Mean Stature Research Articles

Population-specific equations for stature estimation using forearm bones: insights from Northeastern Thailands diverse ethnic landscape.

Stature estimation from skeletal remains is crucial in forensic anthropology. This study aimed to develop population-specific equations for stature estimation using ulna and radius measurements in a Northeastern Thai population, a region known for its ethnic diversity. A total of 400 ulnae and 400 radii (200 of each bone from each sex) were analyzed from dry bone specimens. The study objectives were to: (1) develop and validate regression equations for stature estimation, (2) investigate sex differences in the relationship between forearm bone lengths and stature, and (3) compare the accuracy of these equations with existing formulae for other populations. Results showed significant sexual dimorphism in stature and bone lengths. The mean stature was 164.93 ± 6.54 cm for males and 156.21 ± 5.81 cm for females (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between bone lengths and stature, with stronger correlations in males (ulna: r = 0.670; radius: r = 0.663) compared to females (ulna: r = 0.402; radius: r = 0.393). Regression equations for the pooled sample yielded coefficients of determination (r²) of 0.516 for ulna and 0.509 for radius. Sex-specific equations demonstrated higher accuracy, particularly for males. The standard error of estimate ranged from 4.87 cm to 5.35 cm across all equations. These findings suggest that ulna and radius lengths are reliable predictors of stature in the Northeastern Thai population, with sex-specific equations offering improved accuracy. This study contributes to the development of population-specific standards in forensic anthropology and highlights the importance of considering sexual dimorphism in stature estimation. The results have significant implications for forensic investigations and archaeological studies in the region.

Ergonomic Parameters based Assessment of the Suitability of PersonalProtective Equipment Kit for Power Sprayer Operations: A Case Study ofMango Orchard in Konkan Region, India

The comparative ergonomic evaluation of six different personal protective equipment (PPE) kits was carried out with six male subjects. The study was carried out in mango orchard with power sprayer. The mean age, body mass and stature of the subjects were 34.5 (±6.7) years, 61.0 (±8.2) kg and 1.64 (±0.05) m, respectively. The aprons of six PPE kits used were made from the different materials viz., polyester, cotton polyester, polypropylene, water proof polyester, cotton C1 level (highly absorbent having up to 40% solvent penetration) fabric and cotton C2 level (highly repellent having up to 5% solvent penetration). The result showed that the energy grade of work was ‘light’ with all PPE kits. The wearing comfort for P6 PPE kit consisting of cotton C2 level fabric apron was 7.5 indicating ‘very comfortable’. The temperature difference between inside and outside of PPE kit made from cotton C2 level was 4.9ο C. The effect of six different PPE kits was significantly (p&lt;0.01) different for working heart rate, work pulse, energy expenditure rate, maximum oxygen consumption (% VO2max), wearing comfort rating and % rise in temperature. Considering the effect on different ergonomic parameters, P6 PPE kit consisting of apron made from C2 level cotton fabric (200 GSM) was found ergonomically suitable for pesticide spraying in mango orchard. This study provides valuable insight for selection of the appropriate PPE kit for pesticide application in the mango orchards in Konkan Region, India.

Small Female Occupant Response in Reclined and Upright Seated Postures in Frontal Impacts.

The objective of this study was to compare the kinematics of the head-neck, torso, pelvis, and lower extremities and document injuries and their patterns to small female occupants in frontal impacts with upright and reclined postures using an experimental model. Six postmortem human surrogates (PMHS) with a mean stature of 154 ± 9.0 cm and mass of 49 ± 12 kg were equally divided between upright and reclined groups (seatback: 25 deg and 45 deg), restrained by a three-point integrated belt, positioned on a semirigid seat, and exposed to low and moderate crash velocities (15 km/h and 32 km/h respectively). The response between the upright and reclined postures was similar in magnitude and curve morphology. While none of the differences were statistically significant, the thoracic spine demonstrated increased downward (+Z) displacement, and the head demonstrated an increased horizontal (+X) displacement for the reclined occupants. In contrast, the upright occupants showed a slightly increased downward (+Z) displacement at the head, but the torso displaced primarily along the +X direction. The posture angles between the two groups were similar at the pelvis and different at the thorax and head. At 32 km/h, both cohorts exhibited multiple rib failure, with upright specimens having a greater number of severe fractures. Although MAIS was the same in both groups, the upright specimens had more bi-cortical rib fractures, suggesting the potential for pneumothorax. This preliminary study may be useful in validating physical (ATDs) and computational (HBMs) surrogates.

