Mean Follicle-stimulating Hormone Research Articles

Ovarian reserve in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

The aim of this study was to determine the autoimmune effects of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) on the fertility potential of women by evaluating ovarian reserves of AS patients. A total of 104 patients, 52 in the AS group (study group) and 52 in the control group were included in the study. Ovarian reserve was evaluated by serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels, antral follicle count (AFC) and baseline serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. The mean serum AMH levels were significantly lower in the study group when compared to the controls (2.203 ± 1.110 vs. 1.188 ± 0.891, p < 0.001). In addition, the mean AFC was also significantly lower in the study group. (10.67 ± 1.81 vs. 9.54 ± 2.50, p = 0.009). Mean FSH levels were calculated to be 6.72 ± 1.14 in the study group and 7.21 ± 1.22 in the control group. The difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.781). This study shows that AS like several other autoimmune conditions has an adverse effect on the female fertility potential. Therefore, an early start and long-term management of AS patients who have fertility desire is recommended. Serum AMH levels can be used in monitoring ovarian reserve and in early detection of reproductive decline of AS patients. NCT04209881.

Association of GRIA1 polymorphisms with ovarian response to human menopausal gonadotropin in Iranian women

ObjectiveGlutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 (GRIA1) is a subunit of a ligand-gated ion channel that regulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by controlling the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Few studies have investigated the association between the GRIA1 gene and human infertility. This study evaluated the association of the GRIA1 rs548294 C > T and rs2195450 G > A polymorphisms with the ovarian response to human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) in Iranian women.MethodsOne hundred women with histories of at least 1 year of infertility were included. On the second day of menstruation, patients were injected with HMG; on the third day, blood samples were collected. After hormonal analysis, the GRIA1 rs548294 C > T and rs2195450 G > A genotypes of samples were identified via the restriction fragment length polymorphism method, and on day 9, the number of follicles was assessed via ultrasound.ResultsFor the GRIA1 rs548294 C > T and rs2195450 G > A single nucleotide polymorphisms, the subjects with CT and GG genotypes, respectively, displayed the highest mean FSH level, LH level, and number of follicles on day 9 of the menstrual cycle (p < 0.05). Significant positive correlations were observed between LH and FSH (p < 0.01), LH and follicle count (p < 0.01), FSH and age (p < 0.05), follicle count and age (p = 0.048), and FSH and follicle count (p < 0.01).ConclusionThis study showed a significant relationship between GRIA1 polymorphisms and ovarian response to the induction of ovulation. Therefore, determining patients’ GRIA1 genotype may be useful for improving treatment and prescribing suitable doses of ovulation-stimulating drugs.

Easiness of sperms retrieval in non-obstructive azoospermia is a strong predictor of clinical pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Background: Testicular sperm extraction followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (TESE-ICSI) is the only route to genetically father a child in couples with Non-Obstructive Azoospermia (NOA).Objective: The aim was to identify the effect of severity of NOA on clinical pregnancy following ICSI.Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 643 patients who underwent 712 ICSI cycles at a specialized In-Vitro Fertilization center between 2014 and 2019. We classified the patients into easy (445) and difficult NOA (267) based on the difficulty of microdissection TESE procedure, number of sperm retrieved, and the number of surgical attempts.Results: The clinical pregnancy rate is significantly higher in the easy NOA group [167/299 (55.8%)] as compared with the difficult NOA group [68/194 (35.1%)]. The mean age of the females and the mean follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were significantly lower in the easy NOA group compared with the difficult group [27.5±4.3 vs 29.9±4.6 years, P=0.0001, and 6.8±2.1 vs 7.4±2.5 mIU/ml, P=0.004, respectively]. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding the mean male age, FSH level, and testicular size. The cumulus mass and the number of mature oocytes injected correlated significantly with the clinical pregnancy (r=0.122, P=0.012 and r=0.145, P=0.003, respectively). The sperm source whether fresh or frozen, the testicular pathology, and the identification of round spermatids in the pathology specimens did not correlate with the clinical pregnancy. We used the binary logistic regression to identify the final predictors. Only the NOA severity could be used to predict ICSI outcome. Easy NOA is more likely to have positive outcomes with ICSI (Odds ratio=1.70; Confidence interval=1.069–2.71; P=0.025). The model showed that neither female age nor FSH level could predict ICSI outcome in those patients.Conclusion: Easy sperm retrieval is an independent factor that is associated with positive ICSI outcomes in couples with NOA.

Determination of ovarian reserve in different age groups of infertile women

Background: Infertility is a major global issue, and the childbearing potential can be estimated by determining the ovarian reserve. Ovarian reserve is described as a quantity of the ovarian follicles and quality of oocytes. Aims and Objectives: The objective of our study was to identify the correlations between follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), and antral follicle count (AFC) in different age groups of infertile women and to distinguish the most reliable marker for ovarian reserve with the objective of selecting a strategy for initial stages of infertility management. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 101 infertile women were assessed. The study participants were divided into three age groups: 20–29 years, 30–39 years, and >40 years. FSH, LH, AMH, and AFC were done on day 2–3 of menstrual cycle. Results: A total of 101 infertile women were assessed in our study. The mean age of the participants was 33.3 ± 4.37 years and the mean infertility period was 3.36 ± 2.26 years. The mean body mass index was 23.75 ± 2.97 kg/m2. The mean FSH level was 8.18 ± 5.54 and the mean AMH was 1.98 ± 1.0. The mean AFC was 9.29 ± 5.09. There was a statistically significantly elevated negative correlation between age and AMH level (rs = -0.667, P

Intravenous infusion of kisspeptin increased serum luteinizing hormone acutely and decreased serum follicle stimulating hormone chronically in prepubertal bull calves

Kisspeptin (KP) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that stimulates the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone. To determine the acute and chronic effects of KP on serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prepubertal bull calves [12 ± 1 (SD) weeks of age; 96.5 ± 14.5 kg BW] were administered one of four treatments [0.0 (control; CON), 0.125 (L-KP), 0.25 (M-KP), or 0.5 (H-KP) μg of KP/kg BW/hour] by intravenous infusion for 76 h. Blood samples were collected every 15 min for the first (acute; 1–6 h; Day 1) and last (chronic; 71–76 h; Day 4) 6 h of the intravenous infusions. Serum concentrations of LH and FSH were determined by radioimmunoassay. For each day, effects of treatment, time, and interactions on LH and FSH concentrations and pulse parameters were analyzed using procedures for repeated measures with JMP Software (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). There was a treatment effect (P = 0.002) and a treatment × time interaction during Day 1 (P = 0.02) such that LH concentrations were greatest following administration of all doses of KP when compared to CON. However, there was no treatment effect (P = 0.57) or a treatment × time interaction during Day 4 (P = 0.20) on serum LH concentrations. There was a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.02) on mean serum FSH concentrations. Most notably, on Day 4 mean serum FSH concentrations during intravenous infusion of M-KP and H-KP doses were less than that of CON. There was a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.0054) on FSH pulse amplitude concentrations, such that intravenous infusion of all doses of KP on Day 4 decreased FSH pulse amplitudes. In conclusion, acute infusion of KP increased LH concentrations and chronic infusion of KP decreased FSH concentrations. Despite the potential suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis with chronic infusion of KP, there are likely applications of KP, KP analogs, or KP receptor agonists to hasten the onset of puberty in livestock.

Study of clinical experience with different approaches to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation: a focus on safety and efficacy

ObjectivesCurrent retrospective cohort study analyses clinical database records of 4792 assisted reproduction procedures to assess the significance of target effectiveness endpoints from a safety perspective.MethodsStimulation protocols with urinary, recombinant or...

MON-098 FSH and Body Composition in Older Adults

Background: Common changes with menopause and aging include an increase in visceral adiposity and loss of lean body mass. Declines in sex steroid hormones contribute to these body composition changes, but emerging evidence also implicates increased pituitary production of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Blocking FSH action with an FSH-β subunit antibody reduced adiposity and increased lean body mass in ovariectomized female mice, and both male and female intact mice (Liu Nature 2017). Some, but not all, clinical observational studies have demonstrated positive associations between FSH and measures of adiposity (Zaidi Endocrinology 2018). Objective: To investigate the associations between endogenous FSH levels and measures of body composition in older adults from the AGES-Reykjavik cohort, independent of sex steroid hormones. Methods/Results: Participants were recruited from the AGES-R study, excluding those using sex steroid hormone agonists or antagonists. FSH (ELISA), total estradiol and total testosterone (GC/MS) were measured from fasting serum. Total body fat (kg), total body lean mass (kg), and appendicular lean mass (kg) were measured with total body DXA. Appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) was calculated as appendicular lean mass/height2 (kg/m2). Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area (cm2) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) area (cm2) were measured with abdominal CT. Linear regression analyses of FSH in association with body composition parameters were performed, stratified by gender, both unadjusted and adjusted for age, visit window, BMI, total estradiol and total testosterone levels. Among the 245 men, the mean age was 82.4 (SD 4.0) years, mean BMI was 26.7 (SD 3.6) kg/m2 and mean FSH 19.0 (SD 16.9) IU/L . Among the 238 women, the mean age was 80.6 (SD 4.0) years, mean BMI 27.4 (SD 4.1) kg/m2 and mean FSH 71.6 (SD 23.2) IU/L. In models adjusted for age, visit window, BMI, estradiol and testosterone, there were no significant associations between FSH and any measure of body composition in men. In adjusted models in women, each SD increase in FSH was associated with a 2.67% greater SAT area (p=0.03) but no significant difference in VAT area or total body fat. Conversely, each SD increase in FSH was associated with a1.62% lower total body lean mass (p=0.005) in women, but no significant difference in ALMI. Conclusion: Consistent with preclinical models, we found higher FSH to be associated with greater subcutaneous adiposity and lower lean body mass in older women. We found no associations between FSH and measures of body composition in older men. Further research is needed to determine whether FSH-directed therapy may be an effective means of combatting the body composition changes associated with menopause.

Klinefelter Syndrome: Clinical Spectrum Based on 44 Consecutive Cases from a South Indian Tertiary Care Center.

Background:Klinefelter syndrome (KFS) is the commonest chromosomal abnormality, yet remains largely underdiagnosed due to its varied clinical presentation. This study was done to understand the clinical spectrum in our population.Aim:We intended to study the clinical characteristics of children and adults with KFS in our population. We also desired to identify any special features of Klinefelter variants.Methods:Forty-four patients with karyotype diagnosis of KFS during the time period 2007-2015 were included in this retrospective study. Clinical details and hormonal profile were obtained from hospital information system.Results:Our study population consisted of 17 (38.6%) participants in pediatric age group (age <18 years) and 27 (61.4%) adults. Clinical presentation prompting evaluation in the former group included cardiac anomalies (29.4%), dysmorphism (23.5%), hypogonadism (17.6%), developmental delay (11.8%), tall stature (11.8%), and cryptorchidism (5.9%). Among adults, 16 (59.2%) presented with hypogonadism and 9 (20.4%) had primary infertility. Six children (35.3%) had micropenis and four (three children, one adult) had unilateral undescended testis. Behavioral problems were detected in 19 (43.2%) subjects. Mean follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) values were 38 IU/mL and 18 IU/mL, respectively. The classical 47 XXY karyotype was detected in 38 (86.4%) subjects and 6 (13.6%) had karyotype consistent with Klinefelter variants.Conclusion:KFS was diagnosed only after 18 years of age in two-thirds of patients. Developmental delay, cardiac anomalies, behavioral abnormalities, and intellectual disabilities were the common presentations in pediatric subjects. Adults predominantly presented with hypogonadism. Individuals with Klinefelter variant karyotype sought medical attention predominantly for non-gonadal concerns.

Association of circulatory Kisspeptin levels and hormonal interplay with male infertility: A cross-sectional study in Karachi, Pakistan.

To determine the impact of Kisspeptin on male reproductive axis in a selected urban population. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Sindh Institute of Reproductive Medicine in collaboration with Aga Khan University, Karachi, from July, 2017, to February, 2018, and comprised infertile males with abnormal sperm parameters who were placed in Group A and fertile males with normal sperm parameters placed in Group B. Serum samples were estimated for Kisspeptin, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Of the 313 male subjects, 178(57%) were in Group A and 135(43%) in Group B. Median Kisspeptin levels were higher among fertile males compared to infertile males (p<0.001). Mean follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone values were higher among the fertile males (p<0.001). There was significant interaction between follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone (p<0.1). Fertility in males depended on optimal secretion of Kisspeptin which exert edits effect on hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis to increase male reproductive hormone production.

A preliminary evaluation of serum level of testosterone, LH, and FSH in patients with varicocele after varicocelectomy as a kidney-related disease.

IntroductionVaricocele is a common problem with a high prevalence in population with primary and secondary infertilities. The adverse effects of varicocele on spermatogenesis and fertility are known, but the association between clinical varicocele and testosterone is not clear. Hence, we decided to evaluate the serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in patients with varicocele after varicocelectomy.MethodsIn this study, 100 patients with varicocele were divided into two groups: hypogonadal patients with testosterone level <280 ng/dL and eugonadal patients with testosterone level >280 ng/dL. The serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH were measured before surgery and 3 months after surgery, and the results were analyzed using the SPSS software. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsPatients with varicocele after puberty till 50 years were divided into two groups: hypogonadal (testosterone <280 ng/dL) and eugonadal (testosterone >280 ng/dL) patients who required varicocelectomy. The mean testosterone level before surgery in hypogonadal patients was 215.22±83.31 ng/dL, which reached 326.95±35.125 ng/dL after surgery (P<0.0001), which was significant. There was no significant decrease in the mean FSH level, but there was a significant decrease in the mean LH level after varicocelectomy. In eugonadal group, testosterone level before surgery was 471.90±145.71 ng/dL, which reached 469.57±145.61 ng/dL after surgery, which was not significant.ConclusionIn our study, patients who underwent varicocelectomy had improved testosterone levels, so that this increase was more significant in hypogonadal patients than in eugonadal patients. Decrease in LH and FSH levels in all patients was seen after varicocelectomy, which can be due to increase in testosterone levels.

A comparative study on ABO blood group and fertility hormones in infertile women in Calabar, Southern Nigeria

Infertility, a disorder of the reproductive system, is commonly linked to hormonal, pituitary, cervical, uterine, immunological or psychological factors. Besides these factors, it can also be idiopathic or unexplained. Hence, there is a need for more research to unravel the causes of the unexplained infertility. This work aimed at finding out whether there is any relationship between ABO blood group system and female infertility. The study design was cross-sectional. Three hundred women between 18 and 40 years attending fertility clinic at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar between 2011 and 2012 were recruited for this study. Serum progesterone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol were determined using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while ABO blood grouping was determined using the tube method. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 18. The confidence level was set at 95% where p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean age of the women was 30.65 ± 5.47 years and the percentage distributions of the blood groups among the women were as follows: 24% A, 12% B, 4% AB and 60% O. The mean FSH levels of blood groups A and O individuals were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than that of groups B. However, there was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in the mean levels of progesterone, prolactin, LH and estradiol in the respective groups. From this study, 38% of the population had increased levels of progesterone, 58% and 18.7% had elevated prolactin and FSH levels respectively while 11.33% and 43.3% had reduced levels of LH and estradiol levels respectively. Though, there was high prevalence of hyperprolactinemia observed in this study, there was no strong association between ABO blood group and female infertility but, the increased FSH levels observed in blood groups A and O may be a potential link between blood group and infertility and therefore may be beneficial for further study.

Relevance of testicular histopathology on prediction of sperm retrieval rates in case of non-obstructive and obstructive azoospermia.

The aim of our research was to establish the relevance of testicular histopathology on sperm retrieval after testicular sperm extraction in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and in patients with obstructive azoospermia, who already underwent a previous failure testicular fine needle aspiration. We evaluated a total of 82 azoospermic men, underwent testicular sperm extraction, referring to the Assisted Reproductive Technology Centre of the University of Florence, Italy between January 2008 and March 2017. A general and genital physical examination, scrotal and trans-rectal ultrasound, semen analysis, hormone measurements, including follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and total testosterone, were collected. Successful sperm retrieval was obtained in 36 men of total (43.9%). Successful sperm retrieval was 29.5% in non-obstructive azoospermia patients, while men with obstructive azoospermia, who, underwent a previous failure testicular fine needle aspiration, had sperm retrieval in 86% of cases. Mean luteinizing hormone was 6.55 IU/L, total testosterone 4.70 ng/mL, right testicular volume 13.7 mL and left testicular volume 13.6 mL. Mean Follicle-stimulating hormone was 13.45 IU/L in patients with negative sperm retrieval and 8.18 IU/L in men with successful sperm retrieval. According to histology, 20.7% had normal spermatogenesis, 35.3% hypospermatogenesis, 35.3% maturation arrest and 8.5% Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Successful sperm retrieval was 88.2% in patients with normal spermatogenesis, 24.1% in the maturation arrest group and 48.27% in patients with hypospermatogenesis, while negative sperm retrieval was reported in Sertoli cell-only syndrome patients. Seven cases with maturation arrest showed a successful sperm retrieval. Testicular histopathology after testicular sperm extraction offers important information on prediction of sperm retrieval and can guide the surgeon in choosing the more suitable therapeutic practice.

Oocyte cryopreservation for women with GATA2 deficiency.

To describe controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in a population of women with GATA2 deficiency, a genetic bone marrow failure syndrome, prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant METHODS: This is a retrospective case series of nine women with GATA2 deficiency who underwent oocyte preservation at a research institution. Main outcomes measured include baseline fertility characteristics ((antimullerian hormone (AMH) and day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2)) and total doses of FSH and human menopausal gonadotropins (HMG), E2 on day of trigger, and total number of metaphase II oocytes retrieved. The mean age was 24years [16-32], mean AMH was 5.2ng/mL [0.7-10], and day 3 mean FSH was 5.1U/L [0.7-8.1], and E2 was 31.5pg/mL [< 5-45]. The mean dose of FSH was 1774IU [675-4035], and HMG was 1412IU [375-2925] with a mean E2 of 2267pg/mL [60.7-4030] on day of trigger. The mean total of metaphase II oocytes was 7.7 [0-15]. One patient was diagnosed with a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with pulmonary embolism (PE) during COS. This study is the first to analyze the outcomes of COS in women with GATA2 deficiency. The response to ovarian stimulation suggests that oocyte cryopreservation should be considered prior to gonadotoxic therapy. However, due to the risk of potentially life-threatening complications, it is prudent that patients are properly counseled of the risks and are evaluated by a multi-disciplinary medical team prior to COS.

Ovarian Reserve Assessment in Celiac Patients of Reproductive Age.

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate ovarian reserve in patients of reproductive age with Celiac disease (CD) using anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels, antral follicle counts (AFCs), and ovarian volume.Material/MethodsWe included into this study 46 CD female patients and 40 healthy female subjects of reproductive age, ages 18–45 years. Venous blood samples were taken from both groups on days 2–4 of the menstrual cycle, and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL), and AMH levels were measured. On the same day, AFCs and ovarian volumes were determined. Data on body mass index (BMI), gravidity/parity/abortions/alive counts, disease duration, and Marsh histological classification were recorded.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences between CD and control groups in terms of mean age, BMI, or median gravidity/parity/abortions/alive counts (p>0.05). Also, there were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of mean FSH, LH, E2, PRL levels, right and left ovarian volumes, and median right and left ovarian AFCs (p>0.05). However, AMH level was significantly lower in the CD group (p=0.032). No statistically significant correlation was found between AMH levels and age, BMI, FSH, LH, E2, PRL levels, right and left ovarian volumes, right and left ovarian AFCs, or Marsh histological classification using the Spearman correlation test (p>0.05). However, an inverse correlation was detected showing that AMH levels decrease with increasing CD duration (r=−0.054, p=0.001).ConclusionsWe found that AMH level and ovarian reserve was decreased in CD patients of reproductive age compared to healthy controls, and that AMH level and ovarian reserve decreased with increasing disease duration in CD patients.

A study of Inhibin a-16C&gt;T gene polymorphism and other reproductive hormones in the diagnosis of Premature Ovarian Failure in Egyptian Women undergoing ICSI

