Average Life Span Research Articles

Identify and Assess the Key Components Influencing Local Tax Returns in Asian Countries

Background: Taxes are regarded as an efficient tool for the country to regulate the macro-economy, which is primarily utilized to finance expenses, in addition to serving as the primary source of national net profit. Taxes are a significant source of income and a significant share of overall national net profit in emerging Southeast Asian (ASEAN) economies. Aim: The current research seeks to determine the key components influencing the tax return policy in all ASEAN nations during the existing time frame to suggest policy changes and suggestions that will assist in the growth of the political and economic system as a whole as well as the optimization of the tax return structure. Method: The research presented in this article includes panel data from ten nations from 2002 to 2020. The World Bank’s World Indicators are a source of information on tax returns, level of economic development (GDP), trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), agricultural value added (ARG), industrial sector value added (IND), education level, average lifespan, and infant death ratio. Results: The study results illustrate that five out of the eight above components positively affect tax returns. FDI, IND, SCHTER, and INFDEATH have no statistical significance. This implies that when all other factors are held constant, the total national tax return is unaffected by foreign direct investment, the industry share in the GDP, the degree of education, or the infant death ratio. Conclusion: Governments in ASEAN countries must take action to raise per capita income in order to raise tax returns. They should actively and adaptably use economic policy tools to closely and synchronously operate with financial measures. Keywords: ASEAN countries, tax return, economic growth, GDP, FDI, governmental policies

Prominent toxicity of isocyanates and maleic anhydrides to Caenorhabditis elegans: Multilevel assay for typical organic additives of biodegradable plastics.

Biodegradable plastics (BDP) are increasingly applied; however, there has been of concerns about their environmental safety, especially from nondegradable additive compositions. Until now, data of ecotoxicity of BDP additives is scarce. Here, nematode C. elegans was used to comparatively evaluate toxicity of an isocyanate additive, i.e., Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), a maleic anhydride, i.e., Diallyl maleate (DIM), and other four BDP organic additives. These additives caused lethality of nematodes at µg L-1 level, of lowest LC50 value of HDI/DIM. Uniform exposure to these additives resulted in various degrees of inhibitions in body volumes and longevity, indicating developmental toxicity. Moreover, BDP additives induced significant elevations of gst-4 expression, especially mean 123.54 %/234.29 % increase in HDI/DIM group, but reduced ges-1 expression, which indicates oxidative damages and mitochondrial dysfunction. BDP additives further caused inhibition in locomotor and food intake/excretion behavior, and related damages of glutamatergic neurons and GABAergic neurons, indicating their neurotoxicity. We found HDI and DIM presented relatively strong effects on susceptible endpoints including lethality, gst-4, mean lifespan, food intake and excretion behavior. Overall, this study suggests prominent ecotoxic risk of isocyanates and maleic anhydrides as BDP additives, which is significant for the selection of environmentally friendly BDP additives.

A Brief History of Computational Electromagnetics in Microwave Engineering—A Personal Retrospective

As the MTT-Society is celebrating seventy years of existence – an age approaching the average human lifespan – the number of members who witnessed the early years of microwave engineering is slowly declining. While their achievements and contributions are well documented, less is known about their perceptions and personal experiences of living through the evolutionary stages of our Society. Yet, this experience is valuable in understanding how and why new ideas and methodologies evolve, survive initial rejection, achieve acceptance, and then either persist or give way to new developments. This personal and hence, subjective retrospective of computational electromagnetics in microwave engineering reflects on the synergy between the evolution of field-theoretical and algorithmic developments, computing science and technology, and microwave technology, particularly during the first decades of the MTT-Society. It also highlights several personal experiences and interactions that have spawned new ideas and initiatives, and thus contributed to the present state of the art in computational electromagnetics.

Revisiting the Calculation for a Novel Measure of Average Lifespan Shortened: Real-World Examples From Cervical and Ovarian Cancers in Alberta, Canada, 2000 - 2020.

