Mean Red Blood Cell Research Articles

Study on Hematological and Biochemical Index of Blood and Vitreous Humor in the Celestial-Eye Goldfish

In this study, we conducted an exploration of blood collection, hematological and biochemical comparative analysis of the unique vitreous humor and blood of the celestial-eye goldfish (CE) (Carassius auratus), and obtained hematological and biochemical indicators for healthy celestial goldfish blood. After exploring the optimal method for collecting blood and ocular fluid, blood and vitreous humor samples were drawn from healthy CE, and an automatic hematology analyzer was used to measure 17 physiological indicators in the blood and vitreous humor. Additionally, 20 biochemical indices were measured by an automatic biochemical analyzer. Experiments were also conductedto evaluate the effect of blood and vitreous humor collection on the subsequent survival rate of the CE. The results showed that the blood of CE exhibited values for 17 hematological indicators, including red blood cells (mean value: 2.19 × 1012/L), white blood cells (mean value: 62.21 × 109/L), hemoglobin (mean value:138.25 g/L), and no eosinophils or basophils. We also found that the levels of aspartate amino transferase (AST) and glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in the vitreous humor of CE were significantly higher than those in the serum (p < 0.01). No cells were detected in the vitreous humor of CE, and there was no significant difference in survival rate compared to normal goldfish after extracting blood and vitreous humor from CE (p > 0.05). This study provides fundamental data for the cultivation of healthy goldfish, the development of goldfish hematology, and further research on the development and formation of CE’s unique eye traits.

Epidemiology of malaria and hematological analysis in district Dir (lower), Pakistan

Background: Malaria is considered as a tropical disease, in developing countries. Among all parasitic infections malaria is most widespread and devastating disease. According to WHO malaria is endemic in 24 countries. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Medical Laboratory Technology University of Haripur. Total 995 samples were collected at District Head Quarter Hospital (DHQ), Tehsils Hospitals (THQs), and other private laboratories in District Dir (Lower). These samples were processed to observe the shape of RBCs as well as plasmodium species in the smear microscopically, and for hemoglobin estimation. Data was analyzed through SPSS version-21. Results: Highest percentage of malaria was recorded in Munda (35.17%) followed by Timergara (19.59%) whereas the lowest number of cases were found in Khall (5.02%). Prevalence of P. vivax was (98.0 %) and P. falciparum was (2 %) in district Dir Lower. Mean red blood cell count (RBCs) was 4.2±0.64 mm3 while mean Hb was 11.0±1.99g/dl. Based on different age categories, the highest RBCs and Hb levels were found in age group 41-50 years, whereas the lowest RBCs were found in age group 11-20 years while the lowest Hb levels were recorded in group 1-10 years. In associated diseases, the upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) were the most frequent (20%) followed by diarrhea (18%). Mean Hb of males was 11.8±1.53 g/dl while the mean Hb of female was 11.5±5.384 g/dl. Hb in both males and females were low as compared to the standard. However, as compared to females, Hb of males were significantly lower with p-value <0.001. Conclusion: We concluded that males are more commonly infected from malaria as compared to females. Males and children were found to have low Hb as compared to females and higher age group patients. URTIs and diarrhea were the most common associated illness.

Anemia in Pregnancy: Mentzer Index as a Predictor for Iron Supplementation Needs

Anemia during pregnancy is a significant public health concern that affects a substantial proportion of women globally, with iron deficiency anemia being the most prevalent form. Effective early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent adverse outcomes for both mothers and infants. The Mentzer Index, a simple calculation derived from the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red blood cell (RBC) count, serves as a useful tool to differentiate between iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia, thereby guiding appropriate treatment strategies. By categorizing the type of anemia, healthcare providers can more accurately assess the need for iron supplementation, which is essential for managing iron deficiency anemia but may not be beneficial in cases of thalassemia. The Mentzer Index has gained recognition for its ease of use, especially in resource-limited settings where access to advanced laboratory diagnostics may be restricted. With a straightforward calculation, it allows for rapid screening of pregnant women presenting with anemia symptoms. This index not only aids in timely diagnosis but also supports targeted interventions, ensuring that iron supplementation is administered only to those who truly need it. This targeted approach minimizes the risk of complications associated with unnecessary iron supplementation in individuals with thalassemia or other forms of anemia, highlighting the importance of accurate diagnostic tools in maternal health care. Keywords: Anemia, Pregnancy, Mentzer Index, Iron Supplementation, Iron Deficiency, Thalassemia, Hematological Indices, Maternal Health

A review on Effect of Cypermethrin on Hematology of Fresh Water Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.)

Freshwater fish serve as an essential source of animal protein for humans. Nevertheless, they face significant threats from aquatic pollutants, particularly pesticides utilized in agricultural practices, which readily enter water systems. The effects of these pesticides can be direct, as they may be absorbed through the fish's skin, gills, intestines, or any injuries. Indirectly, pesticides can compromise water quality, such as by diminishing dissolved oxygen levels. The study of fish encompasses the examination of blood and blood-forming organs, including the kidneys and spleen, in vertebrates. This study entails the evaluation of several parameters, such as red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, differential leukocyte count, and platelet count. The insecticide cypermethrin negatively impacts the biochemical markers in the blood and the behavior of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). During the experiment, the fish were sourced from a hatchery and kept in a controlled laboratory environment. Various concentrations of cypermethrin were applied, and blood samples were collected to assess the hematological and biochemical parameters. Research on the effects of cypermethrin on the hematology of Channa punctatus has employed various concentrations, exposure durations, and methodologies, revealing significant alterations in the hematological parameters of this species. Biochemical factors such as levels of protein, cholesterol, phosphorus, and calcium exhibited declines in both short-term and long-term cypermethrin-treated groups. As the duration of exposure extended from 24 hours to 15 days, the effects became increasingly pronounced, particularly in the groups subjected to short-term exposure.

NCMP-21. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VENTRICULOPERITONEAL SHUNT PLACEMENT FOR POST-TREATMENT HYDROCEPHALUS FOLLOWING VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA MANAGEMENT: SURGICAL INTERVENTION VERSUS STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY

Abstract INTRODUCTION Hydrocephalus may present in patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS) at initial diagnosis, primarily due to the obstructive effects of tumor mass on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Notably, occurrences of hydrocephalus following either radiosurgery or surgical interventions have also been documented in clinical literature. OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical features of patients who have undergone surgical resection or radiosurgery for VS and subsequently developed hydrocephalus necessitating shunt placement. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with VS who underwent management via surgery or radiosurgery at Stanford Medical Center between 1998 and 2024, focusing on those who subsequently required shunt placement. RESULTS A total of 30 patients with VS underwent shunt placement due to hydrocephalus after tumor treatment; 5 patients (16.7%) were managed with radiosurgery and 25 patients (83.3%) with surgery. The median age at treatment was 64 years versus 57 years for the radiosurgery and surgery groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in age, sex, tumor volume, largest diameter at treatment, and tumor Koos grades, between the two groups. Nonetheless, the median time from tumor treatment to shunt placement was significantly longer in the radiosurgery group compared to the surgery group (21.53 versus 1.17 months, p-value=0.002). Regarding CSF parameters, mean white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts prior to shunt placement was significantly higher in the surgery versus the radiosurgery group (WBC=83.6 versus 2.0/mm3, p-value=0.001, RBC=3453.4 versus 313.33/mm3, p-value=0.02). CSF protein and glucose were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION The median time from VS treatment to shunt placement due to hydrocephalus was longer in the radiosurgery group compared to the surgery group. Furthermore, pre-shunt CSF WBC and RBC counts were higher in the surgery group. Future studies are needed to better understand treatment outcomes and optimize management strategies for these patients.

Mean platelet volume (MPV) and red blood cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW_CV) as prognostic markers in community-acquired pneumonia in children: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major global health threat for children, causing numerous hospitalizations and deaths. CAP is a leading cause of mortality in children under five and results in millions of hospital admissions each year. Identifying reliable prognostic markers is crucial. Mean platelet volume (MPV) and red blood cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW_CV) are accessible and cost-effective options for prognosis assessment. This study investigates MPV and RDW_CV as prognostic markers in children with CAP.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 150 children aged 1–15 years diagnosed with CAP upon initial examination and admitted to the hospital. CAP diagnosis was based on clinical symptoms, physical examination, and/or radiographic findings, with hospitalization criteria set for CAP in children. CAP severity was assessed using the Clinical Respiratory Score, categorizing patients into mild, moderate, and severe groups. MPV and RDW_CV were compared among these groups.ResultsAmong the patients, 71 (47.3%) were girls, and 79 (52.7%) were boys. The average hospitalization duration was 6.24 ± 3.82 days, with a median of 5 days. Disease severity distribution was 58 (38.7%) mild, 54 (36.0%) moderate, and 38 (25.3%) severe. Both RDW_CV and MPV were higher in severe cases and in children hospitalized for more than 10 days (P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was observed between RDW_CV and MPV (r = 0.636, P < 0.001). Mean RDW and MPV values were significantly elevated in children needing ICU admission and those with pleural effusion (P < 0.001). The RDW_CV cutoff was 13.75, with 97.4% sensitivity and 80.4% specificity. The MPV cutoff was 8.25, with 78.9% sensitivity and 69.6% specificity.ConclusionElevated RDW_CV and MPV levels are associated with severe CAP in hospitalized children, providing valuable prognostic insights. RDW_CV is a more precise prognostic indicator than MPV, demonstrating superior predictive value in CAP management.

Finite element analysis and detection of melanoma cells under dual-cell photoacoustic interference conditions

In order to detect the presence of melanoma cells in two cells under the condition of cell photoacoustic wave interference, this paper conducted a finite element analysis of the photoacoustic wave interference field of two cells. First, the wavelength corresponding to the dominant frequency of the signal from a single red blood cell (mean diameter) was calculated. Then, the distance between two identical red blood cells (mean diameter) was set as a multiple of the wavelength to identify the optimal interference distance and the position of the enhanced zone detection point. Next, under the optimal distance, the signal curves of two cells as red blood cells and when melanoma cells exist in two cells were calculated in sequence. Finally, the frequency domain sound pressure level curve of the detection point under the two states was compared with the single-cell signal to obtain the Frechet distance. The results show that when both cells are red blood cells, the Frechet value is less than 48; when melanoma cells exist in both cells, the Frechet value is greater than 52. This study shows that the presence of melanoma cells in two cells can be determined by adjusting the distance between the cells, arranging the positions of the detection points, and employing the Frechet distance metric curve difference under the condition that the two-cell photoacoustic waves interfere with each other.

Analysis of the relationship between epistaxis and homocysteine and climatic factors in ultra-high altitude area

Objective:To analyze the related influencing factors of epistaxis in extremely high altitude area, and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of epistaxis in extremely high altitude area. Methods:From January 2021 to December 2022, 206 outpatients with epistaxis, 54 inpatients with epistaxis and 69 inpatients withoutepistaxis in theDepartment of Otorhinolarygology, Naqu People's Hospital were collected. The previous history, drinking history, smoking history, serum homocysteine（Hcy）, white blood cell count（WBC）, red blood cell count（RBC）, hematocrit（HCT）, hemoglobin（HGB） and mean hemoglobin concentration（MCHC） were compared between inpatients with or without epistaxis. The factors with significant differences were analyzed by binary Logistic regression. The monthly average temperature,air pressure, humidity and 2-minute wind speed were collected from January 2021 to December 2022 in Naqu City to analyze the correlation between epistaxis and climate factors. Results:The number of patients with hypertension in the case group was more than that in the control group, and the difference was significant（P=0.013）. Serum Hcy level in the case group was higher than that in the control group（P<0.001）. RBC, HCT, HGB and MCHC were lower than that in the control group（P=0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 0.039）, and the difference was significant. History of hypertension and Hcy were risk factors for epistaxis. Patients with a history of hypertension were 3.713 times more likely to suffer from epistaxis than those without a history of hypertension（P=0.022）. Each 1 increase in Hcy concentration increased the risk of epistaxis by 13.1%（P=0.001）. Conclusion:Patients with epistaxis in Naqu area had higher serum Hcy level and lower RBC, HCT, HGB and MCHC. History of hypertension and Hcy were risk factors for epistaxis. Patients with a history of hypertension were 3.713 times more likely to suffer from epistaxis than those without a history of hypertension. Every 1 increase in Hcy concentration increased the risk of epistaxis by 13.1%. Active intervention of hypertension and serum Hcy can effectively prevent the incidence of epistaxis.

