Increase In Mean Body Mass Index Research Articles

Age at menarche in the Korean female: secular trends and relationship to adulthood body mass index

PurposeThe objective of this study is to estimate the trend in age at menarche in the Korean female and evaluate the relationship between age at menarche and adult body mass index (BMI), which is a indicator of later-life health.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample (self-reported age at menarche and measured height and weight) of 11,065 females aged 15 and older. Data were obtained from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV, 2007-2009).ResultsWe found a statistically significant decline in age at menarche in successive birth groups, indicating a 0.726 year decrease per decade. The age at menarche in 1990-1994 year birth group was 12.60 years, which showed a significant decreased from 3.11 years in the 1980-1984 birth group. We also found a significant negative association between age at menarche and current BMI. A one-year decrease in age at menarche was associated with mean BMI increase of 0.109 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.069 to 0.150) after adjustment for age. In multivariate logistic regression, the odds ratios of obesity in females with early menarche (<12 years) was 1.845 fold (95% CI, 1.441 to 2.361).ConclusionWe found that age at menarche is still falling in the Korean female. We also found that early menarche is a risk factor for obesity in adults.

English

This study was to investigate the temporal evolution of body mass index (BMI) in young enlisted men of 18 years in Brazil between 1980 and 2005, to identify specific points of greatest variance in time series and compare specific points in time, and the temporal evolution of BMI with socioeconomic changes in Brazil. The present study explores a temporal series of twenty-six national surveys of Brazilian men enlisted between 1980 and 2005. Heteroscedasticity in BMI time series was tested using Engle&rsquo;s Lagrange-multiplier (LM) test, and analyses were performed using the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) model. As possible explanations for these increases in mean BMI, changes in economic indicators were considered. Particularly in 1985 to 1986 and 1994 to 1995, there was a sharp and significant increase in BMI. These two points occurred after two major economic policy changes that increased the purchasing power of the population related to economics factors such as: reducing the level of social inequality, increased family income, poverty reduction, inflation control, and increased consumption of foods. The present study showed a sharp increase of obesity in the population of young men in Brazil on two occasions during this series (years 1985 to 1986 and 1994 to 19955), when a possible reduction in caloric expenditure and increased food consumption population were observed. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Temporal trends, body mass index, obesity, Brazil.

Metformin for Treatment of Antipsychotic-Induced Amenorrhea and Weight Gain in Women With First-Episode Schizophrenia: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

Data on the treatment of antipsychotic-induced amenorrhea, particularly when occurring with weight gain, are limited. The authors investigated the efficacy and safety of metformin in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced amenorrhea and weight gain in women with first-episode schizophrenia. Eighty-four women (ages 18-40 years) with first-episode schizophrenia who suffered from amenorrhea during antipsychotic treatment were randomly assigned, in a double-blind study design, to receive 1000 mg/day of metformin or placebo in addition to their antipsychotic treatment for 6 months. The primary outcome measures were restoration of menstruation and change in body weight and body mass index (BMI). Secondary outcome measures were changes in levels of prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, and testosterone; in fasting levels of insulin and glucose; in LH/FSH ratio; and in insulin resistance index. Repeated mixed models with repeated-measures regression analyses and binary logistic regression were used in the analysis. A total of 76 patients completed the 6-month trial. Significantly more patients in the metformin group (N=28, 66.7%) than in placebo group (N=2, 4.8%) resumed their menstruation. Among patients treated with metformin, BMI decreased by a mean of 0.93 and the insulin resistance index by 2.04. In contrast, patients who received placebo had a mean increase in BMI of 0.85. The prolactin, LH, and testosterone levels and LH/FSH ratio decreased significantly in the metformin group at months 2, 4, and 6, but these levels did not change in the placebo group. Metformin was effective in reversing antipsychotic-induced adverse events, including restoration of menstruation, promotion of weight loss, and improvement in insulin resistance in female patients with schizophrenia.