In this technical note, we primarily demonstrate the computation of confidence limits for a novel measure of average lifespan shortened (ALSS). We identified women who had died from cervical and ovarian cancer between 2000 and 2020 from the Alberta cancer registry. Years of life lost (YLL) was calculated using the national life tables of Canada. We estimated the ALSS as a ratio of YLL in relation to the expected lifespan. We computed the confidence limits of the measure using various approaches, including the normal distribution, gamma distribution, and bootstrap method. The new ALSS measure shows a modest gain in lifespan of women, particularly women with ovarian cancer, over the study period.

Identifying relationships between disposal behavior, purchase pattern, price, and awareness with the e-waste management systems

E-waste contains toxic materials which require a special treatment for avoiding environmental pollution and accumulation of harmful substances in human body. According to BTRC there are 173.357 million mobile phone subscribers up to February 2021 in Bangladesh. Among all ICT appliances mobile phone has shortest average lifespan of 2 years. Due to increasing availability of e-services in public and private sector, the use of computer and laptop and internet is growing hurriedly during covid-19. Although Bangladesh has policies and instructions to develop ICT, there are no proper instructions and guidelines for management of the waste of technology. If government doesn’t take proper initiatives to control e-waste the toxic substances of these technological appliances spread over everywhere and pollute the environment, the development project of Digital Bangladesh turns into in development hazard. The aim of this paper was to identify the factors influencing towards the e-waste management system in Bangladesh. Through analyzing 250 questionnaires by SmartPLS software, we documented a positive relationship (p 0.05) between price and e-waste management system in Bangladesh.

Bayesian estimation of parameters in viral dynamics models with antiviral effect of interferons in a cell culture.

The goal of this work is to estimate the efficacy of interferon therapy in the inhibition of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a cell culture. For this purpose, three viral dynamics models with the antiviral effect of interferons are presented; the dynamics of cell growth differ among the models, and a variant with Gompertz-type cell dynamics is proposed. A Bayesian statistics approach is used to estimate the cell dynamics parameters, viral dynamics and interferon efficacy. The models are fitted to sets of experimental data on cell growth, HIV-1 infection without interferon therapy and HIV-1 infection with interferon therapy, respectively. The Watanabe-Akaike information criterion (WAIC) is used to determine the model that best fits the experimental data. In addition to the estimated model parameters, the average lifespan of the infected cells and the basic reproductive number are calculated.

Cache controlled cluster networking protocol

When technologies such as Wireless Sensor Network, Internet of Things and Cloud Computing are coupled together, real-world issues can be remarkably resolved. Wireless Sensor Network sends enormous data to a cloud server via the internet. Some applications necessitate a huge number of sensors spread across a large area. Limited battery-powered sensors send lots of data to the Base Station. To save energy and extend sensor lifespan, sensors can be networked instead of talking directly with the Base Station. Our present research work proposes an innovative Cache-Controlled Cluster Networking Protocol (CCCNP). It is a cache-supervised dynamic cluster-based sensor networking technique. In CCCNP, as the complete network is under cache control, the number of caches established in the network and their location play a very crucial role. Therefore, we first formulate the equation for the appropriate number of caches and their location. Then the caches create a network cluster and support data transmission. It stabilizes cluster formation process and decreases sensor node overhead to increase network lifetime. We simulate the CCCNP, Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Improved LEACH (I-LEACH), and LEACH with Vice-cluster Head (LEACH-VH) algorithms for two different types of networks and compare them. CCCNP outperforms other algorithms both the configurations. The dead node rate decreased by three times for each round. Even the lifespan of nodes far from the BS improved by 3.51 and 2.87 times for both network configurations, respectively. The average throughput increased by 350%, and the average lifespan increased up to 289% of the rounds.