TOXICITY AND HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES OF Datura innoxia STEM ON Clarias gariepinus JUVENILES

The acute toxicity and haematological changes of Datura innoxia stem on Clarias gariepinus juveniles was investigated in a static bioassay to determine the Median Lethal concentrations (LC50) at 96 hrs of exposure. Six graded concentrations of 0, 320, 330,340, 350 and 360mg/l of the aqueous extract were applied to C. gariepinus juveniles in plastic bowls. The result obtained revealed the 96hrs LC50 values to be 86.67mg/l with an 87% confidence interval between the lower and higher limits of 320 and 360mg/l. Fish exposed to acute toxicity test exhibited several abnormal behaviours, including air gulping/gasping, erratic swimming, discolouration haemorrhage, loss of reflex and molting were observed at the bottom of the bowl just before death The oxygen consumption by juveniles decreased with increased concentrations of Datura innoxia stem extract. The packed cell volume (31.34-34.78%), the red blood cell counts (1.75-2.01), haemoglobin (9.03-11.12g/dl) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were significantly depleted while, white blood cell counts (6.05-7.21) significantly decreases as the concentrations of Datura innoxia stem extract increases. The implication of these findings revealed that the stem of D. innoxia stem have negative effects on the test fish. The toxic effect of Datura innoxia stem on Clarias gariepinus juveniles were both time (12hrs) and dose dependent (340mg/l). It was concluded that Datura innoxia stem are harmful to Clarias gariepinus juveniles with significant haematological alterations.

Abnormal erythrocyte-related parameters in children with Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn exposure.

The link between exposure to a particular heavy metal or metalloid and the development of anemia is well established. However, the association between combined exposure to multiple heavy metal(loid)s and anemia in children is still lacking in evidence. In this study, a total of 266 children aged3 to7 were recruited from Guiyu, China. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to measure bloodheavy metal(loid)concentrations. Blood cell count, hemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), hematocrit (HCT), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) were measured by an automated hematology analyzer. Erythrocyte-related parameters were negatively correlated with the Cu and Cu/Zn ratios and positively correlated with Cr, Ni, Zn, and Se by Spearman correlation analysis. Only blood Cu level was negatively correlated with HGB [β = -2.74, (95% Cl: -4.49, -0.995)], MCH [β = -0.505, (95% Cl: -0.785, -0.226)], MCV [β = -1.024, (95% Cl: -1.767, -0.281)], and MCHC [β = -2.137, (95% Cl: -3.54, -0.734)] by multiple linear regression analysis. TheBayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) model analysis indicated a negative correlation between the combined exposure to Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr and MCH and MCV. The single-factor analysis showed a considerable statistical difference only with Cu on MCV, MCH, and HGB. Furthermore, the interaction analysis highlighted the interdependent effects of Cu and Zn, Pb and Zn, and Cr and Zn on MCH and MCV levels. Additionally, the oxidation and/or antioxidation reactions may play a significant role in the development of metal(loid)-induced anemia risk. It is crucial to investigate the effects of co-exposure to multiple heavymetal(loid)elements on anemia, especially the interrelationships and mechanisms among them.

Evaluation of physiological effects of examination stress on Quantitative red blood cells count and hemoglobin in female medical students at Peoples University of medical and health sciences for women, Nawabshah.

Objective: To assess the physiological effects of examination stress on red blood cells in female medical students at Peoples university of medical and health sciences for women, Nawabshah. Study Design: Comparative Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Physiology, Peoples University of Medical &amp; Health Sciences for Women, Shaheed Benazir Abad. Period: 7th April 2019 to 6th October 2019. Methods: A total 110 healthy students of first &amp; Second year MBBS were included for this, by the non-probability randomized sampling technique, divided into two equal (55-students in each) groups A and B first &amp; second year MBBS. Blood samples were collected prior to and during the exam, and the findings were evaluated using statistical software. Results: The mean RBC count ± SD thru the examination of students including the first year was 4.98±0.26 c/cm3, which was considerably higher than the pre-exam mean RBC count ±SD of 4.65±0.27 c/cm3. There was a small rise in RBC count throughout the examination compared to before (n = 55, p-value = 0.031) among the first-year students. During the second year examination, students had a mean RBC count ± SD of 4.67±0.28 c/cm3, which was not substantially higher than the pre-exam mean of 4.66±0.33 c/cm3. There was no significant increase in RBC count throughout the examination compared to before it among 2nd year students (n = 55, p-value = 0.932). Conclusion: Findings of study concluded that examination stress significantly affects first-year medical students' red blood cell (RBC) count, increasing it during exams, but not second-year students. This suggests varying physiological responses to stress, possibly due to academic adaptation or stress levels.