Background: Premature ovarian failure (POF) or poor ovarian response is a syndrome characterized by amenorrhea for duration of 4-6 months or more, hypo-estrogenism and elevated serum FSH concentration (FSH > 40 IU/1) before age of 40 years. The POF may arise through different events including: reduction of primordial follicle pool; acceleration of follicular atresia; alteration of primordial follicles maturation/recruitment Inhibin is a product of granulosa cells. Onset of POF can be a result of inhibin alpha genetic abnormalities, the most extensively studied genetic abnormality is 16C>T polymorphism. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to evaluate whether INHa-16C>T gene polymorphism could be a predictive marker for POF in the Egyptian females undergoing ICSI. Also, to identify role of the ovarian hormones like; FSH, LH, estradaiol, progesterone, anti-mullarian hormone, activin and inhibin in the dignosis of POF. Patients and methods: All cases were recurted from the Gynecology and Obstetric Department, Mansoura University, Egypt. All women were subjected to history taking including demographic data, menstrual and reproductive characteristics and history of hormonal therapy. The study group included 50 women with symptoms and signs suggestive of ovarian failure; their mean age was 31.5± 4.88 years. The control group included 50 healthy women with normal hormonal profile with male factors infertility, their mean age 29.05+3.3 years. Venous blood samples were collected for assay of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anti-mullarian hormone (AMH), inhibin and activin using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Genomic DNA was isolated from EDTA-anticoagulated peripheral blood using DNA extraction kit. Results: Women with POF showed a highly significant increase in the mean FSH and LH levels compared to control group. There is a statistically significant decrease of the mean serum inhibin and inhibin/activin ratio in women with POF compared to control women. In women with POF, the frequencies of homozygous genotypes CC, heterozygote genotypes CT and homozygote genotypes TT of the INHa-16C>T polymorphism were 70% (35/50), 24% (12/50) and 6% (3/50). The C allele was present in 82% of patients with POF and in 73% of the control group, whereas the T allele was present in 12% and 27% respectively. Conclusion: INHa-16C>T gene polymorphisms is not considered as a risk factor for POF among Egyptian women.

Sex hormone Profile in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men and It's Correlation with CD4 Cell Counts.

Background:In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men, hypogonadism is the most common endocrinological disorder, and most cases of hypogonadism are secondary. The aim of this study was to find out the hormonal abnormalities in HIV-infected males and it's correlation with CD4 cell counts.Materials and Methods:One hundred HIV-infected male patients were evaluated in the Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India, over a period of 12 months from September 2014 to August 2015 using history, physical examination, routine baseline investigations, and CD4 counts. Free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin were measured using an overnight fasting sample. Patients were divided into three groups on the basis of CD4 counts (Group A: CD4 counts ≥350/mm3, Group B: CD4 counts between 200 and 349/mm3, and Group C: CD4 counts <200/mm3). Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, ANOVA test, Chi-square test, and Pearson's test and P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:In 100 HIV-infected males, overall prevalence of hypogonadism was found to be 66%, and 30%–35% patients had symptoms of hypoandrogenemia. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was found in 42% of patients. A significant association (P = 0.027) was found between prevalence of hypogonadism and the level of immunodeficiency with an increase in the prevalence of hypogonadism as CD4 counts decreased. Lower levels of free testosterone and DHEAS were found in cases of severe immunosuppression with a statistically significant correlation with CD4 counts. Correlation of other sex hormones (LH, FSH, and prolactin) with CD4 counts not statistically significant. Mean free testosterone and FSH were found to be significantly higher in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) than in those not on ART (P = 0.028 and P = 0.045, respectively), but no specific ART drug or their drug combination was found to have a significant correlation with levels of any sex hormone.Conclusion:Hypogonadism (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) was found to be a common endocrinological disorder in HIV-infected male population, seen more commonly in association with low CD4 counts.

Hot flush values of gonadotropins and estradiol in menopause

Introduction/Objective. Hot flashes are one of the first clinical symptoms of menopause. The mechanism of hot flashes is still not fully understood. Changes in concentrations of the circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and other hormones can lead to thermoregulatory dysfunction. The aim of this study was to examine the association between dynamic changes in concentrations of sex hormones and the presence of vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women. Methods. The study involved 36 women divided into two groups: in the first group there were 24 women with hot flashes, BMI 26.16 ? 3.42 kg/m2; the control group comprised 12 women, BMI 26.82 ? 3.89 kg/m2. Data on the presence of hot flashes were based on medical history data. Venous blood samples were collected for the analyses of FSH, LH, prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, dehidroepiandrosteron sulfate, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and thyroxin. During the subjective feeling of hot flashes, three blood samples during the day and night were collected to determine the mean levels of FSH, LH, and estradiol in women with hot flashes. Results. Women with hot flashes had significantly higher prolactin (389.58 ? 123.69 mIU/L to 258.19 ? 122 mIU/L, p &lt; 0.01) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (3.60 ? 2.49 nmol/L vs. 1.88 ? 1.27 nmol/L, p &lt; 0.05) levels, as well as lower mean values of FSH during hot flashes during the day (69.08 ? 28.84 IU/L vs. 107.18 ? 39.11 IU/L, p &lt; 0.01) and night (60.72 ? 21.89 IU/L vs. 104.57 ? 38.06 IU/L, p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion. .Women with hot flashes had significantly lower mean FSH levels during hot flashes during the day and night than the control group.

