqi television, as well as develop media strategies that allow the production of the elements of meaningful and successful media work.

Representasi Nilai Budaya Suku Batak Pada Film Ngeri- Ngeri Sedap Karya Bene Dionysius Rajagukguk

Film is a means of mass communication that is in demand by many people, besides that, film is able to provide information that is easily accepted by all walks of life. This study aims to determine the Representation of the Cultural Values of the Batak Tribe in the film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap by Bene Dionysius Rajagukguk. As for this study, the researcher formulates the problem in this thesis into two, namely: (1) What are the iconic signs, indexes and redaction symbols in Bene Dionysius Rajagukguk's Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap film. (2) How is the representation of the cultural values of the Batak tribe in the film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap by Bene Dionysius Rajagukguk. To answer the two formulations of the problem, the researcher conducted a study using Charles Sanders Pierce's Semiotics theory. This research is a non-stakeholder qualitative research. The form of analysis used is Charles Sanders Pierce's Semiotic theory using three types of signs, namely icons, indexes and symbols. The data for this study were collected through an analysis of each scene or scene in the Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap film. The results of this study indicate that the representation of the cultural values of the Batak people in the film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap is shown through everyday scenes carried out by the characters Pak Domu, Mak Domu, Domu, Sarma, Gabe and Sahat. Symbols of cultural values of the Batak tribe are manifested through the use of language, clothing and customs. the meaning of the cultural symbol depicted in the film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap is the culture of the Batak tribe which is very thick with its cultural values that have been passed down from generation to generation, so that it is able to become a guideline in carrying out social life. Keyword: Representation, Cultural Values, Batak Tribe, Semiotic Analysis, Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap Films.

Democratic responsibility in the digital public sphere

Democratic responsibility in the digital public sphere

ДИФЕРЕНЦІАЦІЯ ФУНКЦІЙ БЛОГІВ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ЖУРНАЛІСТІВ НА САЙТАХ ІНТЕРНЕТ-ЗМІ

The article differentiates the functions of blogs of Ukrainian journalists on Internet media sites into new and traditional ones based on the impact on the audience. The articles of previous researchers about the functions of blogs as mass communication means and online media were reviewed and analyzed. It has been discovered that the content of blogs on the Internet media website combines the functions of mass communication mean, which is a journalist's blog, and at the same time performs the functions of mass media, which is its content. The system of levels: macro-level, meso-level, micro-level of functions of blogs of Ukrainian journalists in the headings "Blogs", "Author's blogs" on the websites of Ukrainian online media "Detector Media", "Ukrainian Pravda", "Day" has been revealed. Based on the analysis of the influence of the functions of blogs of Ukrainian journalists on Internet media sites, their general social, general psychological, and socio-psychological functions are highlighted, the combination of new functions of journalists' blogs on Internet media sites and traditional general social functions of mass media has been revealed: informative, communicative, regulatory, integrating, enlightening, educational, educational, ideological, controlling, self-development, socialization, which contribute to cohesion and maintenance of social ties. The simultaneous application of new functions of blogs of Ukrainian journalists and general psychological functions of the mass media was revealed: utilitarian, emotional release, relaxation, soothing, relieving emotional tension. Socio-psychological functions are also discovered: social orientation, affiliation as belonging to a group, contact with another person and self-affirmation, which are combined with new functions. The dominance of new functions in the journalistic genres of journalists' blogs on the sites of the Internet media under study has been determined: a change in the worldview, self-presentation, self-expression, self-positioning of the authors of Internet-media journalists' blogs, which expand the circle of their readers.

