Mean E2 Research Articles

Joint effect of particulate matter and cigarette smoke on women\u2019s sex hormones

BackgroundAlthough relationships between exposure to air pollution and reproductive health are broadly studied, mechanisms behind these phenomena are still unknown. The aim of the study was to assess whether exposure to particulate matter (PM10) and tobacco smoking have an impact on menstrual profiles of 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) and the E2/P ratio.MethodsLevels of sex hormones were measured daily in saliva during the entire menstrual cycle among 132 healthy, urban women. Exposure to smoking (active or passive) was assessed by questionnaire, whilst exposure to PM10 with municipal monitoring data.ResultsDuring the early luteal phase, profiles of E2 were elevated among women with higher versus lower exposure to PM10 (p = 0.02, post-hoc tests). Among those who were exposed versus unexposed to tobacco smoking, the levels of mean E2 measured during the entire cycle were higher (p = 0.02). The difference in mean E2 levels between the group of joint exposure (i.e. to high PM10 and passive or active smoking) versus the reference group (low PM10, no smoking) was statistically significant at p = 0.03 (18.4 vs. 12.4 pmol/l, respectively). The E2/P ratios were higher among women with higher versus lower exposure to PM10 and this difference was seen only in the early luteal phase (p = 0.01, exploratory post-hoc tests).ConclusionsWe found that PM10 and tobacco smoking affect ovarian hormones independently and do not interact with each other. Both exposures appear to have estrogenic effects even though women's susceptibility to these effects differs across the menstrual cycle. We propose that the hormonal mechanisms are involved in observed relationships between air pollution and smoking with women’s reproductive health.

The Determination of Efficacy of CircuCare on Blood Circulation and Metabolism: An Animal Model Study.

Objectives To determine whether feeding CircuCare to rats improves blood circulation, metabolism, immune regulation, endocrine activity, and oxidative stress. Methods 28 eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were evenly randomized into control and experimental groups. The control group was fed with ordinary drinking water, while the experimental group was fed with CircuCare at a daily dose of 93.75 mg per 300 g of body weight over eight weeks. Both groups were subjected to a swimming test, and blood samples were taken to observe any variations in various biochemical parameters before and after the test. Key Findings. The experimental group's mean swimming exhaustion duration was 53.2% longer and had a significantly higher lactic acid removal ratio. Their mean prostaglandin E2 level and mean glucose, cortisol, and glutathione level (30 minutes after swimming test) were also significantly higher. No undesirable impacts from CircuCare relating to general blood biochemistry values and bone mineral density were reported. Conclusions The present results show that CircuCare can be safely used to increase stamina and exercise capability, expedite the metabolism of lactic acid, accelerate muscle repair, and promote the antioxidant activity of cells in rats.

The signal intensity characteristics of normal bone marrow in diffusion weighted imaging at various menstrual status women