Relationship between Body Composition Asymmetry and Specific Performance in Taekwondo Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Currently, there is interest in investigating how interlimb asymmetries (IA) of body composition impact sport-specific performance outcomes. This study aimed to examine the relationship between body composition inter-limb asymmetry and specific performance outcomes in taekwondo athletes. Seventeen national and international athletes (males, n = 8, mean age = 23.3 ± 3.1 years, mean stature = 177.2 ± 8.5 cm, mean body mass = 80.0 ± 7.3 kg; females, n = 9, mean age = 25.0 ± 4.0 years, mean stature = 161.1 ± 4.4 cm, mean body mass = 59.8 ± 5.7 kg) participated in the study. During a non-consecutive 2-day period, body composition (BC) and IA were assessed using dual X-ray absorptiometry, and the magnitude (%) of IA was calculated. Specific-performance included taekwondo specific agility test (TSAT) and Frequency Speed of Kick Test Multiple (FSKTMULT). The relationship between BC asymmetry and performance outcomes was analyzed using a partial correlation approach (controlling for gender, age, and training time). The influence of the significant results was examined using forward stepwise linear regression models. The main results showed no significant differences between the lower limbs (p &lt; 0.05). The IA ranged from 1.37% to 2.96%. Moderate to large negative correlations (r = −0.56 to −0.76, p &lt; 0.05) were documented between IA of body mass, free fat mass (FFM), and lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) with most FSKTMULT outcomes. Bone mineral density (BMD) was correlated with set 5 (rho = −0.49, p = 0.04). The FFM and LSTM asymmetries influenced the KDI reduction by 21%. Meanwhile, IA BMD negatively influenced set 5 performance by 48%. The findings of our study indicate that asymmetries independent of the magnitude of muscle and bone mass-related outcomes may have detrimental effects on high-intensity performance in taekwondo athletes. This underscores the importance of implementing comprehensive training programs and paying attention to achieving body composition inter-limb symmetry to improve overall performance levels in this sport.

CORRELATION OF STATURE WITH MAXIMUM HEAD LENGTH OF MALE ADULTS OF UPPER PUNJAB

Background: In the field of forensic medicine, stature estimation in unknown skeletonized bodies is one of the most significant biological parameters. It is done many times when highly mutilated or decomposed bodies or fragmentary remains of skull are brought for forensic examination. The objective of this study was to correlate stature with maximum head length in male adults of 21–30 years in Upper Punjab. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of correlation as a tool to predict relationship of stature from maximum length of head. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative study. Data was collected from the 382 males of Kharian City in Upper Punjab selected with non-probability, purposive sampling. Head measurements were taken using blunt ended spreading callipers and the stature of individual was measured standing erect in anatomical position using a stadiometer. SPSS-25 software was used for data analysis. Results: The mean stature was 170.4±6.85 Cm. Mean head length was 16.95±0.6 Cm. Prediction accuracy tests were performed which indicated that regression models of this study can estimate the height with accuracy. Conclusion: This study established a correlation between stature and maximum head length. It will help the forensic experts to estimate stature from measuring head length, especially when only head is available as a result of some natural or human caused calamity. Pak J Physiol 2023;19(3):27–30

Epidemiologic Studies, Acute Poisoning, Organophosphorous Compounds, House hold Products.

With the increasing frequency of mass disasters, the identification of mutilated remains becomes quite challenging. With commingling, identification becomes further difficult. During such investigations, there is a need to estimate the stature to narrow down the identity of the dead. Estimation of stature is more accurate and reliable using long bones than any other part of the body. Despite a need for such a study, there is a lack of systematic studies to identify fragmented and dismembered human remains. aim: The aim of the present study is to analyze the anthropometric relationship between forearm length and body height in both sexes specifically for a population of South India. materials and methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine &amp; Toxicology, Dr. Chandramma Dayananda Sagar Institute of Medical Education and Research, Ramanagara District, Karnataka in the year 2022. The material consisted of 180 young and healthy students (90 males and 90 females) in the age group of 18-24 years after taking informed consent to participate in the study. Subjects of south Indian origin were selected based on their mother tongue. The data obtained were computed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 26.0) computer software. results: In the present study, mean stature and forearm length were significantly higher in males than in females. A statistically significant correlation was observed between stature and forearm length. The correlation coefficient was higher among males than females. Linear regression models derived for the reconstruction of stature in males y = 2.5345 (forearm length) + 101.64 and in females is y = 3.4513 (forearm length) + 73.879. conclusion: The study concludes that stature can be estimated from forearm length with reasonable accuracy among South Indians. Sex-specific linear regression formulae were derived for estimating stature from forearm length.

Evaluating the relationship between neurological function, neuromuscular fatigue, and subjective performance measures in professional rugby union players.

Managing the health and wellbeing of full-time professional athletes is a multifaceted task. In elite high-performance environments, medical staff and strength training coaches attempt to identify improved methods to monitor player health. Monitoring player health could indicate potential injury risk and assist in adjustments to training and workload management. Measuring fatigue is a notable component of monitoring player readiness before and after training sessions, and after competitive fixtures. In the present study, a novel method of gathering non-invasive player data was investigated by utilizing the Omegawave (OW) to monitor direct current (DC) potential brainwave activity. This method allowed for non-invasive data gathering to assess recovery, player readiness and indicators of workload that may affect optimal performance. DC potential is based on recording low electrical frequencies (>0.5 Hz) that is derived from (1) Stabilization point of DC potential (mV), (2) Stabilization time (1.0-7.0) and (3) Curve shape (1.0-7.0). These measures evaluate the athlete's internal stress, readiness to perform, and neurological function through DC potential brain wave activity and heart rate variability (HRV) assessments. The primary aim of this case series was to compare the efficacy of objective DC potential brainwave activity measurements (neurological function) with neuromuscular fatigue data using reactive strength index modified (RSImod) and profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaires to assess a player's state of readiness to train. The participants in this study were eleven male senior professional rugby union players with a mean stature (±SD) of 185.2 ± 8.6 cm, mass of 101.1 ± 12.9 kg, and age of 27.1 ± 2.1 years. All players were tested 3 days per week over a 6-week mid-season period. Results from this case study suggest that DC potentials could be used as an objective measure to indicate player readiness and managing individual player workload. The final analyses identified a weak negative correlation (r = -0.17) between the RSImod data and the DC potential data was observed. DC potential brainwave activity data could be used in conjunction with subjective measures such as POMS, RSImod and reported injury status to adjust player daily activity.

Endocrine complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation during childhood-Results from a close follow-up in a cohort of 152 patients.

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a therapeutic option for numerous haematologic diseases and solid tumours. Increasing indications for HSCT and reduction in associated mortality have been raising the number of paediatric HSCT survivors and their long-term toxicities. To characterize the endocrine disorders developed after HSCT. Retrospective analysis of 152 patients submitted to HSCT in paediatric age with at least 24 months of follow-up at our endocrine late-effects clinics. Patients were followed up for 9.9 (interquartile range [IQR]: 12.2) years. The median age at HSCT was 7.5 (IQR: 9) years. At least one endocrine complication was observed in 65.1% of the patients. Primary hypogonadism was detected in 34.2%. Female gender (p < .001), HSCT > 10 years old (p = .01) and chemotherapy before HSCT (p < .001) were identified as risk factors for developing gonadal dysfunction. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) occurred in 23.0% with a mean stature Z-score at diagnosis of -1.8 ± 1.4. GHD was associated with cranial (p < .001) and HSCT < 10 years old (p ≤ 0.001). Patients who were exposed to total body irradiation (TBI) were at higher risk for primary hypothyroidism (22.3%) (p = .01), thyroid nodules (17.1%) (p < .001), thyroid carcinoma (5.3%) (p < .001), dyslipidaemia (19.1%) (p < .001) and disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism (19.1%) (p < .001). At least one endocrine complication was diagnosed in 65.1% of patients, with gonadal dysfunction being the most prevalent. The conditioning regimen with TBI was a risk factor for the development of several endocrine disorders. This study is one of the largest series evaluating the endocrine disorders among survivors of paediatric HSCT and intends to reinforce the importance of routine follow-up of these patients.