NATIONAL AND REGIONAL TELEMARATHONS DURING THE WAR: COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS

Television was and remains one of the most powerful means of mass communication. Its influence is particularly noticeable in the period of large-scale wars, because then information becomes not just information, regardless of the form of its presentation, but a tool of counter-propaganda, an element of national security, and the dissemination of information - an opportunity to convey the truth, which is vital for society and the state, to the consumer of information about the real state of affairs. It is at this stage that the telespace of Ukraine is today, the importance of which in the war against the enemy has reached a completely new, more important and systemic level. Taking into account the standards and principles of television journalism and Ukrainian legislation, which regulates and controls television production during martial law in a different way, television continues to work to ensure uninterrupted public information. Having regard to it, actual is a theme of research of that, how televisional journalism uses the wide spectrum of accessible to her possibilities of live to conduct an informative fight for the sake of distribution of truthful data. In particular, with the use in the modern Ukrainian televisional production of telemarathons. Research showed that telemarathons in Ukraine in the period of the large-scale war unfolded by Russia against Ukraine, had become the popular and effective type of distribution of information about the state of affairs at the front, analytic geometry of events of the past and present time, major decisions of imperious structures, analysis of the decisions accepted by the governments of solidarity in this war of the states with Ukraine and international organizations. Due to the novelty in televisional space, television marathons became accessible to not only the audience of the national TV channels but also supporters of regional medias. The specific of televisional marathons, their production and use, in televisional space has good prospects for strengthening of the televisional broadcasting and opposition to propaganda from the side of country-aggressor, and also for the sake of operative distribution of actual and exact information, gives an opportunity to being in teleether of representatives of government and General staff bodies that presently are the original source of information, and also to the analysts and representatives of public environment, that help to defend informative safety of the state. Also it is an index of high level of organization of televisional production, him permanent development and possibility to react on the necessities of consumers of information. In fact, the world does not stand in place swift development and popularity of social networks, messengers and onlinemedias need a deserving competition from the side of traditional media. Due to telemarathons televisional journalism accepts this call and though even on such conditions a bit loses distribution of information in an operationability, however due to her exactness and verification does impossible mass distribution of disinformation and fakes, that there are many, for example, in Telegram and they work on an enemy.

ЗАСОБИ МАСОВОЇ КОМУНІКАЦІЇ ТА ІЄРАРХІЯ СУСПІЛЬСТВА: ЧИННИКИ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ

Mechanisms of interaction between mass communication and the hierarchy of society are considered. It was found that as a result of the action of the mechanisms of mass communication effects and counter-effects, society is faced with a double process. The possibility of personalized information flow offered by digital media provides ample space for underprivileged social groups to choose media content that matches their own construction of reality. Environments in this context significantly contribute to the strengthening of the heterarchical features of society and the semiotic power of each representative of the audience against the meanings permitted from above. However, the circumstances under which this clearly democratic characteristic of mass communication practice leads to the fact that democratized social groups become increasingly large and face only such communication content that corresponds to the philosophy and expectations of their group or their environment are also investigated. This worldview, mediated by means of mass communication, transformed into a real construction of its environment, contains a danger, because it does not condition the skills with the help of which other clusters of society, which are differently positioned in the social hierarchy, can gain the worldview experience of this social group and vice versa. It is argued that, in this sense, the means of mass communication can play a significant role in creating social inequality in the hierarchical structure of society. Keywords: cluster, communication, content, hierarchy, media, society.

Соціально-психологічні механізми формування "образу ворога" з України російськими засобами масової комунікації під час російсько-української війни

B a c k g r o u n d . Scientific research consists in the development of scientific knowledge about the moral and psychological aspects of war, one of which is the psychological phenomenon of the "image of the enemy" in the public consciousness of war participants, as well as the social and psychological mechanisms of its formation and transformation. The purpose and task of the research is to deepen the understanding of the psychological phenomenon of the "image of the enemy" in the social consciousness of a social subject. It is necessary to carry out a retrospective analysis of the socio-psychological mechanisms of the formation of the "image of the enemy" from Ukraine and Ukrainians in the public consciousness of Russians, using the example of coverage by Russian mass media of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war (2014-2023). Moreover, it is necessary to carry out a prospective analysis of the transformation of the "image of the enemy" in the public consciousness of Russians. M e t h o d s . In the research process, general scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization. For an in-depth analysis of the psychological phenomenon of the "image of the enemy", the method of theoretical psychology – reconstruction – was used. Retrospective analysis was used to reveal the socio-psychological mechanisms of formation of the "image of the enemy" from Ukraine and Ukrainians in the public consciousness of Russians. The interdisciplinary approach made it possible to combine the results of philosophical studies in the field of border semiotics and the philosophical-anthropological understanding of the binary way of thinking of the images "We", "Others", "Strangers" and "enemies" in the public consciousness of the social subject and the previous results of this psychological research in order to carry out a prospective analysis of the transformation of the "image of the enemy" in the public consciousness of Russians. R e s u l t s . The "image of the enemy" in the public consciousness of Russians was formed in several stages. At the first stage, negative social, ethnic and cultural stereotypes of Ukraine and Ukrainians were formed. At the second stage, there was a direct formation of the "image of the enemy" in the public consciousness of Russians. The "image of the enemy" is expressed on the cognitive level (knowledge and beliefs about Ukrainians), the affective level (feelings and emotions about Ukrainians), and the behavioral level (reactions and actions about Ukrainians) of Russians. As a result of the prospective analysis, we can predict that the "image of the enemy" from Ukraine and Ukrainians formed in the public consciousness of Russians will transform in the future into the image of "Foreigners" or "Others". C o n c l u s i o n s . In the course of the conducted research, the understanding of the psychological phenomenon of the "image of the enemy" as a component of the social consciousness of the participants in the war was deepened. It performs a number of important functions and thereby contributes to the successful conduct of war in moral and psychological terms. In the vast majority of cases, the "image of the enemy" does not reflect reality, because it is artificially constructed thanks to socio-psychological mechanisms that use the means of mass communication. A retrospective analysis of the formation of the "image of the enemy" from Ukraine and Ukrainians in the public consciousness of Russians showed that the main socio-psychological mechanisms were: persuasion, manipulation and psychological contamination. The "image of the enemy" was formed at the cognitive level through the creation of narratives, at the affective and behavioral levels - thanks to fakes, simulacra and hate speech.