PurposeDiffuse hyperintensities of the bone marrow in whole-body diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging (DWI) have been encountered more frequently in females aged 21–50 compared to elder females or men. Therefore, we aimed to visually evaluate DWI among pre-, peri- and postmenopausal women and to verify whether it correlates also quantitatively with hormonal status. MethodThe prospective study was approved by our institutional review board and informed consent was obtained in a total of 70 healthy premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women aged 40–58 years from February 2017 to October 2017. The bone marrow DW imaging signal characteristics were visually evaluated in comparison to the erector spinae muscle. Imaging data were acquired using a 1.5 T MRI yielding signal intensity values from a DWI-pulse sequence (b-value of 800 s/mm2; apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps from b-values of 0–800 s/mm2), and a T2 mapping sequence covering the L2-L4 lumbar vertebrae. Serous estradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured through venous blood assay. The relationship of the mean DW signal intensity (SIDWI) with T2 values, female hormone level, and mean ADC were analyzed using Spearman’s rho test. ResultsThe proportion of diffuse DWI hyperintensities of the bone marrow was significantly higher in premenopausal (91% (21/23)) women compared to peri- (75% (18/24)) and postmenopausal (8% (2/23)) women. A positive correlation was observed for the mean SIDWI (median [interquartile range], 47.33 [30.14]) and mean T2 (mean ± SD, 121.01 ± 13.54) (r = 0.438, p < 0.001) as well as for the mean SIDWI and E2 (median [interquartile range], 52.45 [92.78]) (r = 0.407, p < 0.001). A negative correlation was observed for the mean SIDWI and serous FSH (median [interquartile range], 15.55 [42.08]) as well as for the mean SIDWI and serous LH (median [interquartile range], 6.96 [31.06]) (r = −0.557, p < 0.001; r = −0.535, p < 0.001; respectively), but no significant correlation was found for mean SIDWI and mean ADC (mean ± SD, 599.36 ± 82.70) (r = 0.099, p = 0.415). A negative correlation was also encountered for the mean T2 values and serous FSH (r = −0.339, p = 0.004) as well as for the mean T2 values and serous LH (r = −0.281, p = 0.018). ConclusionsThe mean SIDWI correlates positively with mean T2 and serous E2 values, while there's no significant correlation with mean ADC, indicating that T2 shine-through effects might interfere with bone marrow signaling on DW images. Knowledge of the bone marrow signal characteristics changing in DW images in close relationship with menstrual status is essential to correctly interpret DWI in clinical practice.

O-078 Predictive factors of autologous Oocyte Post-warming Survival rate

Abstract Study question Are there any clinical or paraclinical predictive factors of Oocyte Post-warming Survival (OPS) rate? Summary answer Woman age, Body mass Index, estradiol level on triggering day and estradiol/oocyte ratio are critical predicting factors that should be considered before performing oocyte vitrification. What is known already Since the development and the validation of oocyte vitrification, we vitrify oocytes in different medical situations for patients who benefit ICSI. Although the OPS rate in our centre is satisfying, occasionally, it happens to be lower. OPS is dependent on quality of oocyte as demonstrated by the difference of OPS in oocyte donation/autologous cycles. The present study questions the existence of clinical and paraclinical factors predicting in OPS. In order to tackle this issue, we have assessed several parameters related to the woman and to her response to hormonal treatment known to influence oocyte quality in relation to OPS Study design, size, duration A retrospective observational study of 786 autologous oocyte vitrification cycles was performed from October 2011 to July 2018 in 5 situations: cycles where only a part of mature collected oocytes were vitrified [1] Partial oocyte vitrification program(n = 605), [2] Patients opposed to embryo cryopreservation(n = 2) and oocyte freeze-all cycles for the following reasons [3] Uncontrolled Ovarian hyperstimulation( = 89), [4] Unfavorable uterine environment/receptivity(n = 71) and [5] Absence of spermatozoa(n = 20). 1175 warming cycles were analyzed to identify predictive factors for OPS. Participants/materials, setting, methods Oocytes were vitrified/warmed using Kitazato media and system. The ratio of OPS survival was measured between the number of intact oocytes and the number of warmed oocytes. The factors assessed as potential predictors of OPS were: woman age, body mass Index (BMI), Estradiol level on triggering day (E2), E2/ number of recovered oocytes (EOR), number of recovered oocytes and maturity ratio (number of mature oocytes/number of recovered oocytes). Statistics were performed using SPSS software. Main results and the role of chance A total of 1175 studied warming cycles were performed and 5421 oocytes were warmed with a mean OPS rate of 84,6% (±22,6). OPS rates were comparable in all situations: [1] 3084/3688 (83,6%), [2] 6/6 (100%), [3] 931/1121 (83,1%), [4] 393/458 (85,8%), [5] 125/148 (84,5%). The mean woman age (33,2 years±4,9 vs 33,1 years ±4,3), mean woman BMI (23,1 kg/m2±3,9 vs 22,9 kg/m2±4,2), mean E2 (2587,7pg/ml±1140,5 vs 2513,2pg/ml±1098,7), mean EOR (207,5pg/ml±119,4 vs 196,0pg/ml ±119,4), mean number of total recovered oocytes (15,0±6,8 vs 14,7±6,8), mean maturity ratio (85,4%±13,7 vs 86,0%±14,2) showed no statistical difference in women with reduced OPS (≤85%) as compared to women with standard OPS (&amp;gt;85%). Subgroups analyses revealed significant higher occurrence of reduced OPS in advanced age women (&amp;gt;40years) (OR = 2,4; [95%CI:1,3-4,4] p &amp;lt; 0,05) as compared to women of other age categories: &amp;lt; 30years (OR = 0,5; [95%CI:0,2-0,9]), 30-35years (OR = 0,4; [95%CI:0,2-0,7]), 36-40years (OR = 0,2; [95%CI: 0,3-0,5]). The combination of advanced age with abnormal BMI ( &amp;lt; 18,5 or &amp;gt; 24,9kg/m2: OR = 7,3[95%CI:1,6-34,0] p &amp;lt; 0,01), or elevated E2 (&amp;gt;3000pg/ml: OR = 3,3[95%CI:1,0-11,0] p &amp;lt; 0,05) or atypical EOR ( &amp;lt; 140 or &amp;gt; 250pg/ml: OR = 3,7[1,1-12,2] p &amp;lt; 0,05) amplified the risk of reduced OPS. Women with abnormal BMI combined with elevated E2 (OR = 2,1[95%CI:1,1-3,9] p &amp;lt; 0,05) or atypical EOR (OR = 1,6[95%CI:1,0-2.6] p &amp;lt; 0,05) were also at higher risk of reduced OPS. Limitations, reasons for caution Oocyte vitrification is a manual technique that depends on the skill of the operator. Inter-operator variability was not taken into account in our statistical analyses neither were data regarding ovarian stimulation protocols nor were infertility etiologies. Wider implications of the findings This work enabled to identify patient or treatment related factors that highly influence the outcome of oocyte vitrification/warming cycles. Our findings will likely help refining criteria for the selection of candidate patients for oocyte vitrification or to cancel bad prognosis cycles. Trial registration number NA