Body Size, Fatness and Skeletal Age in Female Youth Soccer Players.

Growth and maturation are central concerns in the organization of training and competitions in youth sports. This study examined maturity-associated variation in body size and adiposity among adolescent girls participating in competitive age group youth soccer. The sample included 441 players 10.08-16.73 years of age. Stature and body mass were measured and body composition was predicted. The Fels method was used to estimate skeletal age. Skeletally maturity status (late, average or early maturing) was based on the difference between chronological and skeletal age for each player. Mean stature approximated the 50th percentiles of the general population in all competitive age groups, while mean weight fluctuated between 50th and 75th percentiles. Age- and maturity-specific means for estimated fat mass ranged between 18.0% and 28.2%. The number of players classified as skeletally mature increased with competitive age groups (under-13: 0%; under-15: 8%; under-17: 49%). In general, early maturing girls tended to be heavier than their age group peers and especially when compared to late maturing players.

Differences in skeletal growth pattern of yoga practising adolescent girls: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundYogasana improves both mental and physical health. There is sparse systematic research on the growth of yogasana practising adolescents. ObjectivesThis study aims to assess the differential skeletal growth pattern among pre-adolescent and adolescent girls as a result of yoga practice. MethodsA cross-sectional anthropometric study was conducted on stature (height), sitting height and leg length of 757 school-going girls (4-15 years old), divided in two groups, Yoga Group (YG) (n=380) and age matched Control Group (CG) (n=377) participants participating in recreational games other than yoga. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were applied. Unpaired t-test was performed for assessment of level of significance and Pearson's correlation (r) test was performed to to identify the association between growth pattern of stature and leg length at specific ages. ResultsThe physical growth showed an ascending trend in both Yoga group (YG) participants and control group (CG). At the onset of adolescence (10–12 years) the mean stature and leg length of YG participants were retarded (p < 0.05). Sitting height in YG was significantly (p < 0.05) low only in 10-year-olds. The similar trends were observed in stature and leg length in YG participants at 10 years (5th and 10th percentile) and 12 years (90th and 95th percentile). There was strong positive relationship between stature and leg length of YG participants (10 years, r = 0.86, p < 0.01; 11 years, r = 0.86, p < 0.01; 12 years, r = 0.72, p < 0.01). The stunted growth in YG participants during adolescence may be related to retarded growth of leg length. ConclusionsIntense yogasana practice with greater skeletal stress possibly hinders stature in adolescent girls from 10 to 12 years. This may compromise with the natural growth pattern, necessitating special care during yoga training among adolescents while selecting the type, intensity and duration of yogasanas practice.

Estimation of Living Stature from Foot Dimensions in Uturu Indigenes of Abia State, Nigeria

Stature estimation is an important process in human identification. The aim of the study was to derive regression formulae for estimation of stature from foot dimensions in Uturu indigenes of Abia State. The sample consists of 150 subjects comprising of 69 males and 81 females between 18 to 50 years of age. The parameters measured were age, stature, foot length and foot width. The mean age, stature, foot length and foot width were 29.78 ±1.08 years, 1738.26 ±9.34 mm, 261.53 ±2.01 mm, 84.53 ±0.94 mm for males and 27.04 ±0.89 years, 1648.64 ±7.61mm, 242.36 ±1.80 mm, 76.14 ±0.72 mm for females respectively. The highest correlation was found between the stature and foot length in males (r = 0.68). Regression formulae were St = 2.2926(FL) + 1093.0 mm and St = 2.3637(FW) + 1467.1 mm for females and St= 3.1687(FL) + 909.54 mm and 4.6857(FW) + 1342.20 mm for males. The foot length is a more reliable for estimating stature in Uturu indigenes of Abia.

