Re‐analysis of the Levänluhta skeletal material: Sex and stature estimation of individuals in an Iron Age water burial in Finland

Heli Maijanen,Juho‐Antti Junno,Kristiina Mannermaa,Anna Wessman,Markku Niskanen

doi:10.1002/oa.2953

Abstract

AbstractLevänluhta, an Iron Age water burial site in Finland, and its material consisting of commingled skeletal remains and artifacts, has been studied by several researchers over the past 100 years, resulting in multiple interpretations of the people and the site. Previous skeletal analyses have concluded that the majority of the individuals represented in the remains were females and children and were of relatively short stature, so possibly nutritionally deprived. This study re‐analyzed the commingled adult human remains with updated methods. The methods applied in this study to estimate sex and stature were based on more representative European reference samples than the previously applied methods. The methods included morphology, osteometrics, and computed tomography (CT) scans. Our results indicated that depending on the reference data, the majority of the individual adult bones including os coxae (73%, n = 45) and long bones (humerus 83%–89%, n = 52; radius 72%–89%, n = 47; ulna 50%–65%, n = 58; femur 92%–100%, n = 25; tibia 77%–85%, n = 26) were classified as females based on their size and morphology. The cross‐sectional bone properties of humerii, femora, and tibiae visualized using CT scanning also supported these findings. However, the cranial morphology did not show as clear female‐biased sex ratio as other methods (42% females, 33% males, 24% undetermined, n = 33). In females, the mean stature based on the tibia (155.3 cm, n = 10) was within the range of the coeval European females and did not necessarily indicate nutritional deprivation, which is in line with previously published stable isotope findings from the site. The mean stature based on the tibia suggested that the Levänluhta males were short (164.0 cm, n = 3), but final interpretations were limited due to the small number of male individuals. The current study affirmed that the Levänluhta skeletal assemblage was female biased and gave new insights into interpretation of the stature.

Highlights

Levänluhta is a unique cemetery within Finnish archeology and is located in southern Ostrobothnia, in SW Finland (Figure 1)
Our results indicated that depending on the reference data, the majority of the individual adult bones including os coxae (73%, n = 45) and long bones were classified as females based on their size and morphology
Os coxae (70%), long bones (50%–100%), and crania (60%), indicated the majority of the adult bones classified as females

Summary

Introduction

Levänluhta is a unique cemetery within Finnish archeology and is located in southern Ostrobothnia, in SW Finland (Figure 1). The curated material consists of 74 kg of unburned bones (69.8 kg human, 3.9 kg animal) and 22 metal artifacts, all commingled due to the water burial (Formisto, 1993; Wessman et al, 2018). Burial in water is so uncommon in Finnish prehistory; there is only one similar site, Käldamäki in Ostrobothnia (for further reading about the sites, see Wessman, 2009). Based on previous analysis of the human bone, most of the buried individuals in Levänluhta were suggested to be women and children (Formisto, 1993; Niskanen, 2006)

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion