Mean Serum Iron Levels Research Articles

The Effect of Egg White Meal on Anemia in Patients on Hemodialysis Taking Erythropoietin and Iron Infusion.

Eggs are a useful and cheap food source. We evaluated the effects of egg white meal on anemia in dialysis patients. In an open-label, clinical trial, conducted in dialysis centers, 107 hemodialysis patients aged ≥18 years with hemoglobin levels below 12 g/dL and requiring treatment with artificial erythropoietin and iron infusion were included in the study. They were divided into a control and an intervention group. The participants in the intervention group consumed an egg white pack (containing six egg whites, 96 calories, 24 g protein) as a substitute for meat products 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Finally, changes in serum albumin, hemoglobin, ferritin and iron/TIBC, erythropoietin dose and iron infusion dose were measured. A total of 107 dialysis patients were studied, (55 patients in egg white and 52 in control groups) with the mean age of 54.31±16.35 years and male majority (57.90%). The mean of hemoglobin concentration had no statistically significant difference at baseline (P=0.13) and after four weeks. (P=0.48), while after eight weeks, the mean hemoglobin concentration in the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group. (P=0.03) mean of synthetic erythropoietin dose after 4 and 8 weeks was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group. (P=0.30, P=0.001) lower ERI values in intervention group was significantly higher than the control group. (P=0.02) CONCLUSION: We observed that consumption of egg whites led to an increase in mean hemoglobin concentration, serum iron, and albumin levels. These results suggest that egg whites could be a useful dietary intervention for dialysis patients with anemia.

Assessment of Trace Metal Disturbances in Healthcare Workers Exposed to Low Dose Ionizing Radiations in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: To determine the effects of ionizing radiations on trace metal levels in healthcare workers exposed to occupational radiation in a tertiary care health facility. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemical Pathology & Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, in collaboration with the Department of Radiology, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Apr to Oct 2021. Methodology: Healthcare workers (n=45) exposed to occupational radiations were compared with an equal number of Controls in a tertiary care health facility for their trace metal levels. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to measure serum zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) levels. A calorimetric technique was used to measure serum iron (Fe) levels. Results: Mean serum Copper (9.54±2.52 µmol/l) and Zinc (11.78±1.90 µmol/l) concentrations of the Risk-Group were significantly lower than their respective Control-Groups (Copper: 14.76±3.13 µmol/l and Zinc: 14.67±3.01 µmol/l). At the same time, mean serum Iron levels in the Exposed-Group (17.55±3.88 µmol/l) were significantly (p<0.001) higher than the Control-Group (14.41±4.23 µmol). The duration of radiation exposure was inversely proportional to serum Copper (p-value0.002) and serum Zinc (p<0.001) concentrations, which is statistically significant. At the same time, serum iron level (p-value0.001) and TIBC (p-value 0.003) increased proportionately with increasing duration exposure, which was also statistically significant. Conclusion: Low-dose ionizing radiation exposure led to a significant decrease in serum Copper and Zinc levels, whereas an increase in serum Iron levels was no................

Replenishment of iron deficiency in women before the use of assisted reproductive technologies

Introduction. Anemia is a major health problem worldwide, increasing the risks of low birth weight, preterm birth, perinatal mortality, stillbirth, postpartum hemorrhage, and maternal mortality. Replenishing iron deficiency at the stage of preconceptional preparation reduces the incidence of IDA and can reduce the incidence of pregnancy complications and improve perinatal outcomes.Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of ferrous sulfate 80 mg and its potential to replenish iron deficiency in women with infertility before using assisted reproductive technologies (ART).Materials and methods. A prospective clinical longitudinal study was conducted from May to September 2023 at LLC Health Clinic, Moscow. The study included women (n = 34) at the stage of pregnancy planning by IVF with a diagnosed iron deficiency. Iron deficiency was established in accordance with the following criteria: decrease in serum ferritin level less than 30 μg/l, serum iron level less than 15 μmol/l.Results. After 12 weeks of taking ferrous sulfate, the average hemoglobin level increased from 112.3 ± 6.5 (101–119) g/l to 118.5 ± 6.5 (110–133) g/l (W-Wilcoxon 9300 test, p = 0.003), mean serum iron level from 15.4 ± 4.0 (5.7–22.5) μmol/l to 34.8 ± 7.1 (20.1–46.7) μmol/l (Wilcoxon W test 602.0, p < 0.001), mean ferritin level from 8.2 ± 3.1 (4.5–17.0) μg/ml to 37.6 ± 6.7 (30.6–52.6) μg/ml (Wilcoxon W test 595.0, p < 0.001).Conclusions. Timely examination of patients for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia at the stage of preconceptional preparation makes it possible to prescribe an effective correction, thereby helping to reduce the risks of complications of pregnancy and childbirth.

A Study of Iron Profile in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction

Background: Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome that results from any structural of functional impairement of ventricular filling or ejection of blood leading to cardinal manifestations of dyspnoea, fatigue, and fluid retention. In developed countries, the prevalence of known heart failure is generally estimated at 1% to 2% of the general adult population.
 Heart failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Iron deficiency (ID) with or without anemia has been commonly associated with HF. In view of this, the current study was undertaken to assess the iron profile in patients with heart failure (HF).
 Objectives: This study aims at studying the prevalence, clinical correlates fuctional significance of iron deficiency in heart failure patients and to highlight the importance of iron deficiency in heart failure.
 Materials and Methods: In this study, we have taken 60 patients who are above 18 years diagnosed to have heart failure, 30 patients had preserved ejection fraction, 30 patients had reduced ejection fraction, BNP, ECG, 2DECHO, haemogram, iron profile were done. This study is being undertaken to evaluate the prevalance of iron deficiency in heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction, Correlating iron levels with stage of heart failure , Correlating iron levels with length of stay in hospital.
 Results: 22 patients of 30 patients in preserved ejection fraction group had iron deficiency. 23 patients of 30 patients in reduced ejection fraction had iron deficiency. The mean serum iron levels of the study participants with length of stay in hospital between 1-5 days, 6 – 10 days and 11 – 15 days were found to be 28.99 ± 17.55, 31.82 ± 17.15 and 35.37 ± 23.58 respectively. The association was found to be statistically significant between with length of stay in hospital and serum iron levels of the study participants.
 The mean serum iron levels of the study participants in stage B, stage C and Stage D of heart failure were found to be 30.21 ± 20.57, 30.23 ± 17.02 and 20.63 ± 18.28 respectively. The association between stages of heart failure and serum iron levels of the study participants was not found to be statistically significant.
 Conclusion and Interpretation: In this study 73.33% in preserved EF group and 76.66% in reduced EF group had iron deficiency. The association was found to be statistically significant between with length of stay in hospital and serum iron levels of the study participants. The association between stages of heart failure and serum iron levels of the study participants was not found to be statistically significant.

Molecular aspects of the common types of β-thalassemia mutations among Sudanese patients: a cross sectional study.

The study sought to identify the most common types of mutations in beta-thalassemia Sudanese patients in Khartoum State, as well as their relationship to anemia severity. From July 2017 to July 2021, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 samples from known beta-thalassemia patients attending public health hospitals in Khartoum State, and fifty samples were taken from apparently healthy controls. Using a PCR test, blood samples were analyzed to detect the most common types of mutations. For the five mutations included in the study (IVS-I-110(G-A), IVS-I-1(G-A), IVS-I-6(T-C), IVS-I-5(G-C), and β_87(C-G)), 25% of the patients were positive and 75% were negative, while the entire control group was negative for all five mutations. Positive results were found in only three of the five mutations tested; the most common was IVS-I-110, which was found in 14 (56%) of the subjects, followed by IVS-I-6 (T) in 7 (28%), and IVS-I-1 in only 4 (16%) of the subjects. IVS-I-5 and β_87 mutations were not found in the study subjects. The Hb electrophoresis pattern revealed an increase in HbA2 (6.455±0.1318%), a decrease in HbF (1.865±0.1668%), and a decrease in HbA (78.50±0.2858%). The mean serum iron level was 82.99±3.063 ug/dL, which was considered normal. According to the findings, the IVS-1-110 mutation is the most common among Sudanese beta-thalassemia patients. Each type of positive mutation caused mild to moderate anemia.