Holothuria scabra extracts confer neuroprotective effect in C.elegans model of Alzheimer's disease by attenuating amyloid-β aggregation and toxicity.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common aged-related neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with the toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation in the brain. While the efficacies of available drugs against AD are still limited, natural products have been shown to possess neuroprotective potential for prevention and therapy of AD. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of H.scabra extracts against Aβ aggregation and proteotoxicity in C.elegans model of Alzheimer's diseases. Whole bodies (WB) and body wall (BW) of H.scabra were extracted and fractionated into ethyl acetate (WBEA, BWEA), butanol (WBBU, BWBU), and ethanol (BWET). Then C.elegans AD models were treated with these fractions and investigated for Aβ aggregation and polymerization, biochemical and behavioral changes, and level of oxidative stress, as well as lifespan extension. C.elegans AD model treated with H.scabra extracts, especially triterpene glycoside-rich ethyl acetate and butanol fractions, exhibited significant reduction of Aβ deposition. These H.scabra extracts also attenuated the paralysis behavior and improved the neurological defects in chemotaxis caused by Aβ aggregation. Immunoblot analysis revealed decreased level of Aβ oligomeric forms and the increased level of Aβ monomers after treatments with H.scabra extracts. In addition, H.scabra extracts reduced reactive oxygen species and increased the mean lifespan of the treated AD worms. In conclusion, this study demonstrated strong evidence of anti-Alzheimer effects by H.scabra extracts, implying that these extracts can potentially be applied as natural preventive and therapeutic agents for AD. Alzheimer's disease, Neurodegenerative disorder, Traditional medicine, Experimental model systems, Molecular biology.

Probiotic Limosilactobacillus Reuteri (Lactobacillus Reuteri) Extends the Lifespan of Drosophila Melanogaster through Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling.

The term probiotic refers to bacteria that provide a beneficial effect to the host. Limosilactobacillus reuteri (Lactobacillus reuteri) is a probiotic isolated from human breast milk. Although L. reuteri has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities occasionally linked to anti-aging effects, there are no reports of the effects of L. reuteri on longevity. This study evaluated the anti-aging effects of L. reuteri on the lifespan and physiology of Drosophila melanogaster. L. reuteri increased the mean lifespan of fruit flies significantly without reducing the reproductive output, food intake, or locomotor activity. Furthermore, the data suggested that the longevity effect of L. reuteri is mediated by the reduction of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and the action of reuterin, an antimicrobial compound produced by L. reuteri. These results show that L. reuteri can be used as a probiotic that acts as a dietary restriction mimetic with anti-aging effects.

Lonicera japonica polysaccharides improve longevity and fitness of Caenorhabditis elegans by activating DAF-16

Polysaccharide is one of the main active ingredients in Lonicera japonica Thunb. (L. japonica). In this study, we examined the anti-aging activities of L.japonica polysaccharides (LJPs) and further explored the mechanisms. Polysaccharides from L.japonica including the crude LJP (CLJP) and the purified fraction (LJP-2-1) were characterized. The molecular weights of CLJP and LJP-2-1 were 1450 kDa and 1280 kDa, respectively. Meanwhile, CLJP was mainly composed of galacturonic acid (23.57 %), galactose (23.45 %) and arabinose (23.45 %). LJP-2-1 was mainly composed of galacturonic acid (51.25 %) and arabinose (22.89 %). In Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), LJPs maximally prolonged mean lifespan by 13.97 %, promoted fitness with increased motility by 40.92 % and pharyngeal pumping by 25.72 %, and decreased lipofuscin accumulation by 38.9 % with intact body length and fecundity. Moreover, CLJP extended the mean lifespan of nematodes under oxidative and heat stress by 16.76 % and 14.05 % respectively by activating stress-related genes and the antioxidant system. Further, CLJP required DAF-16 to prolong the lifespan of nematodes. CLJP upregulated the expression of daf-16 and its targeted downstream genes, including sod-3, gst-4 and hsp-16.2. Moreover, nuclear accumulation of DAF-16 was promoted upon CLJP treatment. Together, our data uncover the role of LJPs in extending lifespan and healthspan through DAF-16.

Analysis of a C. elegans lifespan prediction method based on a bimodal neural network and uncertainty estimation

In recent decades, assays with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) have enabled great advances to be made in research on aging. However, performing these assays manually is a laborious task. To solve this problem, numerous C. elegans assay automation techniques are being developed to increase throughput and accuracy. In this paper, a method for predicting the lifespan of C. elegans nematodes using a bimodal neural network is proposed and analyzed. Specifically, the model uses the sequence of images and the count of live C. elegans up to the current day to predict the lifespan curve termination. This network has been trained using a simulator to avoid the labeling costs of training such a model. In addition, a method for estimating the uncertainty of the model predictions has been proposed. Using this uncertainty, a criterion has been analyzed to decide at what point the assay could be halted and the user could rely on the model’s predictions. The method has been analyzed and validated using real experiments. The results show that uncertainty is reduced from the mean lifespan and that most of the predictions obtained do not present statistically significant differences with respect to the curves obtained manually.