Le Corbusier's Modulor: Anthropometric Myth

Since its two publications, 1948 and 1953, the Modulor has been incorporated as an anthropometric and human proportion reference until today as part of the design process heritage. Therefore, reliable metric information sources are needed, real data-based, useful in the architectural design process. Using documentary research, this critical essay deconstructs Modulor's attributes as a reference to the human scale, as it is based on a fanciful abstract drawing but not on real population stature measurements. Le Corbusier sought to justify the 2.20 meters height fitting to the human scale only considering an arm raised humanoid figure. Anthropometric databases are used from different sources, some French, where wide samplings indicate that height measurements considered by Le Corbusier's advisers, 1.75 and 1.83, do not correspond to population mean stature, 1.60-1.69, when the Modulor was made up. It was considered, in France, from the beginning of the physical anthropology of which anthropometry is a part, 18th century, until the trends of the 20th century. In addition, data from other countries during the 19th and 20th centuries also has through Le Corbusier´s lifespan. Human height is a variable measure, not standard. People can be 2.00 tall (Netherlands, 1996) or small, 1.49 (Guatemala, 1996). Neither the standing nor the seated body width was studied anthropometrically at all. Modulor besides is an excluding metric model in gender and ages. No more databases were analyzed, but those studies offer enough contrast between the abstract (Modulor) and the concrete (real people) height measurements. A large sample design, based on mean measure, is an erroneous criterion because it applies only to a population's small range. That is what Le Corbusier established with the Modulor to be the measure of all things but with fixed standard. Therefore, it is recommended to check other sources to corroborate it. The Modulor is a myth, so it is recommended to stop including it like a database or an anthropometric manual. As a human-scale option, it might be helpful for design learning as an incorrect criteria example.

The Study of Maturational Timing Effect in Elite Portuguese Adolescent Basketball Players: Anthropometric, Functional and Game Performance Implications

To estimate age at peak height velocity (APHV) in Portuguese male adolescents and; test the effect of maturational status in physical fitness attributes and individual game performance of U-14 basketball players. One mixed-longitudinal cohort with a sample of 439 Portuguese male adolescents and; one cross sectional sample of 172 Portuguese elite U-14 basketball players. The on-time group was defined within a 1-year band (more or less) from mean APHV. Preece-Baines model 1 was adopted to fit the mean stature curve. Independent samples t-tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed and effect size (partial eta square) was calculated. The growth fitting revealed an APHV around 13.45 years for Portuguese male adolescents. Early maturing players exceeded significantly their peers in body size and composition, jump power and upper body strength. Early and on-time maturing players scored better in rebounds won per game (APHV = 13.81, 13.30 years), Performance Index Rating (PIR) and points scored per minute. Maturation influences morphology attributes and strength regardless of the APHV (13.81, 13.45, 13.30 years) used to obtain the cut-off points. It is recommended to use the new Portuguese mean APHV value to avoid extreme classifying bias groups.

Anthropometry of Female Agricultural Workers of Madhya Pradesh

Most of the agricultural operations in India are performed manually with hand tools and equipment by female agricultural workers. This prompted designers to use female anthropometric data in designing of farm equipment and workplaces in order to reduce drudgery, to enhance safety, to improve performance, productivity and efficiency. A study was conducted to collect the anthropometric data of selected 30 female agricultural workers in the age group of 22-54 years from Madhya Pradesh state. For design of agricultural tools, equipment and workplaces the important, thirty eight body dimensions including weight were identified and measured. The values of mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum, maximum, coefficient of variation (CV) and 1st, 5th, 50th, 95th and 99th percentile values were calculated of selected body dimensions. The mean weight and stature of female agricultural workers were found to be 53 kg and 1536 mm, respectively. A large variation in anthropometric dimensions in the anthropometric data of female farm workers of different states of India and other countries was observed. Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) were calculated among selected anthropometric dimensions of subjects. The correlation coefficients of measured data varied from 0.65-0.98.

Disentangling the Role of HIV Exposure on Linear Growth Among Mother-Infant Dyads in Western Kenya: A Comparison of Three Growth Models