The circulating alarin level was elevated in infertile women with poor ovarian reserve

Objective We aimed to reveal the association of serum alarin level with POR status of the infertile women in the present study. Methods The eligibility criteria for this prospective cross-sectional study included a total of 92 infertile women attending the Hitit University Hospital, and all participant women were categorized into two main groups of ovarian reserve: (i) Poor ovarian reserve (POR) group (n = 40) based on ESHRE consensus and (ii) Control group (NOR) (n = 52). Results The mean adjusted-ages and BMI values of the NOR and POR groups were statistically comparable (p = .057 and p = .600, respectively). The mean E2, FSH, and LH levels were elevated in the POR group (p < .001, for all). The mean AFC and AMH concentration were significantly reduced in the POR group (p < .001, for both). In addition, there was a significant increase in the serum alarin level in the POR group (p < .001). Pearson’s analysis revealed that the mean BMI value of the POR group had a weak and negative correlation (r = 0.318, p = .046). Also, there was no correlation between serum alarin with E2 and FSH levels in both study groups. A weak and positive correlation was found between serum alarin and LH concentration only in the POR group (r = 0.318, p = .045). The mean AMH and AFC values were not significantly correlated with serum alarin levels. Conclusion The circulating alarin level was significantly elevated in infertile women with POR patterns. In addition, the alarin level was significantly correlated with the serum LH concentration in the POR pattern.