Comparison of Haematological Variables in Helicobacter Pylori-Infected Patients with Ulcer and without Ulcer: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is predominantly responsible for acute and chronic progressive gastroduodenal inflammation. Symptoms of gastric diseases vary from dyspepsia to altered bowel movements, leading to ulcers and potential gastrointestinal bleeding. Consequently, H. pylori can have a variable effect on the gastrointestinal tract and other organs. Ongoing research has shown associations between H. pylori and haematological manifestations. Recent studies have reported a 90% incidence of duodenal ulcers and an 80% incidence of gastric ulcers in patients with H. pylori infection. Aim: To investigate haematological manifestations in H. pyloriinfected patients with and without ulcers, and to compare the haematological variables. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Gastroenterology at King George’s Medical University in Lucknow, India, from October 2021 to October 2022. One hundred patients diagnosed with H. pylori-positive biopsy through endoscopy were enrolled in the study. Among these patients, 51% had ulcers with H. pylori infection (enrolled as cases), while 49% were H. pylori infected but without ulcers (enrolled as controls). Samples were analysed for Haemoglobin (Hb) levels, Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, Reticulocyte Count (RetC), serum iron, serum ferritin, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), serum vitamin B12, and Homocysteine (HCy) levels. Statistical analysis involved independent sample t-tests to compare continuous data and chi-square tests to compare categorical data. Results: The majority of patients included in the study, both with ulcers (70.6%) and without ulcers (59.2%), were males with mean±Standard Deviation (SD) ages of 32.39±7.25 years and 29.86±7.66 years, respectively. In the present study, low reticulocyte count, anaemia, deranged RBC count, low serum iron, high TIBC, and low ferritin were observed in 9%, 22%, 61%, 11%, 12%, and 8% of the patients, respectively. Vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia were observed in 6% and 1% of the cases, respectively. Among patients with ulcers, the strongest correlation was found between serum iron and serum ferritin (r-value=0.901), while the weakest correlation was found between vitamin B12 and RetC (r-value=0.206). Among patients without ulcers, the strongest correlation was found between serum iron and Hb (r-value=0.884), while the weakest correlation was found between TIBC and HCy (r-value=0.270). Conclusion: The present study demonstrates a significant association between H. pylori infection-induced ulcers and decreased mean reticulocyte count, serum iron, and serum ferritin levels. Recognising these haematological derangements and including them as indications for H. pylori eradication may lead to a remarkable improvement in the management regime.

Frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) Among Patients with Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in helicobacter pylori-infected patients. Study Design: Prospective/cross-sectional study Place and Duration: This study was conducted at Benazir Bhutu Hospital Rawalpindi during the period from July, 2022 to September, 2022. Methods: Total 105 patients of Helicobacter pylori infection, who ranged in age from 18 to 65 years included. All patients gave their informed written consent after being asked about their age, sex, body mass index, level of education, and place of residence. Blood samples from the subjects were analysed to determine their levels of serum iron, transferrin saturation, ferritin, and total iron-binding capacity. H. pylori infection can be found by histopathology, stool antigen testing, a fast urease test, or a urea breath test. The entire data set was analyzed using SPSS 24.0. Results: Among all there were majority females. Majority of the patients were illiterate and were from rural areas. 60 (57.1%) had poor socio-economic status. Mean Hemoglobin level was 12.1±0.6 (g/dl) mean serum iron level was 49.8 ±10.33(ug/dl) and mean serum ferritin level was 121.7±42.87 (ng per ml).Frequency of iron deficiency anemia was found in 43 (40.95%) patients. Among 43 cases of IDA, majority of the patients had age >35 years. Conclusion: In this research, we found that patients with helicobacter pylori infection, the majority of whom were adult female patients, had a considerably greater frequency of iron deficiency anaemia. Keywords: Prevalence, H.pylori infection, Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), Females

Grade of liver siderosis in beta-thalassaemia major patients receiving different amount of blood transfusion

Background and objectives: A progressive accumulation of body iron easily occurs as a result of long-term transfusions in patients with anaemia of genetic disorders such as thalassaemia. Iron deposit in liver biopsy sections was studied in beta-thalassaemia major patients to assess the grade of liver siderosis and to correlate the grade with amount of blood transfused. Materials and methods: Beta-thalassaemia major patients having splenomegaly and selected for splenectomy were enrolled. Liver biopsy was taken from every patient during the splenectomy. Liver tissue was sectioned and stained with Perls’ prussian blue method for the presence of iron deposition. The degree of iron deposition was expressed as grades of siderosis from 0 to 4. Results: A total of 30 beta-thalassemia patients were enrolled in the study. Out of 30 patients, 7 were males (23.3%) and 23 females (76.7%). The mean age of patients was 15.2 ± 1.4 years. The mean serum iron and ferritin levels of the study cases were above the normal range. Blood received by all patients was 51.5 ± 11.6 units (range 31 to 88 units). Out of 30 patients, grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 liver siderosis was present in 1, 3, 9 and 17 patients respectively. Serum ferritin level of patients with grade 4 siderosis was significantly higher (p = 0.03) compared to grade 3 cases. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test revealed significant positive correlation between grades of liver siderosis and amount of blood transfusion received (0.626, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Grade of liver siderosis is associated with increased units of blood transfusion and is a good indicator for transfusional iron overload in beta-thalassaemia major patients. IMC J Med Sci. 2023. 17(1): 004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.004 *Correspondence: Dr. Souvik Basak, Department of General Surgery, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Email: sb009cmc@gmail.com