Pharmacoeconomic analysis of cost-effectiveness when using obinutuzumab (Gazyva ® drug) in treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Ukraine

Background. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia. Annual incidence rate of CLL is 2 to 6 per 100000 population. CLL is currently a disease which leads to significant social and financial costs. CLL remains an incurable disease up to this date. However, at the moment there is a bunch of drugs available on the pharmaceutical market, which can substantially elongate progression-free survival, increase duration, and improve the patients’ quality of life. One of such drugs is obinutuzumab. Positive evaluation findings of economic feasibility of using obinutuzumab in elderly patients with CLL have been received in some countries of the European Union, but under the conditions of healthcare of Ukraine pharmacoeconomic analysis of obinutuzumab use in the treatment of CLL has not been performed.
 The purpose of the work is to determine economic feasibility of using obinutuzumab (Gazyva® drug) under the conditions of healthcare system of Ukraine for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in patients who did not receive treatment earlier.
 Materials and methods. An analysis using the Markov analysis model was performed, and it allowed the comparison between life years gained (LYG) and quality adjusted life years (QALY) to be made, which can be obtained when using alternative regimens (O+Clb or R+Clb) and expenditures on these regiments in treating patients with CLL. The analysis modelling was performed on the basis of the results of international randomized multicenter open phase III clinical trial of CLL11.
 Results. The results of Markov modelling have shown that O+Clb treatment regimen, which consists of obinutuzumab and chlorambucil, provides every patient with CLL with additional 0,1 LYG on average over a period of three years compared to R+Clb regimen. The average lifespan of the patients in whom the disease did not progress was higher in O+Clb group than in R+Clb group by more than a year – 51,2 and 38,1 months respectively. O+Clb regimen not only increases lifespan, but also improves life quality. The patients of R+Clb group have additional 0,14 QALY during the analyzed period compared to O+Clb group. The calculation of expenses on CLL treatment with consideration for time horizon of 3 years has shown that using obinutuzumab in the first line of treatment was almost twice as expensive as the alternative first-line regimen, provided that original pharmaceutical drugs were used. At the same time, due to the greater effectiveness, the high cost of the regimen with obinutuzumab is compensated by reduction in expenses on the second line of chemotherapy. The cost saving on the second line covers the cost difference of the first line of therapy when using obinutuzumab. When using original, as well as generic chemotherapeutic drugs, O+Clb (obinutuzumab + chlorambucil) regimen as a first-line therapy of patients with CLL provides the higher level of effectiveness at smaller cost. Conclusions. The available data of randomized control trials to this date are indicative of high clinical effectiveness of first-line therapy with the use of obinutuzumab + chlorambucil regimen in the patients with CLL. This regimen allows progression-free survival to be substantially elongated. It also increases the number of life years gained and improves the quality of life. Markov modelling shows that obinutuzumab + chlorambucil regimen compared to rituximab + chlorambucil regimen requires bigger expenses as a first-line therapy of the patients with CLL. At the same time, due to the greater effectiveness and longer progression-free survival, this regimen allows the amount of expenses on the next lines of therapy in the patients with CLL to be reduced, consequently total expenses on the treatment of the patients with CLL are also reduced. Pharmacoeconomic analysis based on the Markov analysis model and calculations by the «cost-effectiveness» and «cost-utility» methods allow obinutuzumab + chlorambucil regimen to be considered dominant in comparison with rituximab + chlorambucil regimen as a first-line therapy of the patients with CLL (provided that original pharmaceutical drugs are used).

Differential lifespan impacts on veterans by war exposure in the First World War

IntroductionThere remains uncertainty around the impact of war on the lifespan of First World War (WW1) veterans. In particular, study comparison groups do not typically consider the ‘healthy soldier effect’.MethodsWe...