Hematological Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (Stage V): A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Abstract Background: With over 10% of the global population affected, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become one of the leading causes of death and suffering in the twenty-first century.[1] The Global Burden of Disease studies indicate that CKD has become a major cause of death globally, despite a decrease in mortality among individuals with end-stage CKD.[2-4] To lower the death rate, prompt implementation of all preventative and therapeutic measures, early diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment is necessary. The hematological markers change with CKD progression and are useful in determining the disease’s prognosis. Aims: We aimed to study abnormalities in various hematological parameters in patients with stage V CKD undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Settings and Design: Hospital-based cross-sectional observational study. Materials and Methods: Hematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit (HCT), Hb%, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, RDW, platelet count, and WBC count along with patient’s age and gender were assessed in CKD patients. Statistical Analysis Used: P value and linear progression curve have been used. Results: Out of 71 patients, 65% were males and 35% were female with an average age of 48 years. The mean hemoglobin concentration was 10.7%, with a mean RBC count of 3.121 million, mean hemotocrit value of 26.05%, and decrease in platelet count with average of 1.34 lakhs. In 55% patients, the RDW value was more than normal limit with a linear progression, with an increase in the serum creatinine value. Conclusions: All hematological parameters showed significant variation, whereas the RDW value showed a linear progression with serum creatinine.

Effects of Altitude training on Ethiopian endurance athletes recovery heart rate and hematological variables

Background and Study Aim. A recent study indicates that Ethiopian middle- and long-distance athletes originate from diverse geographical regions, including areas of varying elevation. This study aimed to analyze the impact of altitude training on hematological parameters and recovery heart rates among young male endurance trainees training at sites located at different altitude levels. Material and Methods. The study employed a quasi-experimental, counterbalanced approach involving 15 male trainees. Five individuals from each training center experienced the standard training program across three distinct geographical locations and elevations. Pre- and post-test data were collected on red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, and recovery heart rate before and after six months, from 6:00–8:00 AM. ANCOVA was utilized to analyze the data. Results. Following the intervention, the mean Red Blood Cell (RBC) count was observed to be higher in trainees from low altitude (5.18±0.33) compared to those from moderate altitude (4.48±0.14 and 5.21±0.22), with a significance level of p&lt;0.05. The mean Hemoglobin (HGB) count was found to be higher in moderate altitude trainees (17.00±0.70 and 16.31±0.65) than in low altitude trainees (15.82±1.37), although this difference was not statistically significant (p&gt;0.05). Similarly, the mean Hematocrit (HCT) count was low for both low altitude (46.04±3.49) and moderate altitude trainees (46.46±3.9 and 45.42±1.54), with no significant difference noted (p&gt;0.05). The mean Platelet (PLT) count was 226.8±75.88 for low altitude trainees and 265.8±23.18, 276±53.96 for moderate altitude trainees, with no significant difference between the groups (p&gt;0.05). As for the recovery heart rate, mean values showed no significant difference between the pre-and post-test groups. In the pretest, the mean recovery heart rate was 30.00±14.70 for low-altitude trainees and 43.20±8.90, 43.20±13.68 for moderate-altitude trainees (p&gt;0.05). In the post-test, the mean recovery heart rate was 25.20±7.82 for low-altitude trainees and 32.40±10.04, 36.00±7.35 for moderate-altitude trainees (p&gt;0.05). Conclusions. The findings indicate that training at different altitudes impacts the hematological and cardiovascular systems of endurance athletes in varied ways. This underscores the importance of developing tailored training programs to optimize performance and recovery. These results are particularly relevant for coaches and athletes seeking to enhance endurance training outcomes through altitude training strategies.