Intelligence level in late adolescence is inversely associated with BMI change during 22 years of follow-up: results from the WICTORY study

The objective of this population-based retrospective cohort study was to examine the association between intelligence (IQ) at late adolescence and changes in body mass index (BMI) during 22years of follow-up until 40years of age, taking education level into account. Data from 5,286 males born 1950-1959 who had participated in the Westmannia Cardiovascular Risk Factors Study at 40years of age and attended the Swedish military conscription examination between the ages of 17 and 22 were used. From a mean age of 18years until follow-up at 40years of age, BMI increased with a mean (95% confidence interval (CI)) of 4.36 (4.28-4.43)kg/m(2), equalling 0.20kg/m(2) per year. The difference in BMI change between IQ levels was strongly statistically significant (P<0.001), with a strictly inverse relationship between IQ and BMI change. The lowest IQ level (<74) had a mean (95% CI) BMI increase of 5.19 (4.63-5.74) kg/m(2), equalling 0.24kg/m(2) per year, compared with 3.73 (3.40-4.07) kg/m(2), equalling 0.17kg/m(2) per year, for the highest IQ level (>126). Education level also had a strictly inverse relationship with BMI change. After adjusting for confounding variables, including education level, IQ still had a strictly inverse relationship to BMI change, with all IQ levels<111 having a significantly larger BMI change than IQ>126 (P<0.01 for all levels). Education level at 40years of age but not at 18years of age had a significant association with BMI change after adjusting for IQ.

Association between serum TSH concentration and body mass index in euthyroid subjects: the role of smoking.

Data regarding the influence of minor changes in thyroid function on body mass index (BMI) are scarce and conflicting. This study aims to evaluate the association between normal levels of serum TSH and BMI, taking into consideration the effect of smoking tobacco. In this cross-sectional community-based survey, 1581 randomly selected subjects who had no histories of thyroid disorders were studied within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Serum TSH and TPOAb were measured from the fasting serum samples. Weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated. TSH concentrations within the reference range were positively associated with BMI (P < 0.002). Each unit increase of 1 µU/ml in TSH was associated with an increase in mean BMI of 0.31 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.1 - 0.5, P < 0.002), an association which remained significant after adjustments for sex, physical activity, and smoking and in the subgroup with negative thyroid autoimmunity. The association between BMI and TSH remained significant only in nonsmokers (P < 0.004). The results suggest that a significant positive association exists between TSH and BMI in euthyroid nonsmokers.

Ten-year trends in overweight and obesity in the adult Portuguese population, 1995 to 2005

BackgroundThere is little information regarding the trends in body mass index (BMI) and obesity in the overall Portuguese population, namely if these trends are similar according to educational level. In this study, we assessed the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Portuguese population, overall and by educational level.MethodsCross-sectional national health interview surveys conducted in 1995-6 (n = 38,504), 1998-9 (n = 38,688) and 2005-6 (n = 25,348). Data were derived from the population and housing census of 1991 and two geographically-based strata were defined. The sampling unit was the house, and all subjects living in the sampling unit were surveyed. Height and weight were self-reported; the effects of gender, age group and educational level were also assessed by self-reported structured questionnaires. Bivariate comparisons were performed using Chi-square or analysis of variance (ANOVA). Trends in BMI levels were assessed by linear regression analysis, while trends in the prevalence of obesity were assessed by logistic regression.ResultsMean (±standard deviation) BMI increased from 25.2 ± 4.0 in 1995-6 to 25.7 ± 4.5 kg/m2 in 2005-6. Prevalence of overweight remained stable (36.1% in 1995-6 and 36.4% in 2005) while prevalence of obesity increased (11.5% in 1995-6 and 15.1% in 2005-6). Similar findings were observed according to age group. Mean age-adjusted BMI increase (expressed in kg/m2/year and 95% confidence interval) was 0.073 (0.062, 0.084), 0.016 (0.000, 0.031) and 0.073 (0.049, 0.098) in men with primary, secondary and university levels, respectively; the corresponding values in women were 0.085 (0.073, 0.097), 0.052 (0.035, 0.069) and 0.062 (0.038, 0.084). Relative to 1995-6, obesity rates increased by 48%, 41% and 59% in men and by 40%, 75% and 177% in women with primary, secondary and university levels, respectively. The corresponding values for overweight were 6%, 1% and 23% in men and 5%, 7% and 65% in women.ConclusionBetween 1995 and 2005, obesity increased while overweight remained stable in the adult Portuguese population. Although higher rates were found among lesser educated subjects, the strong increase in BMI and obesity levels in highly educated subjects is of concern.

PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG GREEK ARMY RECRUITS

OBJECTIVE Obesity poses a major public health issue whose prevalence is reaching epidemic proportions, especially among younger ages. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Greek men recruited in the army, and to evaluate potential associations with place of residence and educational level. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Height and weight were measured in 3,684 men, aged 23.2±2.8 (mean ± standard deviation) years. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m) was used as measure of adiposity. Associations between BMI categories and level of education (≤9 school years, >9 years) and between BMI categories and place of residence (urban, rural) were evaluated using chi-square test. RESULTS Average BMI was 25.2±4 kg/m. The prevalence of overweight (25 30) was 10% and was not associated with educational level. Obesity was associated with place of residence; individuals from rural areas were more obese than those from urban areas (p=0.04). Our results, when compared with those of similar studies conducted in 1969, 1990, and 2006 showed a significant increase in mean BMI. CONCLUSION Overall, we documented a high and increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity (43.7%) among younger Greek men. I N T R O D U C T I O N Obesity rates are on the rise in both developed and developing nations. This phenomenon is quite alarming considering that obesity raises the risk for major chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Socioeconomic status and place of residence are important factors associated with adiposity. In Greece, over the last 50 years there has been a significant increase in the mean body mass index (BMI) of the population. There were three Greek studies carried out in 1969, 1990, and 2006, which explored and observed associations between obesity, educational level and place of residence in army recruits that showed a rather worriORIgINAL ARTICLE Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Kalamata, Kalamata, Greece Medical Service of the Hellenic Army, XXIV Armored Brigade, Litochoro, Greece Medical Service of the Hellenic Army, 523 Infantry Training Center, Mavrodendri Kozani, Greece Medical Service of the Hellenic Army, Artillery Training Center, Thiva, Greece Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Katerini, Katerini, Greece Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Evagelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA *First Authors (equal contribution): George Michas, MD, MSc, PhD, Asterios Kampouras, MD HOSPITAL CHRONICLES 2013, 8(1): 28–34 Correspondence to: George Michas, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Kalamata, Antikalamos, Kalamata 24100, Greece; Tel.: +3

Increases in body mass index during infliximab therapy in patients with Crohn’s disease: An open label prospective study

In the past, the impact of infliximab therapy on nutritional status in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) has not been assessed. This prospective study was to investigate the effect of infliximab on nutritional status in CD patients. Fifty consecutive patients with active CD received infliximab (5mg/kg) at weeks 0, 2 and 6 as remission induction therapy, and then at 8weeks intervals as maintenance therapy. Patients were followed for 60weeks. CD activity index (CDAI) and body mass index (BMI) were monitored. A fall in CDAI by ⩾70 was defined as response to therapy, while CDAI <150 meant clinical remission. At week 10, 39 patients (78%) responded to infliximab induction therapy. BMI significantly increased during these 10weeks (P<0.0001). The mean increase in BMI was significantly higher in patients who responded to infliximab vs patients who did not (P=0.03). Further, at weeks 30 and 60, 35 patients (70%) and 33 (66%) were in remission, respectively. The mean increase in BMI was significantly higher in patients who maintained remission vs patients not in remission (week 30, P=0.02; week 60, P=0.01). Patients with a low baseline BMI (<18.5) and those with small bowel involvement achieved a higher increase in BMI as compared to patients with BMI ⩾18.5 or patients without small bowel involvement. In this study, infliximab therapy was associated with improvement of patients’ nutritional status, notably patients who responded to this biologic. Additionally, in patients with malnutrition and small bowel involvement, the nutritional impact of infliximab was higher.

The Landscape of Overweight and Obesity in Icelandic Adolescents: Geographic Variation in Body-Mass Index Between 2000 and 2009

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased globally. This study examined the geographic variation in overweight and obesity trends among Icelandic adolescents in urban and rural areas. Data from two cross-sectional population-based samples of 14- and 15-year-old students attending the compulsory 9th and 10th grades of the Icelandic secondary school system in 2000 and 2009 were used to calculate body mass index (BMI). Overweight and obesity rates were represented for 17 zones on maps created with the ArcGis geographic information and imaging software. Results were that males had higher rates of overweight and obesity than females in both 2000 and 2009, with a significant difference for both genders between years. Mean BMI was higher for rural areas than urban areas in both study years. Out of 17 geographic zones, the prevalence of obesity increased between 2000 and 2009 for males in 16; however, the one remaining zone had the highest increase in overweight. Obesity increased in 13 zones for girls and decreased in four from 2000 to 2009. Mean BMI rose between the study years but fewer zones differentiated from each other in 2009 than 2000. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased among Icelandic adolescents in both urban and rural areas; however, rural areas have higher rates of obesity, overweight, and mean BMI than urban areas. Because of diminishing differences between areas from 2000 to 2009 the increase in mean BMI, increases in overweight, and obesity appear to be more rapid in urban areas than rural areas.

Future predictions of body mass index and overweight prevalence in Australia, 2005-2025

To predict current and future body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children and adults based on sex, age and year of birth (cohort). These predictions are needed for population health planning and evaluation. Data were drawn from 11 cross-sectional national or state population surveys conducted in Australia between 1969 and 2004. These included representative population samples of children (n= 27,635) and adults (n= 43,447) aged 5 years or older with measured height and weight data. Multiple linear regression analyses of measured log-transformed BMI data were conducted to determine the independent effects of age and year of birth (cohort) on ln(BMI) for males and females, respectively. Regression coefficients for cohort obtained from these analyses were applied to the National Nutrition Survey 1995 data set to predict mean BMI and prevalence of overweight (BMI 25-29.99 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) in 2005, 2015 and 2025. Based on past trends, BMI is predicted to continue to increase for both males and females and across the age span. This would result in increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity of between 0.4 and 0.8% per year, such that by 2025 around one-third of 5-19 year olds will be overweight or obese as will 83% of males and 75% of females aged 20 years and over. The increases in prevalence and mean BMI predicted in this study will have significant impacts on disease burden, healthcare costs and need for prevention and treatment programmes.

035 Have socio-economic differences in coronary risk factors changed over 20 years? Results from a population-based study of men between 1978–1980 and 1998–2000

BackgroundAlthough CHD mortality has declined in the UK since the late 1970s, the decline has been particularly marked among more affluent subjects. While the decline substantially reflects improvements in established...

Increased prevalence of high body mass index (BMI) among persons with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South Africa

The Western Cape Provincial Department of Health provides nutritional support to underweight (BMI&lt;18.5) HIV patients on ART. Initial evaluation suggested that patients starting ART are more often overweight than underweight. ART may worsen obesity related health conditions, such as heart disease. In turn, obesity may increase side‐effects of ART.ObjectiveTo determine the BMI distribution of patients presenting for ART, and weight change with 3 months of ART, in Mitchells Plain Community Health Center.MethodA retrospective medical record review of HIV patients ages 18–65 initiating ART between August 1‐Oct 31, 2008 (n=117, 63% female, 37% male).ResultsPrevalence of underweight (BMI&lt;18.5) was 12.0%, while 32.5% were overweight (BMI&gt;25). The prevalence of overweight was significantly higher among females than males (42% vs. 16%, p=0.016). Three‐months after initiation of ART, 62% had weight gain with a mean gain of 5.37 kg. Significantly more men gained weight than women (87% vs. 48%, p=0.003). Prevalence of overweight increased to 45% after 3 months of ART with a significant increase in mean BMI from 23.2 to 24.1 (p&lt;0.01). Prevalence of underweight decreased to 2.4%. Of patients with BMI &gt;25, 44.2% were on an ART regime contraindicated with high BMI.ConclusionIn peri‐urban African settings overweight/obesity may be an emerging issue for HIV patients on ART. Source of Funding: Downs Fellowship

APOA2, Dietary Fat, and Body Mass Index

Nutrigenetics studies the role of genetic variation on interactions between diet and health, aiming to provide more personalized dietary advice. However, replication has been low. Our aim was to study interaction among a functional APOA2 polymorphism, food intake, and body mass index (BMI) in independent populations to replicate findings and to increase their evidence level. Cross-sectional, follow-up (20 years), and case-control analyses were undertaken in 3 independent populations. We analyzed gene-diet interactions between the APOA2 -265T>C polymorphism and saturated fat intake on BMI and obesity in 3462 individuals from 3 populations in the United States: the Framingham Offspring Study (1454 whites), the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network Study (1078 whites), and Boston-Puerto Rican Centers on Population Health and Health Disparities Study (930 Hispanics of Caribbean origin). Prevalence of the CC genotype in study participants ranged from 10.5% to 16.2%. We identified statistically significant interactions between the APOA2 -265T>C and saturated fat regarding BMI in all 3 populations. Thus, the magnitude of the difference in BMI between the individuals with the CC and TT+TC genotypes differed by saturated fat. A mean increase in BMI of 6.2% (range, 4.3%-7.9%; P = .01) was observed between genotypes with high- (> or =22 g/d) but not with low- saturated fat intake in all studies. Likewise, the CC genotype was significantly associated with higher obesity prevalence in all populations only in the high-saturated fat stratum. Meta-analysis estimations of obesity for individuals with the CC genotype compared with the TT+TC genotype were an odds ratio of 1.84 (95% confidence interval, 1.38-2.47; P < .001) in the high-saturated fat stratum, but no association was detected in the low-saturated fat stratum (odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.59-1.11; P = .18). For the first time to our knowledge, a gene-diet interaction influencing BMI and obesity has been strongly and consistently replicated in 3 independent populations.