Interventions on Gut Microbiota for Healthy Aging

In recent years, the improvement in health and social conditions has led to an increase in the average lifespan. Since aging is the most important risk factor for the majority of chronic human diseases, the development of therapies and intervention to stop, lessen or even reverse various age-related morbidities is an important target to ameliorate the quality of life of the elderly. The gut microbiota, that is, the complex ecosystem of microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract, plays an important role, not yet fully understood, in maintaining the host's health and homeostasis, influencing metabolic, oxidative and cognitive status; for this reason, it is also named "the forgotten endocrine organ" or "the second brain". On the other hand, the gut microbiota diversity and richness are affected by unmodifiable factors, such as aging and sex, and modifiable ones, such as diet, pharmacological therapies and lifestyle. In this review, we discuss the changes, mostly disadvantageous, for human health, induced by aging, in microbiota composition and the effects of dietary intervention, of supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, psychobiotics and antioxidants and of physical exercise. The development of an integrated strategy to implement microbiota health will help in the goal of healthy aging.

LATE-LIFE MORTALITY GWAS IN FLIES IDENTIFIES DIABETES AND OBESITY REGULATED TO REGULATE MORTALITY AND RESILIENCE

Abstract Variations in rate of aging in geneticaly heterogenious populations supports the hypothesis that aging is at least partially genetically regulated. However, genetically identical individuals also vary in their time of death. We have observed in D. melanogaster that this variation is genotype-dependent, as specific genotypes have characteristic survival curve shapes that are largely reproducible. Typical aging studies reduce a strain’s lifespan down to a population-level value, i.e. mean lifespan. While these metrics can represent the trends in a population, they are unable to encapsulate the variation in the aging of individuals from the same distinct population. Instead, we used two values that characterize the logistic fit of a strain’s mortality late in life: the risk of initial mortality (α) and the rate of aging (β). To identify regulators of the rate of aging, we performed a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) of β for 160 different fly strains from the DGRP collection on two different diets late in life. This approach identified the candidate gene Diabetes and Obesity-Regulated (DOR), which has known roles in stress response, autophagy, and senescence, as having a role in the late-life mortality. DOR inhibition leads to a significant increase in late-life mortality that is preceded by a reduction in healthspan-related traits. Further, germline-specific inhibition is sufficient to increase senescence-related factors and shorten lifespan. We conclude that a decrease in DOR, a conserved gene, compromises an organism’s resilience through increased inflammation, senescence, and increased mortality, providing a potential target for bolstering the decline seen in human aging.

SEX DIFFERENCES IN MITOCHONDRIAL RESILIENCE: EVIDENCE FROM BABOON HEPATOCYTES

Abstract Events that occur in utero set the trajectory for later-life diseases and longevity. Compelling data exist for interactions between developmental programming and aging, but the underlying mechanisms are not clearly defined. Fetal exposure to glucocorticoids (GC) is associated with alteration in hepatic enzymes and metabolic function in later life. We previously reported increased hepatic lipid accumulation and obese phenotype in middle-age male baboons exposed to GC as fetuses. The mitochondria play significant roles in cellular processes including stress responses and possibly a nexus between developmental programming and aging. The present study investigated the long-term effects of in utero GC exposure on mitochondrial bioenergetics using hepatocytes derived from aging baboons (16–18 years, average lifespan 21 years). Mitochondrial bioenergetics of both left and right lobe liver hepatocytes were examined as well as potential sex differences in mitochondrial function. Cell viability following isolation was similar among sexes and liver lobes but hepatocytes from males were highly energetic compared to females. Significant bioenergetic differences were observed in hepatocytes isolated from female baboons’ left and right liver lobes, with higher basal, maximal, and ATP-linked respiration in left lobe hepatocytes compared to the right lobe. These lobe-specific bioenergetic differences were absent in males. Interestingly, H2O2-induced oxidative stress significantly modified male baboon hepatocyte bioenergetics but females were unaffected, suggesting mitochondrial resilience in females compared to males. These data demonstrate that early life exposure to GC elicits a sex-specific effect on mitochondrial function. These mitochondrial differences might drive differences in cell senescence between males and females.