The long-term effects of endometrioma surgery on ovarian reserve: a prospective case–control study

The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of endometrioma excision on ovarian reserve. This study evaluated the long-term effects of endometrioma excision on ovarian reserve. A total of 63 women were enrolled in this prospective case–control study; 21 women had histories of endometrioma surgery (study group), 21 women had diagnoses of endometrioma, and 21 healthy age-matched women served as controls. Participants were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, between January 2007 and January 2016. The mean follow-up duration after endometrioma surgery was 30.4 ± 18.0 months for the study group. The mean follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estradiol levels were similar among groups, but the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level was significantly lower in the surgery group than in the control group (p < .001). The mean AMH level was 42% lower in the endometrioma surgery group than in the endometrioma group and 30% lower in the endometrioma group than in the control group (p = .080 and p = .160, respectively). Endometrioma has a detrimental effect on ovarian reserve, and decreased ovarian reserve compared with that in healthy fertile subjects without endometrioma is evident shortly after endometrioma excision. However, the endometrioma excision procedure does not significantly decrease the ovarian reserve in the long term.

Evaluation of the Effect of Pentoxifylline on Cisplatin-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Rats

Chemotherapy is associated with male infertility. Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloro-platinum (II) (CDDP) as a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of cancers has been reported to most likely induce testicular toxicity. Administration of antioxidants, such as pentoxifylline (PTX) may reduce some Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) of CDDR Therefore, this study investigated the potentially protective effects of PTX on CDDP-induced testicular toxicity in adult male rats. For this purpose, 42 male rats were randomly divided into 7 groups. The rats were orally preheated with PTX at the 3 doses of 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg once a day for 14 successive days. On the 14th day of the study, they were intraperitoneally (IP) administered with a single dose of CDDP (7 mg/kg). Finally, the sperm/testis parameters, serum levels of reproductive hormones, including testosterone, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) as the pivotal endocrine factors controlling testicular functions, and histopathological changes of testis tissue were examined. Pretreatment with the two doses of 75 and 150 mg/kg PTX indicated significant increases in the sperm count and motility induced by CDDP administration. The right and significantly left testis weights were decreased following the treatment with 300 mg/kg of PTX plus CDDP. However, 75 mg/kg of PTX plus CDDP showed the best near-to-normal histopathological features. The results demonstrated that PTX alone enhanced some parameters, such as the sperm count, while reducing other parameters, including sperm fast motility and germ layer thickness. Furthermore, despite testosterone or LH levels, the mean serum FSH level was significantly augmented by the doses of 75 and 150 mg/ kg. It was concluded that PTX administration cannot reduce CDDP-induced testicular toxicity even at high doses (e.g., 300 mg/kg), while it seemed to partially intensify CDDP toxicity effects at a dose of 75 mg/kg. Thus, further research is required in this regard.

Evaluating the Outcome of Conventional Tese from Clinical Presentation in Patients with Non-Obstructive Azoospermia

Context: Several etiologies have been identified and some clinical factors might predict the probability of finding sperm in nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Aims: Find and correlate the clinical findings to the success of testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Settings and Design: Retrospective review of patients with NOA undergoing TESE in our department between 2012 and 2015. Methods and Material: We analyzed the sperm retrieval rate (SRR) based on testicular size, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), total testosterone and prolactin levels as well as on the karyotype findings. We also report the results of ICSI based on clinical features. Statistical analysis used: Mann-Whitney U test; chi-square test; receiving operating characteristic and area under the curve; binary logistic regression. Results: 54 patients, mean age of 34, 57 years. The overall SRR was 51, 9%. Difference between negative and positive SRR regarding mean FSH (p=0,002) and mean LH (p=0,007) was found. No difference in SRR based on karyotype findings (p=0.127) or testicular size (p=0,336) was identified. A multivariate binary regression concluded that only FSH could be used as a predictor for TESE+. A FSH value 11,0UI/L the probability of TESE+ will be 24%. 28 patients proceeded to ICSI with clinical pregnancy and live birth rates of 20,7% and 17,2%. Conclusions: NOA patients should be fully assessed and informed about the probability of TESE+; FSH levels alone might be useful to do that. Furthermore those with normal FSH and normal testicular size can expect higher rates of sperm retrieval and live birth after ICSI.