ObjectivesHIV-exposed and uninfected (HEU) infants may experience altered growth compared to HIV-unexposed and uninfected (HUU) infants. Most studies to date have used analytic techniques that do not reflect the dynamic trends in infant growth patterns. We therefore sought to evaluate growth patterns using 3 different analytic methods and examine the role of HIV on growth with each method. MethodsRepeated measures for infant anthropometrics were taken from 6 wk to 23 mo of age in the former Nyanza region, Kenya (n = 310, 52% HEU, 50% male). We used (1) Latent Class Mixed Modeling (LCMM) to identify length-for-age z-score (LAZ) trajectory classes and then multinomial logistic regression to assess how HIV exposure status predicted trajectory class membership, adjusting for covariates (e.g., maternal height, food insecurity); (2) SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) to estimate length in terms of size and velocity (rate of growth) differences by maternal HIV status; and (3) longitudinal regression, the conventional method for analyzing growth, to estimate differences in length and LAZ based on HIV exposure. ResultsAt 6 wks of age, HEU infants had a mean LAZ score of –1.03 ± 1.85 compared to –1.10 ± 1.83 for HUU infants. LCMM identified four LAZ trajectory classes (average 5.1 measurements/infant). Across time, class one LAZ scores remained near 1; class two declined 0 to –1; class three remained near –1; and class four fluctuated between –2 and –3. In logistic regression models, HEU infants were less likely to belong to classes one (RR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1,0.9) and two (RR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2,0.7) relative to class three. Similarly, SITAR estimated that HEU infants were on average 0.62 cm shorter than HUU infants across the study (95% CI: –1.3,0.1) but there were no differences in mean linear growth velocities. Longitudinal regression models predicted that mean stature for HEU infants was 0.8 cm (95% CI: –1.5, –0.1) shorter and that mean LAZ for HEU infants was 0.4 points (95% CI: –0.7, –0.1) lower compared to HUU infants. ConclusionsAcross the 3 methods, HEU infants were shorter than HUU infants during the first 23 mo of life. Compared to longitudinal regression, advanced modeling with LCMM and SITAR allows for a more flexible assessment of the altered growth patterns HEU infants experience. Funding SourcesNIH.

Drudgery reduction in operation of cleaner-cum-grader: An ergonomic intervention

A pedal-operated cleaner-cum-grader having common bicycle chain-sprocket mechanism to get the speeds of 240 and 720 rpm of eccentric shaft and blower shaft, respectively for the desired cleaning/grading of grains was developed earlier by CIAE, Bhopal. Also, in order to utilize the human energy in more efficient way through pedalling mode, CIAE has recently developed a dynapod. The dynapod is a pedal operated rotary device, which can be used as an interface between human worker and any rotary-type machine. The developed dynapod was used to operate the cleaner-cum-grader to assess the drudgery reduction in its operation in comparison to original pedalling mechanism. The dynapod was interfaced with the cleaner-cum-grader by carrying out minor modifications in the original unit. Eight male agricultural workers with mean stature and weight as 168.4 cm and 54.4 kg, respectively participated in the study. The cleaner-cum-grader was used for cleaning and grading of soybean grains. Heart rate of the workers was measured during operation of cleaner-cum-grader using the dynapod as well as the original pedalling mechanism. Mean working heart rate during operation of machine with original pedalling mechanism was 114 beats min-1 as against 108 beats min-1 in case of pedalling with dynapod. The work pulse (ÄHR) with the original pedalling mechanism was 35 beats min-1 as against 29 beats min-1 during pedalling with dynapod. The output capacity of the machine increased from 303 kg h-1 in case of original pedalling mechanism to 345 kg h-1 with dynapod. Considering the cardiac cost as well as output of the machine, the drudgery reduction by using dynapod with cleaner-cum-grader was about 25.4% as compared to the original pedalling mechanism.

Normative Data for Blood Pressure in Croatian War Veterans: A Population-Based Study.

Purpose: The current study aimed to investigate the normative data for blood pressure. Materials and Methods: From 2017 to 2020, 2032 men and women classified as ‘war veterans’ were recruited (mean age ± standard deviation (SD): 60.97 ± 7.98 years; mean stature: 172.50 ± 9.10 cm; mean body mass: 90.25 ± 36.45 kg; mean body-mass index: 29.66 ± 5.59 kg/m2; 29.9% women). Their systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured three times. The procedure was carried out according to the American Heart Organization. The sex-specific and age-specific normative data for the 5th, 25th, 50th (median), 75th, and 90th percentiles for systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (measured as SBP-DBP) and mid-BP (the average of SBP and DBP) were presented. Results: The men had higher SBP (p < 0.001), DBP (p < 0.001), pulse pressure (p < 0.001) and mid-BP (p < 0.001) compared to the women. The age-specific differences showed that older individuals had higher values of SBP (p < 0.001), pulse pressure (p < 0.001), and mid-BP (p < 0.001), while no significant differences for DBP (p = 0.496) were observed. Conclusions: This is the first study providing sex-specific and age-specific normative data for blood pressure in war veterans.