Exploring the Clinical and Hematological Characteristics of Beta-Thalassemia Trait: A Comprehensive Analysis in a Tertiary Care Hospital Setting.

Beta-thalassemia is one of the most common inherited hematological diseases caused by more than 350 mutations in the β-globingene (HBB). Beta-thalassemia carrier or trait is associated with defects in one allele of the HBB gene. The majority of beta-thalassemia trait cases remain concealed in society and remain unnoticed as they are mostly asymptomatic or present with mild symptoms of anemia. There is a 25% chance of having children with beta-thalassemia major and a 50% chance of having carrier babies when two people with beta-thalassemia trait are married. Hence, it is important to identify the individuals with beta-thalassemia trait and provide counseling to understand the risks of pregnancy and its outcome. Aim To study the identification of beta-thalassemia trait cases along with their clinical findings and hematological correlation. Materials and methods Study Design This was a retrospective study conducted at Saveetha Medical College and Hospitalfor a period of four years from January 2020 to December 2023. Inclusion Criteria Age group more than 18 years, antenatal mother, cases of anemia who were refractory to iron treatment, and screening of family members in the positive cases of beta-thalassemia trait. Exclusion Criteria History of blood transfusion within three months was excluded. Data Collection A total number of 837 cases were screened to rule out the presence of beta-thalassemia trait/hemoglobin (Hb) variants. A 2 mL of intravenous blood samples were collected in an ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) vacutainer tube and processed in a Sysmex XN 1000 (Hyogo, Japan: Sysmex Corporation)automated hematology analyzer. The hematological parameters were analyzed. Statistical Analysis The study included both descriptive and analytical characteristics. Mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for all the hematological parameters. Beta-thalassemia trait was diagnosed with an HbA2 level of more than 4.0% through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Results Among the 837 samples studied for HPLC screening, 74 (8.8%) cases were found to have beta-thalassemia trait. The age group included was from 18 years to 56 years. Of 74 cases studied, 32(43%) were females and 42(57%) were males. Among the 74 cases studied, the Mentzer index <13 was seen in 58 (78%) cases and the Mentzer index >13 was seen in 16 cases (22%). Thirty-four cases (46%) of beta-thalassemia traits presented to the hospital with a history of fever for evaluation and antenatal screening accounted for 19 cases (26%). The mean red blood cell (RBC) count was 5.5 million/cu.mm; mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was 63.8 fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) was 19.6 pg; red cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) was 17.8%. Among the 74 cases studied, 37(46%) cases had an Hb of more than 11 g/dL, 22 cases had mild anemia, 12 cases had moderate anemia, and three cases had severe anemia. Conclusion This study concluded that regular monitoring of the Mentzer index along with HPLC analysis is an effective approach in identifying beta-thalassemia trait cases and further providing genetic counseling among the couples that will help in reducing high-risk pregnancy and the birth of a child with thalassemia major.

Red Cell Distribution Width and Mean Corpuscular Volume Alterations: Detecting Inflammation Early in Occupational Cement Dust Exposure.

Introduction Cement dust emitted during cement manufacture consists of toxic components. Occupational cement dust exposure may cause inflammation in the human body, which may be detected early by observing changes in blood parameters such as red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Objectives The study aims to observe the effect of occupational cement dust exposure on RDW and MCV. Methods This study was performed in the Department of Physiology of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and a factory in Munshiganj, Bangladesh, from September 2017 to August 2018. Ninety-two participants between 20 and 50 years were included (46 subjects were occupationally exposed to cement dust, and 46 were not exposed to cement dust). A pre-designed questionnaire was used for data collection. An independent sample t-test was used to analyze basic information, such as blood pressure and BMI. The multivariate regression model was used to analyze the effect of cement dust exposure on the study group. The impact of cement dust exposure duration was analyzed using the multivariate regression model. The level of significance was p < 0.05. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA-15 (StataCorp, College Station, TX), and the graphical presentation used GraphPad Prism v8.3.2. Results The cement dust-exposed participants had a significantly higher value of MCV by 1.19 fi (95% CI = 0.02, 4.84; p = 0.049) and a 5.92% increase in RDW (95% CI = 5.29, 6.55; p < 0.001) than that of the control group. Conclusion The study reveals that exposure to cement dust causes significant changes in RDW and MCV. These changes may indicate hemolysis due to inflammation.