A Study of Micronutrient Levels in Premature Canities in Children

Abstract Background: Premature canities refer to the loss of hair pigment, at an earlier age than normal. Vitamins and minerals are involved in the various steps of melanogenesis. There is a paucity in the current literature on possible correlation between the serum levels of micronutrients and premature graying of hair. Materials and Methods: A case − control study was conducted on 56 patients of premature canities and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls between 12 and 18 years of age. After taking detailed history and physical examination, serum was analyzed for copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, Vitamin B12, folic acid, and Vitamin D levels in both cases and controls, and the results were compared. Results: Mean serum levels of zinc, magnesium, and Vitamin B12 were significantly lower in cases (P < 0.01). No significant difference between mean serum copper, iron, Vitamin D, and folic acid levels between cases and controls was found. Patients having deficiency of copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, and Vitamin B12 were significantly higher in cases compared to controls (P < 0.05). No significant association between the serum levels of micronutrients with severity of canities was found. Conclusion: On basis of our study, we conclude that patients of premature graying can have micronutrient deficiencies such as copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, and Vitamin B12. These micronutrients should be analyzed in patients of premature canities if facilities are available and if patients are found deficient, they should be supplemented for the same. However, further studies on a larger population and effect of supplementation of these micronutrients on premature graying are required.

Significantly lower mean serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels and a significantly higher frequency of serum iron deficiency in younger than in older atrophic glossitis patients

Background/purpose: Our previous study found that 19.0%, 16.9%, 5.3%, 2.3%, and 11.9% of 1064 atrophic glossitis (AG) patients have anemia, serum iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia, respectively. This study mainly evaluated the anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia in 224 younger (≤50 years old) and 840 older (>50 years old) AG patients. Materials and methodsThe blood hemoglobin (Hb) and serum iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and homocysteine levels in 224 younger and 840 older AG patients were measured and compared with the corresponding levels in 112 younger (≤50 years old) and 420 older (>50 years old) healthy control subjects (HCSs), respectively. ResultsWe found that 224 younger AG patients had significantly lower mean blood Hb and serum iron levels than 112 younger HCSs. Moreover, 840 older AG patients had significantly lower mean blood Hb and serum iron levels and a significantly higher mean serum homocysteine level than 420 older HCSs. In addition, 224 younger AG patients had significantly lower mean serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels, a lower mean serum homocysteine level (marginal significance, P = 0.056), a significantly higher frequency of serum iron deficiency, and a significantly lower frequency of hyperhomocysteinemia than 840 older AG patients. ConclusionThe younger AG patients do have significantly lower mean serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels, a significantly higher frequency of serum iron deficiency, and a significantly lower frequency of hyperhomocysteinemia than the older AG patients.

Significantly higher frequencies of macrocytosis, anemia, serum vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia in male than in female atrophic glossitis patients

Background/purposeOur previous study found that 19.0%, 16.9%, 5.3%, 2.3%, 11.9%, and 26.7% of 1064 atrophic glossitis (AG) patients have anemia, serum iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum gastric parietal cell antibody (GPCA) positivity, respectively. This study evaluated the anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia in 150 male and 914 female AG patients. Materials and methodsThe blood hemoglobin (Hb) and serum iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine, GPCA levels in 150 male and 914 female AG patients were measured and compared with the corresponding levels in 75 male and 457 female healthy control subjects (HCSs), respectively. ResultsWe found that 150 male AG patients had significantly lower mean blood Hb, serum iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid levels, and significantly higher mean serum homocysteine levels than 75 male HCSs. Moreover, 914 female AG patients had significantly lower mean blood Hb and serum iron levels and significantly higher mean serum homocysteine level than 457 female HCSs. In addition, 150 male AG patients had significantly higher mean blood Hb and serum homocysteine levels, significantly lower mean serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels, and significantly higher frequencies of Hb, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia than 914 female AG patients. ConclusionThe male AG patients do have significantly higher mean blood Hb and serum homocysteine levels, significantly lower mean serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels, and significantly higher frequencies of Hb, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies and hyperhomocysteinemia than the female AG patients.