The Association Between Serum Estradiol and Progesterone On the Same Day of FET and The Pregnancy Outcome; A Cross Sectional Study

Research Question Precise timed synchronization between endometrium and the embryo is essential for high implantation and pregnancy rate, it is worthy to mention that endometrial thickness is not the only factor, E2 and P levels are also regularly monitored for endometrial receptivity. So, we decided to go for this study, to investigate the impact of serum E2 and P levels on the same day of embryo transfer on pregnancy outcomes for FET cycles. Design This was a retrospective cross sectional study for 402 FET cycles which conducted between April 2018 and May 2019. All participants started endometrial preparation for FET with 6 mg/day oral estradiol for 13 days. When endometrium reached 8 mm or greater, patients were initiated on both micronized vaginal and oral P treatment. On FET day, serum level of E2 and P were assessed. Then, transfer of PGT euploid embryos was performed. 12 days’ later pregnancy test was assessed, and then 4 weeks after FET date ultrasound was scheduled to check the viability and the clinical pregnancy. Results The mean E2 value was 931.41 ± 438.65 pg/ml, while mean P value was 8.47 ± 9.4 ng/ml. 240 out of 402 cases got pregnant (59.7%) while the clinical pregnancy rate was 53.9% with no correlation between serum (E2, P &amp; E/P ratio) and the outcome. Conclusion Our results revealed that the association between E2 and P on FET day and the pregnancy outcome is still not proven and those markers can’t serve as predictors for the outcome.

Comparison of ovarian striation and ovarian fragmentation in a rat model of ovarian insufficiency

Background/Aim: Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as the depletion of the primordial follicle pool in women under the age of 40. New methods for stimulating ovarian follicle cells are being investigated in order to ensure the continuity of the menstrual cycle and fertility. The present study aimed to compare follicle reserves after ovarian striation or ovarian fragmentation in rats with ovarian insufficiency. Methods: Thirty adult female rats in the estrus phase were randomized into three groups. Group 1 and Group 2 were medicated with intraperitoneal 7.5 mg/kg paclitaxel to create ovarian insufficiency. Group 3 was the control group, and intraperitoneal 3 mL 0.9% sterile saline solution was administered. The first laparotomy was performed to evaluate ovarian insufficiency 1 week after chemotherapy. In Group 1, the right ovarian cortex was striated using an insulin injector. In Group 2, the right ovary was divided into five parts. These five pieces were transferred to the pocket created under the right pelvic peritoneum. In Group 3, only laparotomy was performed. After 1 month, all rats underwent a second laparotomy, and the number of ovarian follicles (primordial, primary, secondary, antral) were compared, as were their serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2) levels. Results: There was a significant difference in the number of follicles among all three groups (P<0.05). The number of follicles (primordial, primary, secondary, antral) was significantly higher in the striated group than in the fragmented group (P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups in terms of mean serum FSH and E2 values measured at the second laparotomy (P>0.05). Conclusion: Ovarian striation on the ovary cortex may be a new method for the treatment of ovarian insufficiency.

Effectiveness of a 6-Month 22.5-mg Leuprolide Acetate Depot Formulation With Tamoxifen for Postoperative Premenopausal Estrogen Suppression in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer.

BackgroundIn patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/premenopausal breast cancer, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs (LHRHas) are used as standard endocrine treatment. Based on previous clinical studies, 1-month formulations are recommended in most breast cancer treatment guidelines, but long-acting formulations facilitate reductions in side effects and patient discomfort caused by frequent administration. However, few efficacy studies have been conducted on 6-month formulations. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 6-month formulations of LHRHas.MethodsThis retrospective study was conducted from January 2018 to December 2019 and involved premenopausal patients with HR+ breast cancer administered 6-month LHRHas as adjuvant treatment after surgery, and those previously administered chemotherapy or other LHRHa types were excluded. Patients’ estradiol (E2) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were measured before surgery, and their E2 levels were also measured at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months at periodic postsurgical examinations.ResultsA total of 228 patients were included, and the median patient age was 44 (range, 25–54) years. The mean serum E2 and FSH levels before surgery were 69.7 (range, 4–683) pg/mL and 7.3 (range, 0.4–88.9) mIU/mL, respectively, whereas the mean serum E2 level monitored at intervals during the 6-month LHRHa administration was 5.5 (range, 4.0–52) pg/mL. No women menstruated during the follow-up period after the LHRHas administration, and the E2 levels were less than 30 pg/mL in all patients except one.ConclusionsThe 6-month LHRHa formulation adequately suppressed ovarian function in premenopausal patients with HR+ breast cancer. This indicates that long-acting LHRHas can be effectively used for patient convenience and that there is high compliance with long-term use.