Information and Communication Activities: Content and Audience Characteristics

Introduction. The relevance of the research is aimed at revising traditional technologies and transitioning to the creation of highly effective management systems for the entire complex of information resources. The aim of the study. The purpose of the article is to determine the main regularities of the formation of information and communication activities, in particular content and audience characteristics. The object of research is the information and communication activity of social communications. The subject of scientific research is the content and audience characteristics of the basic concept of the functioning of information culture. Methods. The basis of scientific research is the analysis of theoretical studies. Processing of the source base was based on the application of analytical-synthetic, logical methods, principles of selection, analysis and generalization of research material. The methodology of typological and species segregation was used as a method of determining the specificity of the segmentation of certain realities, content and audience characteristics were formulated. The analytical method was used to reveal the typological factors of information and communication activities. The inductive method made it possible to carry out a general analysis of existing points of view on the investigated problem. Results and conclusions. The means of mass communication are a reflection of the consciousness of both an individual and society in general. All attempts to highlight the socio-cultural features of modern mass communication media, which do not take into account the mass communication media themselves as a phenomenon of combining content and constructive-visual forms of information presentation, go beyond the journalistic characteristics of these media. It is correct to interpret any events not in the traditional typological context of the documentary form of mass communication means, but in the technological context, which involves the use of flexible approaches to mass communication means.

Ethical aspects of a journalist’s work under the conditions of martial state

The article attempts to analyze the ethical aspects of a journalist’s work under martial law. The purpose and objectives of the research. The purpose of our research is to study the state of development of the issue of ethical norms of journalist activity in the conditions of martial law and to formulate the main ethical dilemmas in the work of modern media outlets. On the basis of modern research in the field of social communications, the state of development and research of the problem by Ukrainian scientists was studied. On the basis of the systematic method, which helped to form the characteristics of the concept of «ethical norm», its influence on the activity of a journalist and the peculiarities of the integration of ethical norms and the formation of public opinion in the conditions of martial law, the method of comparisons, which allowed to reveal the qualitative characteristics of the concept of «ethical norm» and to study the views modern researchers on the formation of this concept and the general comprehensive approach, which was the leading methodology of our research, the use of various Ukrainian and foreign codes of ethical norms, normative and legal framework regulating the activities of journalists and media outlets, in particular within the legal regime of martial law, was studied in the journalistic discourse. The concept of fact-checking and data verification during the presentation of information by a journalist and means of mass communication was studied separately; sources of effective fact-checking and data verification for the creation of highquality media content are identified. Summing up, the state of war requires special care, ethics, and responsibility from journalists in their professional activities. They must be guided by generally accepted standards of journalism, take into account the principles of information policy, and comply with the legislation regulating the dissemination of information. Ensuring objectivity, accuracy, and balance of information, as well as protection of human rights and freedoms, are the main priorities during martial law.

EUPHEMISM TRANSFORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF MILITARY LANGUAGE

The article analyzes modern approaches to the interpretation of military euphemisms moreover understanding the difference between political correctness and hybrid war. The article presents the study of the functioning of military-political euphemisms in modern English language on the example of war in Ukraine in the means of mass communication. Significance of the given research is stipulated by the vivid interest to the matters of euphemism, in the context of military terms, penetrated into all areas of activity, especially in mass media language style. The results reflect the general state of achieving the goal and performing tasks in clarifying the concept of “euphemism”, besides this determines the functional and pragmatic features of military-political euphemisms, linguistic means of countering the manipulation of the recipients’ consciousness by using military-political euphemisms in the media space under the conditions of a hybrid war. The article focuses on the importance of euphemism formation and its overcoming: an exposure of “language corruption” as one of the manipulation types, as well as, detection of the so-called “foreign meanings” in the war language. The research deals with the theoretical background on the usage of military euphemisms not only in English-speaking media. Ukrainian example is taken into consideration

Digital Citizenship and its Role in Achieving the Vision of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2030