Assessment of serum level of selected essential trace elements in patients with renal disorders

Levels of some trace elements in the sera of patients (male and female) with kidney diseases were determined. The patients were twelve (12) in number, aged between 45-65 years and were having occupation traceable to heavy metal exposure. The trace elements determined were iron, manganese, copper and zinc. The investigation was conducted at the in-and-out patient unit of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria and the results obtained were compared with the corresponding values obtained in control subjects. The results of this study revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in serum iron and manganese levels where mean serum iron levels of [(92.9±16.5), (45.0±150.9)] mg/100 ml were obtained in patients (both sexes) compared to [(82.5±5.14), (50.8±100.3)] mg/10 0 ml obtained in control subjects respectively. Mean serum manganese levels of [(2.39±1.30), (0.05±6.90)] mg/100 ml were also obtained in patients (both sexes) compared to [(1.20±0.22), (0.70±1.90)] mg/100 ml in control subjects respectively. However, there was significant (P<0.05) decrease in serum copper and zinc levels in the patients compared to the control subjects. Mean serum copper levels of [(49.3±12.4), (20.5±92.2)] mg/100 ml were obtained from patients compared to [(82.5±47.3), (50.8±89.2)] mg/100 ml obtained in control subjects while mean serum zinc levels of [(54.3±15.9), (16.5±100.0)] mg/100 ml were obtained from patients compared to [(66.1±5.17), (40.8±84.0)] mg/10 0 ml in control subjects. The results suggest heavy metal interference with the essential trace elements in physiological system of the patients due to occupational exposure.

Patients with Helicobacter Pylori Infections Who Have Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)

Objective: It is the goal of this research to evaluate the presence of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in individuals with Helicobacter pylori infection. Study Design: Prospective/cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Department of medicine, Ittefaq Hospital Trust, Lahore, during the period from 16th January 2021 to 15th July 2021. Methods: There were one hundred and thirty patients of both genders with ages 22-60 years were presented. Informed written consent was taken from all the patients included age, sex, body mass index, education status and residency. All the included patients had helicobacter pylori infection in this study. Blood samples from the individuals were tested for serum iron, transferrin saturation, ferritin, and total iron-binding capacity. A urea breath test, stool antigen testing, a quick urease test, or histopathology may all be used to look for H. pylori infection. SPSS 22.0 version was used to analyze complete data. Mean standard deviation was used for laboratory outcomes. Results: Mean age of the patients 35.32 ± 6.53 years with mean BMI 26.12±8.64 kg/m2. Majority of the patients were females 75 (57.7%) and remaining were males 55 (42.3%). 53 (40.8%) patients were from urban areas and 60 (46.2%) patients were literate. Most of the patients 80 (61.5%) had poor socio-economic status. Mean Hemoglobin level was 11.12 ± 1.8 (g/dl) mean serum iron level was 50.3 ± 12.45 (ug/dl) and mean serum ferritin level was 123.4±56.55 (ng per ml).We found iron deficiency anemia in 51 (39.2%) patients. Conclusion: Iron deficiency anaemia was shown to be more prevalent in individuals with Helicobacter Pylori infection who were mostly females in this research. Keywords: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), H.pylori infection, Prevalence

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) in Helicobacter Pylori Infection Patients: A Recent Study

Objective: The study's goal is to find out how common iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is among those who have helicobacter pylori infection. Study Design: Cross-sectional/prospective study Place and Duration: Study was conducted at BHU 28 GB Jaranwala within duration of Aug 2021-Feb 2022. Methods: In all, there were 95 patients of all sexes, ranging in age from 20 to 70. Detailed information about each patient's background and current residence was obtained through informed written permission from each one. It was found that every patient in this research had helicobacter pylori infection. Blood samples from the individuals were tested for serum iron, transferrin saturation, ferritin, and total iron-binding capacity. It is possible to identify H. pylori infection by the use of urea breath tests, stool antigen testing, fast urease testing, or histopathology. SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze all of the data in the study. Results: Among 95 patients, 57 (60%) were females and 38 (40%) were males. Mean age of the patients 33.41±8.44 years with mean BMI 25.09±7.31 kg/m2. Most of the cases were illiterate and were from rural areas. 55 (57.9%) cases had poor socio-economic status. Mean Hemoglobin level was 12.1±3.11 (g/dl) mean serum iron level was 49.5±8.31 (ug/dl) and mean serum ferritin level was 121.6±31.56 (ng per ml).Frequency of iron deficiency anemia was found in 40 (42.1%) patients. Conclusion: According to our findings, a substantial increase in iron deficiency anaemia was seen in helicobacter pylori-infected adults, the majority of whom were female. Keywords: H.pylori infection, Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)