Blood Count and Renal Functionality Assessments in the Emergency Section Disclose Morbidity and Mortality in Omicron COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 is the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Even though we are no longer in a pandemic situation, people are still getting infected, some of them need hospitalization and a few of them die. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study including 445 patients who accessed the Emergency Section of Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy, where they had routine blood exams. In this study, we focused on the complete blood count, serum creatinine and azotemia. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, Spearman correlation and ROC analyses. They were divided into four groups based on their clinical outcomes: (1) the emergency group (patients who had mild forms and were quickly discharged); (2) the hospital ward group (patients who were admitted to the emergency section and were then hospitalized in a COVID-19 ward); (3) the intensive care unit (ICU) group (patients who required intensive assistance after the admission in the emergency section); (4) the deceased group (patients who had a fatal outcome after admission to the emergency section). Results: We found significant changes for creatinine, azotemia, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, basophils, monocytes, red blood cell distribution width, hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell numbers using ANOVA according to their clinical outcomes, particularly for the deceased group. Also, we found linear correlations of clinical outcomes with eosinophils, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte, neutrophil, platelet and red blood cell number and red blood cell distribution width. Conclusions: This study discloses an early association between "classical" routine blood biomarkers and the severity of clinical outcomes in Omicron patients.

Environmental chemical-wide associations with immune biomarkers in US adults: A cross-sectional analysis

Environmental chemical exposures influence immune system functions, and humans are exposed to a wide range of chemicals, termed the chemical “exposome”. A comprehensive, discovery analysis of the associations of multiple chemical families with immune biomarkers is needed. In this study, we tested the associations between environmental chemical concentrations and immune biomarkers. We analyzed the United States cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999–2018). Chemical biomarker concentrations were measured in blood or urine (196 chemicals, 17 chemical families). Immune biomarkers included counts of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, red blood cells, white blood cells, and mean corpuscular volume. We conducted separate survey-weighted, multivariable linear regressions of each log2-transformed chemical and immune measure, adjusted for relevant covariates. We accounted for multiple comparisons using a false discovery rate (FDR). Among 45,528 adult participants, the mean age was 45.7 years, 51.4% were female, and 69.3% were Non-Hispanic White. 71 (36.2%) chemicals were associated with at least one of the eight immune biomarkers. The most chemical associations (FDR<0.05) were observed with mean corpuscular volume (36 chemicals) and red blood cell counts (35 chemicals). For example, a doubling in the concentration of cotinine was associated with 0.16 fL (95% CI: 0.15, 0.17; FDR<0.001) increased mean corpuscular volume, and a doubling in the concentration of blood lead was associated with 61,736 increased red blood cells per μL (95% CI: 54,335, 69,138; FDR<0.001). A wide variety of chemicals, such as metals and smoking-related compounds, were highly associated with immune system biomarkers. This environmental chemical-wide association study identified chemicals from multiple families for further toxicological, immunologic, and epidemiological investigation.

Proportions of trans fatty acids in erythrocytes of Canadian adults before the prohibition of partially hydrogenated oils in foods: results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2012–2015

BackgroundThe partially hydrogenated oil (PHO) prohibition came into effect in Canada in September 2018 to reduce the intakes of total trans fatty acids (t-TFAs) and industrially produced TFAs (i-TFAs). ObjectivesWe aimed to estimate the red blood cell (RBC) proportions of t-TFA (primary objective) and total 18:1 TFA (secondary objective) of adults in Canada before the PHO prohibition and to identify the population subgroups at risk of higher TFA intakes. MethodsWe pooled data from 4025 adult participants of the cross-sectional Canadian Health Measures Survey cycles 3 and 4 (2012–2015). We estimated mean proportions, relative to total fatty acids (FAs), of RBC t-TFA and 18:1 TFA and their associations with sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle characteristics using multiple linear regression models. ResultsThe nonadjusted mean RBC proportions of t-TFA and total 18:1 TFA were 0.59% (95% CI: 0.54, 0.63) and 0.27% (95% CI: 0.25, 0.29), respectively. In the adjusted models, the same participant characteristics were associated with t-TFA and 18:1 TFA but differences were generally smaller for 18:1 TFA than for t-TFA. Race, BMI, and alcohol intake were independently associated with RBC t-TFA and 18:1 TFA. Asian and Black participants had lower RBC t-TFA (−0.05% and −0.10% of total FA, respectively) than White participants. Obesity and high risk alcohol drinking were associated with slightly lower (≤0.06%) t-TFA proportions than lower adiposity and alcohol intake concentrations, respectively. ConclusionsPre-PHO prohibition in food in Canada, t-TFA proportions were relatively low compared with a proposed threshold of 1% of total RBC FAs, over which cardiovascular disease risk may be higher. Previous voluntary initiatives to reduce i-TFA in the food supply may explain these relatively low RBC t-TFA concentrations. Some population subgroups had higher baseline RBC TFA than other subgroups, but the physiological implications of these small differences, at relatively low baseline RBC TFA proportions, remain to be determined.