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Ethinylestradiol/Norgestimate Combination or Norethindrone upon Coadministration with Elagolix 150 mg Once Daily in Healthy Premenopausal Women.

BackgroundTwo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies were conducted to evaluate the potential drug–drug interaction between elagolix, an oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist, and an oral contraceptive (ethinylestradiol [EE] 0.035 mg and norgestimate 0.18/0.215/0.25 mg) or progestin-only contraceptive (norethindrone 0.35 mg) in healthy premenopausal women.MethodsThese phase I studies used a two-period, sequential design, where period 1 included treatment with oral contraceptives, followed by period 2 with contraceptives coadministered with elagolix 150 mg once daily.ResultsIn study 1, pharmacokinetic exposures for EE in period 2 increased by 30% and the norgestimate metabolites decreased by approximately 15% when coadministered with elagolix. Mean hormone exposure appeared lower for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; 31%), luteinizing hormone (LH; 38%), and estradiol (E2; 16%). The percentage of women with consecutive progesterone (P) concentrations above 5 nmol/L was similar in both periods. Norethindrone pharmacokinetic exposures were comparable in both periods. The hormone exposure for LH and FSH was similar, and mean E2 exposure was 32% lower in period 2. The percentage of subjects with consecutive ovulatory P concentrations was also similar in both periods (study 2). Safety and tolerability profiles were unremarkable in both studies.ConclusionsCoadministration of elagolix 150 mg once daily with oral contraceptives containing EE and norgestimate, or norethindrone, resulted in small pharmacokinetic changes in the oral contraceptive components. Similar or lower FSH, LH, and E2 exposures were observed during coadministration, with ovulatory P concentrations also comparable in both periods. The pharmacodynamic profiles of the oral contraceptives were maintained when coadministered with elagolix.

Baseline estrogen levels in postmenopausal women participating in the MAP.3 breast cancer chemoprevention trial.

The aim of the study was to quantify baseline estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) concentrations according to selected patient characteristics in a substudy nested within the MAP.3 chemoprevention trial. E2 and E1 levels were measured in 4,068 postmenopausal women using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Distributions were described by age, years since menopause, race, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and use and duration of hormone therapy using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Multivariable linear regression was also used to identify characteristics associated with estrogen levels. After truncation at the 97.5th percentile, the mean (SD)/median (IQR) values for E2 and E1 were 5.41 (4.67)/4.0 (2.4-6.7) pg/mL and 24.7 (14.1)/21 (15-31) pg/mL, respectively. E2 and E1 were strongly correlated (Pearson correlation [r] = 0.8, P < 0.01). The largest variation in E2 and E1 levels was by BMI; mean E2 and E1 levels were 3.5 and 19.1 pg/mL, respectively for women with BMI less than 25 and 7.5 and 30.6 pg/mL, respectively, for women with BMI greater than 30. E2 and E1 varied by age, BMI, smoking status, and prior hormone therapy in multivariable models (P < 0.01). There was large interindividual variability observed for E2 and E1 that varied significantly by participant characteristics, but with small absolute differences except in the case of BMI. Although the majority of participant characteristics were independently associated with E1 and E2, together, these factors only explained about 20% of the variation in E1 and E2 levels.

Central nervous system imaging in girls with central precocious puberty: when is necessary?