Study of HbA1c in iron deficiency anemic non diabetic subjects

To study the effect of iron deficiency anemia on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in non- diabetic Indian subjects. The present observational study was performed on minimum 100 patients attending General Medicine outpatient department. All patients presenting to General Medicine outpatient department fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria enrolled in the study. An informed written consent was obtained from the patients. The detailed history was taken and necessary clinical examination was carried out in all patients. In the current study, patients with iron deficiency anaemia had a mean HbA1c of 5.86. The mean serum iron level in patients with Hb1Ac levels ranging from 4-5.6 was 24.25. The corresponding mean serum iron for HbA1c range 5.7-6.4 was 22.25. The corresponding mean serum iron for HbA1c levels greater than 6.5 was 21.96. According to the findings, there is an inverse relationship between HbA1c and mean serum iron levels, and this relationship is statistically significant (p0.05), i.e. mean serum iron decreases as HbA1c level increases. The present study concluded that the levels of HbA1c were increased significantly among patients with iron deficiency anemia. So, Iron deficiency anemia has to be kept in mind before using the HbA1c to diagnose diabetes.

Therapeutic Effect of Roxadustat on Patients With Posttransplant Anemia

Roxadustat, a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, has been reported to be effective in treating conservative renal failure and renal anemia in patients undergoing dialysis. Nonetheless, its effect on posttransplant anemia (PTA) has not yet been analyzed. This study was conducted in accordance with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki, as revised in 2013. Roxadustat was administered in 31 patients with a hemoglobin level ≤11 g/dL after renal transplant. The mean hemoglobin, serum iron, ferritin, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and the estimated glomerular filtration rate at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after administration were compared with those before administration. The average (standard deviation) hemoglobin level in 25 patients (6 patients dropped out) increased from 9.8 (0.78) g/dL before administration to 12.1 (1.44) g/dL (P < .001) after 12 weeks of roxadustat administration. The mean ferritin level in patients decreased from 107.6 (84.95) ng/mL before administration to 51.7 (44.04) ng/mL (P=.022) after 8 weeks of roxadustat administration. The mean LDL cholesterol level decreased from 114.1 (31.67) mg/dL before administration to 78.7 (18.26) mg/dL (P=.0012) after 8 weeks of roxadustat administration. Complications observed in patients after roxadustat administration included reduced hemoglobin levels in 3 patients, gastrointestinal symptoms in 2 patients, and myocardial infarction in 1 patient. Hemoglobin levels significantly increased, whereas ferritin and LDL cholesterol levels significantly decreased in patients with PTA after roxadustat administration. Roxadustat seems to be an effective treatment for patients with PTA; however, the blood clotting tendency due to iron deficiency should be monitored in patients.

Anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia in younger and older burning mouth syndrome patients

Background/purposeOur previous study found that 19.8%, 16.2%, 4.8%, 2.3%, and 19.2% of 884 burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients have anemia, serum iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia, respectively. This study mainly evaluated the anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia in 272 younger (≤50 years old) and 612 older (>50 years old) BMS patients.Materials and methodsThe blood hemoglobin (Hb) and serum iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and homocysteine levels in 272 younger and 612 older BMS patients were measured and compared with the corresponding levels in 136 younger (≤50 years old) and 306 older (>50 years old) healthy control subjects (HCSs), respectively.ResultsWe found that 272 younger BMS patients had significantly lower mean blood Hb and serum iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid levels than 136 younger HCSs. Moreover, 612 older BMS patients had significantly lower mean blood Hb, and serum iron and vitamin B12 levels and significantly higher mean serum homocysteine level than 306 older HCSs. In addition, 272 younger BMS patients had higher mean blood Hb level (marginal significance, P = 0.056), significantly lower mean serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels, and significantly higher frequencies of iron and folic acid deficiencies than 612 older BMS patients.ConclusionThe younger BMS patients do have higher mean blood Hb level, significantly lower mean serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels, and significantly higher frequencies of serum iron and folic acid deficiencies than the older BMS patients.