Evaluation of the Safety of Uninterrupted Warfarin Anticoagulation With Tranexamic Acid in Total Joint Arthroplasty.

The continuation of long-term warfarin therapy is gaining acceptance in minor surgeries but maintaining therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) values among patients during major orthopedic procedures raises concern. While bridging therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin is currently recommended for patients receiving anticoagulation, few studies have evaluated the safety of continuing warfarin during total joint arthroplasty. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of continuous warfarin anticoagulation through total joint arthroplasty with and without prophylactic tranexamic acid (TXA). We conducted a retrospective, matched-pair analysis of two experimental groups of patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty performed by a single surgeon. Our first experimental group, warfarin plus TXA (warfarin+TXA), consisted of 21 patients who underwent arthroplasty while receiving therapeutic anticoagulation with warfarin (INR, 2.0-3.0) and who received prophylactic TXA. Our second experimental group, warfarin without TXA (warfarin-TXA), consisted of 40 patients who underwent arthroplasty while receiving therapeutic anticoagulation with warfarin (INR, 2.0-3.0) without prophylactic TXA. The percent change in hemoglobin value after surgery, red blood cells transfused, surgical site infections, bleeding complications, and thrombotic complications were similar between both experimental and control groups. When comparing the historical group with the warfarin+TXA group, the addition of TXA resulted in a statistical decrease in mean red blood cells transfused and estimated blood loss, with no statistically significant increase in complications. Many factors must be considered when choosing perioperative thromboembolic prophylaxis for arthroplasty candidates with medical comorbidities requiring long-term anticoagulation. This study presents data indicating that it could be safe and effective to continue therapeutic warfarin while using prophylactic TXA. [Orthopedics. 2024;47(4):211-216.].

Applying Machine Learning to Blood Count Data Predicts Sepsis with ICU Admission.

Timely diagnosis is crucial for sepsis treatment. Current machine learning (ML) models suffer from high complexity and limited applicability. We therefore created an ML model using only complete blood count (CBC) diagnostics. We collected non-intensive care unit (non-ICU) data from a German tertiary care centre (January 2014 to December 2021). Using patient age, sex, and CBC parameters (haemoglobin, platelets, mean corpuscular volume, white and red blood cells), we trained a boosted random forest, which predicts sepsis with ICU admission. Two external validations were conducted using data from another German tertiary care centre and the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV database (MIMIC-IV). Using the subset of laboratory orders also including procalcitonin (PCT), an analogous model was trained with PCT as an additional feature. After exclusion, 1 381 358 laboratory requests (2016 from sepsis cases) were available. The CBC model shows an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) of 0.872 (95% CI, 0.857-0.887). External validations show AUROCs of 0.805 (95% CI, 0.787-0.824) for University Medicine Greifswald and 0.845 (95% CI, 0.837-0.852) for MIMIC-IV. The model including PCT revealed a significantly higher AUROC (0.857; 95% CI, 0.836-0.877) than PCT alone (0.790; 95% CI, 0.759-0.821; P < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that routine CBC results could significantly improve diagnosis of sepsis when combined with ML. The CBC model can facilitate early sepsis prediction in non-ICU patients with high robustness in external validations. Its implementation in clinical decision support systems has strong potential to provide an essential time advantage and increase patient safety.