Intervention of Dynapod in Cleaner-cum-Grader for Drudgery Reduction

An ergonomic evaluation cleaner-cum-grader with original cycle mechanism and ICAR-CIAE developed dynapod was conducted. The study was conducted with 15 male subjects aged between 20-40 years, mean stature of 1640 ±40 mm and mean weight of 54 ±5 kg. The maximum aerobic capacities of the subjects were determined using sub-maximal exercise protocol. The mean working heart rate of the subjects in operation of machine with original cycle mechanism was 157 beats min-1 as against 125 beats min-1 with dynapod. The work pulse (ΔHR) of 57 beats min-1 and 31 beats min-1 was observed for pedaling with cycle mechanism and dynapod, respectively. The output capacity of machine increased by 41 kg h-1 with use of dynapod compared to pedaling with cycle mechanism. Using dynapod in operation of cleaner-cum-grader resulted in drudgery reduction by 51.6 % as compared to the original cycle mechanism.

Re‐analysis of the Levänluhta skeletal material: Sex and stature estimation of individuals in an Iron Age water burial in Finland

AbstractLevänluhta, an Iron Age water burial site in Finland, and its material consisting of commingled skeletal remains and artifacts, has been studied by several researchers over the past 100 years, resulting in multiple interpretations of the people and the site. Previous skeletal analyses have concluded that the majority of the individuals represented in the remains were females and children and were of relatively short stature, so possibly nutritionally deprived. This study re‐analyzed the commingled adult human remains with updated methods. The methods applied in this study to estimate sex and stature were based on more representative European reference samples than the previously applied methods. The methods included morphology, osteometrics, and computed tomography (CT) scans. Our results indicated that depending on the reference data, the majority of the individual adult bones including os coxae (73%, n = 45) and long bones (humerus 83%–89%, n = 52; radius 72%–89%, n = 47; ulna 50%–65%, n = 58; femur 92%–100%, n = 25; tibia 77%–85%, n = 26) were classified as females based on their size and morphology. The cross‐sectional bone properties of humerii, femora, and tibiae visualized using CT scanning also supported these findings. However, the cranial morphology did not show as clear female‐biased sex ratio as other methods (42% females, 33% males, 24% undetermined, n = 33). In females, the mean stature based on the tibia (155.3 cm, n = 10) was within the range of the coeval European females and did not necessarily indicate nutritional deprivation, which is in line with previously published stable isotope findings from the site. The mean stature based on the tibia suggested that the Levänluhta males were short (164.0 cm, n = 3), but final interpretations were limited due to the small number of male individuals. The current study affirmed that the Levänluhta skeletal assemblage was female biased and gave new insights into interpretation of the stature.

An autopsy-based correlation study about developing standards for estimation of staturein females from distance between two anterior superior iliac spines in Central India region, Madhya Pradesh

Stature is the vertical distance between the top of vertex and the heel of the feet. Stature is one of the important parameters for establishing the identity of unknown corpse. Sometimes, the identification becomes very hard if the body is destroyed or mutilated in fire, explosions, murders, natural mass disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones, floods and many others. In these situations, the need of forensic expert arises for establishing the identity of an individual from the amputated, mutilated and decomposed body fragments. Hence the aim of present study was developing standards for estimation of stature in females from distance between two anterior superior iliac spines in central India Region, Madhya Pradesh belonging to the age group of 20–60 years in the department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, M.G.M. Medical College and M.Y. Hospital, Indore (M.P). Among 258 females, the mean stature was 158.87±5.27, whereas the mean percutaneous inter anterior superior iliac spinous distance was found to be 22.02±1.36. Regression equation with significant correlation was derived. Multiplication factor for percutaneous inter anterior superior iliac spine was found to be 7.21. Even though stature can be calculated with the long bones of upper limbs and lower limbs but intact long bone may not be present all the time or only part of torso or pelvis is brought for autopsy, in this situation inter spinous distance can be used to estimate stature.