The determinants of an increased risk of an organic pathology underlying central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls remain contentious. The present study aimed to determine the clinical and hormonal findings that can be used to differentiate organic and idiopathic CPP in girls as a screening method so that only those considered likely to have organic CPP undergo cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The medical records of 286 girls that received GnRH agonist (GnRHa) therapy for CPP were retrospectively evaluated. Chronological and bone age, height, pubertal stage, and basal/stimulated gonadotropin and estradiol (E2) levels, as well as cranial MRI findings at the time CPP was diagnosed were recorded. Clinical and hormonal parameters that can be used to differentiate between girls with organic and idiopathic CPP were identified using ROC curves. Organic CPP was noted in 6.3% of the participants. Puberty started before age 6 years in 88.9% of the girls with organic CPP. Mean E2 and peak luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were higher in the girls with organic CPP than in those with idiopathic CPP that were matched for pubertal stage, as follows: early stage puberty (Tanner 2 and 3): E2: 62.4 ± 19.8 pg/mL vs. 29.1 ± 9.5 pg/mL; peak LH: 16.8 ± 3.2 IU/L vs. 12.2 ± 3.7 IU/L; advanced stage puberty (Tanner 4): mean E2: 87.6 ± 3.4 pg/mL vs. 64.6 ± 21.2 pg/mL; peak LH: 20.8 ± 0.4 IU/L vs. 16.6 ± 5.8 IU/L (P < 0.001 for all). Thresholds for differentiating organic and idiopathic CPP in girls with early-stage puberty were 38.1 pg/mL for E2 (100% sensitivity and 80.4% specificity) and 13.6 IU/L for peak LH (100% sensitivity and 66.4% specificity). Pubertal symptoms and signs generally begin before age 6 years and hormone levels are much higher than expected for pubertal stage in girls with organic CPP. Based on the present findings, cranial MRI is recommended for girls aged < 6 years, as the risk of diagnosing an organic pathology is highest in this age group. Hormone levels higher than expected for pubertal stage might be another indication for cranial MRI, regardless of patient age. Cranial MRI should be performed in girls with early-stage puberty, and an E2 level > 38 pg/mL and/or a peak LH level > 13.6 IU/L.

Effects of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural on Pubertal Development of Female Wistar Rats

Objective:5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is formed when sugars are heated in the presence of amino acids. HMF is naturally present in many foods. To investigate the toxic effects of HMF on the reproductive system of peripubertal rats.Methods:In the study, 24 immature female Wistar rat were divided into three groups: control (CT) fed with no HMF; low dose fed with 750 mg/kg/day of HMF and high dose (HD) groups fed with 1500 mg/kg/day of HMF. All groups received these diets for three weeks from postnatal day (PND) 21. The vaginal opening (VO) was monitored daily and euthanasia occurred on PND 44. Gonadotropin, estradiol (E2), progesterone and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations were measured. Reproductive organ weights and ovarian follicle counts were compared.Results:The HD HMF group had earlier VO. Higher mean luteinising hormone (2.9±1.2 vs 1.3±0.3 mIU/mL) and mean E2 (34.7±8.8 vs 21.2±3.9 pg/mL) and lower mean AMH (2.7±0.5 vs 4.7±0.7 ng/mL) concentrations were found in the HD compared to the CT group. The HD group also had increased number of secondary atrophic follicles.Conclusion:These results indicate that peripubertal exposure to HMF at HD result in precocious puberty and decreased AMH levels in female Wistar rats.

Impact of Supraphysiological Estradiol Serum Levels on Birth Weight in Singletons Born After Fresh Embryo Transfer

In assisted reproductive technology, high estradiol (E2) levels at trigger may increase the risk of low birth weight (LBW). Our objective was to investigate the impact of supra-physiological E2 levels at trigger, on the rate of LBW in singleton pregnancies following fresh embryo transfers (ET), in a center that typically employs the 'freeze-all' strategy in case of high E2 levels, to prevent ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome risk. A cohort study was conducted in a university hospital between November 2012 and January 2017. The main inclusion criterion was having a live birth (LB) singleton (≥ 24weeks of gestation) after a fresh-ET. Four groups were defined according to the E2 level at trigger, as quartiles of the entire patient population. The main measured outcome was the rate of LBW. 497 fresh-ET led to LB. Mean E2 level was 1608.4 ± 945.5pg/ml. The groups were allocated as follows: 124LB in the Group E2 < 25 percentile(p) (1106.5pg/ml), 124LB in the Group E2 [25p-50p] (1106.5-1439pg/ml), 124LB in the Group E2[50p-75p] (1440-1915pg/ml), and 125LB in the Group E2 > 75p (>1915pg/ml). There was no significant difference in the rate of LBW (Group E2 < 25p, n = 8/124, (6.5%); Group E2[25p-50p], n = 15/124, (12.1%); Group E2 [50p-75p], n = 13/124, (10.4%); and Group E2 > 75p, n = 10/12, (8.1%); (p = 0.43)). After multivariate analysis, E2 level at trigger was not significantly correlated to the rate of LBW. In our cohort, E2 level on the day of hCG trigger was not associated with increased odds of LBW after fresh embryo transfers.