Digital citizenship is the set of rules, controls, standards, norms, ideas and principles followed in the optimal and correct use of technology, which citizens need in order to contribute to the advancement of the country. Digital citizenship in short is guidance, guidance and protection, guidance and guidance towards the benefits of modern technologies, and protection from their dangers. In short, it is the smart handling of technology. This paper sheds light on digital citizenship and its role in supporting the educational process in accordance with the vision of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2030, given that in today's world and with the development of the world in various fields and the emergence of technological openness and the emergence of digital programs and the spread of modern means of mass communication and its wide range and ease of access to all, I started The importance of digital citizenship, its dimensions, and its effects are clearly evident, as the digital citizen is considered a patriot’s helper, and it is a mirror of his homeland, through which he reflects his values, customs, and traditions. Therefore, he became responsible to everyone in what he says and what he does, and everyone represents the country through his digital personality that he creates himself through his behaviors, participation, and cultures that he creates. He roams around the globe and communicates with others smoothly and easily, in a monitored and documented manner, as if it were a biography of this person. Based on the foregoing, it has become necessary to provide ideal positive models on how to properly use the means of technology in order to set a good example, by spreading the culture of digital citizenship and security awareness among members of society in light of the current scientific developments and their challenges, by encouraging desirable behaviors and fighting unpopular behaviors. In digital transactions, to be the forearms of a patriot, producers, creators, and officials in the digital space, preserving societal values, and practicing positive digital citizenship. To verify the objective of the study, we have used the digital citizenship study questionnaire which was made available electronically, and the number of distributed questionnaires reached 172. After reviewing and checking, we obtained 159 questionnaires valid for statistical analysis according to the target group, who are students. The five-point Likert scale was used as well as the direct questions (yes, no). The five-point Likert scale is characterized by the level measurement (high, above average, average, below average, poor). The analysis of the results using SPSS to measure the arithmetic mean and the recurrence rate showed a number of results that help the researcher to identify the most important skills that need to be strengthened and developed through education and training, to achieve the optimal use of technology and enhance intellectual security, in light of digital citizenship to prepare a valid digital citizen.

NEWSREELS AND CENSORSHIP IN ANTANAS SMETONA’S LITHUANIA, 1926–1940

December 17, 1926 marked a change for the young independent Republic of Lithuania. On that day a military coup d’état replaced the democratically elected government with the authoritarian government led by ultra-conservative Lithua- nian Nationalist Union (Tautininkų sąjungos) party leader Antanas Smetona. The new government increased the control of various means of mass communication. In 1932 Film censorship law was passed, which created one centralised institution to censor all films shown in Lithuania (before this law, censorship was sporadic and done by different district officials). The same year Newsreels law was passed, which ordered that before any feature film screening, a Lithuanian newsreel must be shown. This law boosted the small Lithuanian film-making community. But not for long, by 1935 all rights to make Lithuanian newsreels were granted to one company run by filmmaker Jurgis Linartas, and old acquaintance of Anta- nas Smetona. From then on, only the Lithuanian newsreels produced by Jurgis Linartas could be shown in theatres. By means of censorship and control of news- reel production, Antanas Smetona’s regime tried to create an alternative reality to be shown in cinemas. But the new reality not only contrasted with real life too much, its making was too much of a task to handle by the regime. Audience reac- tion to Antanas Smetona’s period newsreels and their shortcomings, show us the construction of ideal image of Lithuania failed in interwar Lithuanian newsreels.

Shadow Puppets In The Hands Of The Young Puppeteers: Loss Of Philosophy Value

This study aims to actualize philosophical values in shadow puppets performances for the puppeteer and the younger generation. The object of this research is a shadow puppets performance by young puppeteers in Surakarta and its surroundings. Recently, many young puppeteers have appeared arrogantly on stage, for example: standing up and trampling puppet with their feet, throwing puppet off the stage, cursing or saying rude things, exploiting sexual objects for jokes. Whether we realize it or not, one of the causes of this phenomenon is the gap in understanding the philosophical values of puppetry. Data collection methods in this study were the observation of performances and interviews, while to understand the meaning of symbols captured in shadow puppets performances, the method of understanding meaning was used. The notion of "understanding the meaning" in this context is how meaning can be captured from the puppeteers' expressions, either in the form of sabet (puppets movement), catur (puppeteer vocals), and music presented. The result of this research is an attempt to find the factors that influence the tendency of the young puppeteers to express freely. Finding the factors that influence the more youthful generation tends to like glamorous entertainment alone—actualizing philosophical values in shadow puppets according to the contemporary point of view. The ability of the puppeteers to present messages through shadow puppets performances should have direct implications for his personality, in addition to being a means of mass communication that can reach all levels of society (audience) in general.