Weight Status of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities

Background The aim was to study the weight and weight status of the study group in 2002 and 2007, and to study the differences in weight and weight status between 2002 and 2007 and the risk groups for (becoming) overweight/obese.Materials and Methods The Body Mass Index (BMI) of 336 clients of a Dutch service provider for persons with intellectual disabilities was calculated in 2002 and 2007.Results The mean increase in BMI between 2002 and 2007 was 0.8 (2.2 kg). In 2002, 36% of the study group was overweight/obese; this was higher in 2007: 45%. The expected relationship between increase in BMI and the change in living circumstances could not be confirmed.Conclusions Further research into health‐control programmes, weight status, food‐intake and physical exercise is recommended.

Are You What Your Mother Weighs? Evaluating the Impact of Maternal Weight Trajectories on Youth Overweight

In this study, we investigate how three alternative measures of maternal body mass index (BMI) relate to youth overweight. We contrast the typical cross-sectional measure of maternal BMI with a longitudinal mean and a standard deviation in maternal BMI. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, we estimate logistic regressions that relate maternal BMI to the risk of a youth being overweight while controlling for other familial characteristics. Participants in this study are 918 males and 841 females who were age 16-21 and either healthy weight or overweight in 2006. To be eligible for inclusion, teens were 15 years old by December 2006. After comparing several measures of maternal weight, we find that higher mean maternal BMI measured over the life of the adolescent has the strongest relationship with the odds of youth overweight for both male and female adolescents. For boys, a one unit increase in mother's mean BMI increases the odds of being overweight by 16% (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.11-1.20) while for girls the increase in the odds of being overweight is 13% (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.09-1.18). Our findings suggest that researchers should move beyond static measures of maternal weight when examining the correlates of youth BMI. Maternal weight histories offer additional insights about the youth's home environment that are associated with the risk of a youth being overweight.

Television viewing time and weight gain in colorectal cancer survivors: a prospective population-based study

To investigate the prospective relationships between television viewing time and weight gain in the 3 years following colorectal cancer diagnosis for 1,867 colorectal cancer survivors (body mass index (BMI) > or = 18.5 kg/m(2)). BMI, television viewing time, physical activity, and socio-demographic and clinical covariates were assessed at baseline (5 months), 24 months and 36 months post-diagnosis. Multiple linear regression was used to study independent associations between baseline television viewing time and BMI at 24 and 36 months post-diagnosis. At both follow-up time points, there was a significant increase in mean BMI for participants reporting > or =5 h/day of television viewing compared to those watching <3 h/day at baseline (24 months: 0.72 kg/m(2) (0.31, 1.12), p < 0.001; 36 months: 0.61 kg/m(2) (0.14, 1.07), p = 0.01), independent of baseline BMI, gender, age, education, marital status, smoking, cancer site, cancer disease stage, treatment mode and co-morbidities. Additional adjustment for baseline physical activity did not change results. These findings suggest that a greater emphasis on decreasing television viewing time could help reduce weight gain among colorectal cancer survivors. This, in turn, could contribute to a risk reduction for co-morbid conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Replication of the association of common rs9939609 variant of FTO with increased BMI in an Australian adult twin population but no evidence for gene by environment (G × E) interaction