Structural Health Monitoring: GGBS – Foam concrete evaluation for Stress-Strain Characterization

Digital Image Processing (DIP) uses photogrammetry principles to monitor elements in space and attribute respective coordinates to a pre-set reference frame. The comparison makes the measure of a graphic collection taken above fixed intervals. The technique may be performed in many experiments, including compressive, longitudinal, torque, bending, and different combined loading for static and dynamic applications. As the world’s engineering structures (such as towers and highways) mature, there seems to be a critical necessity to maintain and analyse the integrity of the system of large buildings. As per the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), there were 161,892 obsolete or technically deficient bridges in the U. S. as of 2008, with the mean lifespan of a bridge being 43 years old. The primary method used to assess deck integrity today is subjectively direct observation, which is unreliable since specific damage can be hard to spot, difficult to quantify visibly, or subject to individual perception. Bridges have lately been monitored using classic detectors like strain gauges and deflection indicators.

Biology of Brachymeria kamijoi Habu (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a pupal parasitoid of the coconut black-headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae)

The coconut black-headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae) has been one of the most serious defoliators of coconut plants in Vietnam. Brachymeria kamijoi Habu (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) is a pupal parasitoid of O. arenosella with high percent parasitism and abundance in the coconut fields and appears to be a good biological control agent against the coconut black-headed caterpillar in Vietnam. This study was carried out at Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Agronomy, Nong Lam University, Vietnam during 2020 – 2021 to determine some biological characteristics of B. kamijoi on O. arenosella at a constant temperature of 28 oC and a photoperiod of 12L: 8D. Total developmental time from egg to adult emergence was 13.8 days. The females laid a mean of 98.1 eggs during an average lifespan of 30.7 days. Fecundity peaked at a large range of age 7 -29 days. The results would contribute to the knowledge of the biology of B. kamijoi to optimize a mass-rearing system for a biological control programme against O. arenosella.

Cancer Cachexia and Dysregulated Phosphate Metabolism: Insights from Mutant p53 and Mutant Klotho Mouse Models.

The present perspective article proposes that cachexia, muscle wasting in cancer, is mediated by dysregulated phosphate metabolism and phosphate toxicity that can damage tissues in most major organ systems. A diet high in phosphorus fed to mice deficient in klotho, a cofactor that regulates phosphate metabolism, accelerates aging, sarcopenia, general organ atrophy, kyphosis, and osteoporosis. Similar effects are seen in phenotypes of mutant p53 mice that overexpress the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Although mutant p53 mice do not develop tumors compared to wild-type mice, mutant p53 mice have shorter mean lifespans. Furthermore, tumorigenesis is associated with the sequestration of excessive inorganic phosphate, and dangerous levels of phosphate are released into circulation during tumor lysis syndrome. In total, this evidence implies that tumorigenesis may be a compensatory mechanism that provides protective effects against systemic exposure to dysregulated phosphate metabolism and phosphate toxicity related to cachexia in cancer. Moreover, the hypothetical protection against phosphate toxicity afforded by tumorigenesis also provides an alternate explanation for putative tumor evasion of the immune system. Insights proposed in this perspective paper provide new directions for further research, with potential to develop novel interventions and clinical applications that modify dietary phosphate intake to reduce cachexia in cancer patients.

Structure characteristics of low molecular weight pectic polysaccharide and its anti-aging capability by modulating the intestinal homeostasis

Pectic polysaccharide has attracted increasing attention for their potential biological properties and applications in health industries. In this study, a low-molecular-weight pectic polysaccharide, POS4, was obtained from citrus peel. The structure of POS4 was preliminarily analyzed by gel-permeation chromatography, monosaccharide analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Results showed that the molecular weight of POS4 was 4.76 kDa and it was a galacturonic acid enriched pectic polysaccharide. The anti-aging activity in vivo showed that POS4 could notably prolong the average lifespan of fruit flies by suppressing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further studies demonstrated that POS4 could enhance intestinal homeostasis by modulating gut microbiota in a positive way and regulating autophagy associated genes. Taken together, we proposed that galacturonic acid enriched low molecular weight pectic polysaccharide have great potential in the development of healthy foods such as anti-aging health care products.