РИТОРИКА СУЧАСНОГО ГАЗЕТНОГО УКРАЇНСЬКОМОВНОГО ДИСКУРСУ

The relevance of the study of newspaper discourse is self-evident, because this topic is constantly in the circle of interest of linguists for numerous scientific investigations. Discourse is one of the key formative factors of the modern linguistic picture of the world and the speech norms of a particular society. Although there are several types of discourse, in the study we paid attention to newspaper discourse as a special type that combines a certain standardization and expressiveness. It is worth noting that newspaper discourse is a period of printed writing that begins with the first industrial revolution, with the emergence of mass communication and culture, pluralistic views and ideas. It was the written stage of communication that complicated the communicative process, made it mediated, discrete in space and time. Therefore, we understand newspaper discourse as a complex sociocultural phenomenon that has become multifaceted in its explanations, multifaceted in its content and construction of structure. In the current realities in which Ukrainian society found itself, two years of quarantine restrictions in the country with the simultaneous total transition of printed newspapers to electronic media for the purpose of faster and "isolated" presentation of information, and especially with the beginning of a military conflict started by the Russian Federation on the territory of our state on February 24, 2022, studies of the main characteristics, functions, specifics, place and role of newspaper discourse among other means of mass communication are gaining considerable relevance. Therefore, we set ourselves the goal of researching the rhetoric, specificity, main characteristics and functions, means and methods of presenting information and forming public opinion of newspaper discourse in Ukraine in conditions of global social crises, to analyze the nature and main characteristics and functions of newspaper discourse, to identify its main means of influence and the formation of public opinion, to carry out a linguistic-cognitive, gender and socio-cultural analysis of the main concepts implemented in the newspaper discourse on the material of the modern official press in Ukraine. The speed of reaction of newspaper discourse to important events and phenomena in the state is vividly demonstrated by the radical change in its rhetoric, methods of presenting information and the means used for this at the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of our state in February 2022.

MILITARY AND POLITICAL EUPHEMISMS IN MODERN GERMAN-SPEAKING MEDIA OF MASS COMMUNICATION

The article presents the study of the functioning of military-political euphemisms in modern German language means of mass communication. The purpose of the work is to study the differences between the use of military and political euphemisms of the German language from other types of euphemisms and linguistic means of countering manipulation with their help in the conditions of a hybrid war. The material selected by a continuous sample was analyzed using the contextual-interpretive method. To achieve the goal, a number of tasks were solved: 1) the concept of “euphemism” was clarified, 2) functional and pragmatic features of military-political euphemisms were determined, 3) linguistic means of countering the manipulation of the recipients’ consciousness by using military-political euphemisms in the German media space in the conditions of a hybrid war were established. After February 24, 2022, a reformatting of the German-language official discourse in the mass media is observed from uncertainty to condemnation of the Russian-Ukrainian war. One of the means of manipulating consciousness in the conditions of modern hybrid warfare, actively used by politicians and journalists, is euphemism. Fixation of war in the German language develops as a process of euphemism formation and its overcoming: an exposure of “language corruption” as one of the manipulation types, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, detection of the so-called “foreign meanings” in the war language.

(De)Coding La Desbandá: a Dialogue between Modern Photojournalism and Photographic Document during Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

The Desbandá is one of the most sinister and darkest episodes of Franco's repression in Andalusia during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Occurring after the fall of Malaga on 8 February 1937, the forced displacement and massacre of thousands of civilians by the Nazi air force (which tried out attacks in this episode that would later be repeated in Guernica) was widely reported in the international press at the time. There were photo reports such as the one by Gerda Taro and Robert Capa published by the French magazine Regards, as well as a chronicle with photographs taken on the ground and published in book form under the title El crimen de la carretera de Málaga a Almería (1937) by Norman Bethune. Recent discoveries such as the work of Antoni Campañà allow us to offer, for the first time, an integrating and novel view: the representation of human experience(s) based on the same collective trauma through photography as a means of mass communication in the Western context of the first third of the 20th century, and as a prologue to what was to become World War II.

Advertising as a tool for promoting a hospitality product

The article considers advertising as an objective opportunity to promote projects in the service sector. It is shown that advertising can be considered as a means of mass communication, which, together with the activities of various media, has a predominant way of disseminating information, provides new opportunities for integrated marketing programs in the hospitality sector. The specifics of service management in this area of the market lies in the fact that advertising actively solves the problems of generating demand and stimulating supply, increasing sales through a system of measures aimed at building and maintaining certain relationships between the client and the seller of services.