To further investigate a common variant (rs9939609) in the fat mass- and obesity-associated gene (FTO), which recent genome-wide association studies have shown to be associated with body mass index (BMI) and obesity. We examined the effect of this FTO variant on BMI in 3353 Australian adult male and female twins. The minor A allele of rs9939609 was associated with an increased BMI (P=0.0007). Each additional copy of the A allele was associated with a mean BMI increase of approximately 1.04 kg/m(2) (approximately 3.71 kg). Using variance components decomposition, we estimate that this single-nucleotide polymorphism accounts for approximately 3% of the genetic variance in BMI in our sample (approximately 2% of the total variance). By comparing intrapair variances of monozygotic twins of different genotypes we were able to perform a direct test of gene by environment (G x E) interaction in both sexes and gene by parity (G x P) interaction in women, but no evidence was found for either. In addition to supporting earlier findings that the rs9939609 variant in the FTO gene is associated with an increased BMI, our results indicate that the associated genetic effect does not interact with environment or parity.

Association between antipsychotics and weight gain among psychiatric outpatients in Pakistan: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundIt has been known for a long time that use of antipsychotics, particularly atypical antipsychotics, is associated with weight gain and increase in risk of metabolic disturbances. In this study we have tried to find out if use of antipsychotics is associated with increase in weight and body mass index (BMI) in the Pakistani population.MethodsWe performed a case note review of all patients who had been prescribed antipsychotic medication at the psychiatry outpatient clinic of a tertiary care university hospital in Pakistan over a 4-year period.ResultsA total of 50% of patients had a BMI in the overweight or higher range at baseline. Patients showed a mean weight gain of 1.88 kg from baseline in 3 months and 3.29 kg in 6 months. Both of these values were statistically significant. The increase in mean BMI from baseline was 0.74 and 1.3 in 3 months and 6 months, respectively. In patients for whom we had at least one further weight measurement after baseline, 48% (39/81) showed a clinically significant weight gain.ConclusionPakistani patients are just as likely to put on weight during antipsychotic treatment as patients from other countries. Considering that this population already has a much higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus compared to the Western countries, the consequences of increased weight may be even more serious in terms of increased morbidity and mortality.

Orally disintegrating olanzapine induces less weight gain in adolescents than standard oral tablets

We compared the changes in weight (kg) and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m 2) in 52 hospitalized adolescents between baseline and after 12 weeks of monotherapy with either (i) olanzapine (OLZ) orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) ( N = 16; 16.6 mg/day ± 4.4 [SD]), or (ii) OLZ standard oral tablets (SOT) ( N = 10; 18.0 mg/day ± 4.2), or (iii) risperidone ( N = 26; 2.8 mg/day ± 1.2). Significantly greater increases in mean weight and BMI were observed in the patients treated with OLZ SOT (8.9 ± 5.1 [SD] kg; 1.9 ± 0.6 kg/m 2, respectively) than in those with ODT (3.0 ± 2.1 kg; 1.1 ± 0.8 kg/m 2). Similarly, OLZ ODT treatment was associated with significantly greater increases in weight and BMI than risperidone (1.0 ± 1.8 kg; 0.4 ± 0.7 kg/m 2). These findings suggest that adolescents gain less weight with OLZ ODT than OLZ SOT, possibly because the former formulation shortens the time of interaction with digestive serotonin receptors mediating satiety.

Genetics of Body Mass Stability and Risk for Chronic Disease: A 28-Year Longitudinal Study

We examined the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to body mass index (BMI) over approximately 28 years. Participants were 693 male, predominantly middle-class, twins (355 monozygotic, 338 dizygotic) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. The phenotypic correlation between age 20 and age 48 BMI was 0.52; the genetic correlation was 0.60. Most of the remaining variance at both times was accounted for by nonshared environmental factors. Since genetic factors are not perfectly correlated, this indicates that other genes affect BMI at one or both time points, leaving room for further exploration of the genetics of body mass stability. Mean BMI increased significantly from 22.7 (normal) to 27.8 (overweight). Overweight BMI at age 20 predicted midlife adult onset diabetes (adjusted odds ratio = 4.62, 95% CI 1.91 to 11.18), but not hypertension. Depending on one's vantage point, the results indicate elements of both stability and change in BMI. Very similar phenotypic and genetic correlations were observed over a similar time period in a WW II twin sample, but without the substantial mean increase in BMI. It seems unlikely that different genes influence BMI in the two cohorts. Therefore, we argue that nonshared environmental factors are probably primarily responsible for the secular increase in midlife BMI. Our results also provide prospective evidence that early excess BMI may have serious long-term health consequences, and that this risk is not limited to minorities or adults of lower socioeconomic status.