Evaluation of Hematological Profile in Oral Submucous Fibrosis.

Background: The aim of the study is to assess the hematological profile in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients.Methods: The study's participants (100) were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of fifty areca nut chewers with complaints of burning sensations, blanching, and stiffness of the oral mucosa. Group II consisted of fifty healthy patients as controls. A hematological profile was estimated in all subjects.Results: The control group had a mean hemoglobin (Hb) of 13.87±1.26 g/dL, while the OSMF group had a mean Hb of 11.03±2.16 g/dL (P=0.001). The mean serum iron level in the control group was 120.36±41.22 g/dL, while it was 44.97±13.45 g/dL in the OSMF group (P=0.001). The control group's mean serum vitamin B12 values were 424.77±110.95 g/dL, while the OSMF group's was 210.11±44.88 g/dL (P=0.001). In the research population, 47 patients had iron deficiency. The odds ratio (OR) was 28.11, which meant that the high prevalence of iron deficiency was predicted 28.11 times more often than in the control group.Conclusion: As part of a biochemical assessment, iron status is assessed as part of a prevention mechanism for people who are at high risk. Biochemical testing has been suggested as a potential tool for mass screening OSMF patients.

A Cross-Sectional Study Investigating the Association of Serum Iron Concentration and Platelet Count as a Risk Biomarker among the Pregnancy-Induced Hypertensive Women in the Highlands Western Ghats of Nilgiris.

Background:The elevated serum iron levels and reduced platelet count at 20–24th week of gestation period cause oxidative stress that leads to the pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH).Objectives:The objective is to determine the prevalence of serum iron concentration, decrease in platelet count, and its association with PIH.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in the secondary care hospital of Udhagamandalam. A total of 150 study participants were enrolled. Descriptive analysis was performed for demographic characteristics. The Pearson Chi-square test was performed for categorical variables. To measure the strength of the association between the two variables, Pearson's correlation test and logistic regression analysis were performed.Results:The mean serum iron levels in both the groups were 99.01 ± 12.86 ug/dL and 82.76 ± 18.95 ug/dL, respectively, at a P value of 0.005. The platelet count (96.34 ± 9.77 vs. 116.68 ± 23.55) was significantly lower in PIH group. A moderate and weak correlation was seen between serum iron levels and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r = 0.435; P = 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r = 0.435; P = 0.01). Moderate negative correlation was observed between SBP, DBP, and platelet count. The risk of developing PIH is 6.76 times due to increased serum iron levels and 3.67 due to decreased platelet count.Conclusion:The serum iron levels were elevated, and the platelet indices were reduced in the PIH group. This should be considered a possible risk biomarker for PIH.

Relationship between Iron Profile and Thyroid Profile in Hypothyroid Patients

Introduction: Thyroid hormone biosynthesis is dependent on iron metabolism. Changes in iron metabolism and its deficiency may cause a change in the profile of thyroid hormone. Such interferences caused can lead to hypothyroidism in case of anaemia or the other way round. Aim: To find a relationship between various parameters of iron profile to that of thyroid profile in hypothyroid patients when compared to normal healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: Present case-control study was conducted on 50 hypothyroid patients and 50 healthy subjects of same age, in the Department of Endocrinology, IGIMS, Patna between April 2017 to June 2018. Serum ferritin and Serum T3, T4, and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) were estimated by Chemiluminescence Immuno Assay (CLIA) method. Serum iron estimation was done using TPTZ (2,4,6-Tripyridyl-s-triazine) method and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) estimation was done by Nitroso PSAP method. All statistical test and analysis were performed in Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) 16.0. The differences between mean values of groups for each test variable were tested by Student’s t-test after testing for homogeneity of variance and normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). Results: The mean age of the hypothyroid patients was 30.28±10.5 years while it was 31.14±10.4 years in control group. It was observed from the study that mean serum ferritin level and iron level were significantly lower in hypothyroid subjects compared to control groups (p&lt;0.001) while TIBC was significantly higher (p&lt;0.001). Serum ferritin and iron were found to be negatively correlated with TSH (-0.695 and -0.541) and positively correlated to T3 and T4, respectively. Conclusion: Evaluating iron profile in thyroid disorder may be an aid to the treatment modality and disease outcome