Change in Estradiol Levels among Premenopausal Patients with Breast Cancer Treated Using Leuprolide Acetate 11.25 Milligrams 3-Month Depot and Tamoxifen.

The combination of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs (LHRHa) with tamoxifen is used as a standard postoperative adjuvant therapy in patients with hormone receptor-positive/premenopausal breast cancer. Long-acting LHRHa formulations offer advantages in terms of patient convenience. However, data on the effectiveness of the 3-month (3M) acting formulation are still insufficient. This study was performed on patients who received the 3M LHRHa after surgery. The serum estradiol (E2) and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were measured before surgery, and periodically after surgery. In total, 318 patients were included in the study and analyzed. The mean E2 level before surgery was 63.7 pg/mL, while the mean E2 level during the administration of 3M LHRHa was 4.9 pg/mL. None of the patients were menstruating and had E2 values above 30.0 pg/mL. It is thought that the 3M LHRHa formulation can suppress the ovarian function effectively and be safely used to improve compliance.

Concentrations of testosterone, estrone and estrone sulfate in peripheral blood of donkey stallions in relation to season

To assess testicular endocrine function in the male donkey (Equus asinus) during the course of the year. In 5 miniature and 4 standard donkey stallions, peripheral blood concentrations of testosterone (T), estrone (E1) and estrone sulfate (E1S) were determined using radioimmunoassay. There was a highly significant influence of the season (p < 0.0001) on the course of all 3 steroids. Values were low in November until January and high in April, May and June. As delineated by the measurement of E1 the breed also had an effect on the expression of seasonality. Mean T concentration (X̅g × SF ± 1) was 1.58 × 1.20 ± 1 ng/ml, values ranged between 0.39 and 5.95 ng/ml, which is approximately double the plasma T concentrations observed in horse stallions. As in horse stallions, E1 levels were only slightly above the detection limit of the assay (0.10-0.17 ng/ml). Mean E1S concentration amounted to 0.91 ± 0.23 ng/ml, values ranged between 0.34-1.36 ng/ml and taking peak levels into account measured approximately 300-fold lower than in the horse stallion. The data obtained confirm that the donkey belongs to the group of long day breeders. Irrespective of the close phylogenetical relationship the course of E1S concentrations reveals distinct differences between horse and donkey. Even between closely related species established reference values for sex steroids cannot be transferred without verification.

Arsenic, Selenium, Zinc, Copper, Hormonal changes, and oxidative stress in AL-Basra and Missan provinces patients with prostate tumors

Prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), were investigated in both AL-Basra and Missan provinces–Iraq. The study provides data relating serum selenium (Se), arsenic(As), zinc(Zn), and copper(Cu) levels to activity ofGlutathione–S– transferase (GST), Malondialdehyde (MDA); and prostate specific antigen (PSA) . sixty patients (30 patientswith BPH mean age 56.40 ± 9.74 years and 30 patients with PCa mean age 57.55 ± 9.15 years) and thirty healthy controlsmean age (54.150 ± 7.856) years were participated in the study. The results revealed a highly significant difference (P&lt;0.001)in MDA, PSA, and Se levels; significant different in GST, Zn, and Cu/Zn ratio levels. No statistical significant difference wasfound in mean age, As, Cu, and E2 in BPH as compared to control group. Also, there was no statistical significant differencein mean age, and E2 level in PCa patients when compared to control group, while there was a highly significant difference(p&lt;0.001) in MDA, PSA, GST, Se, As, Zn, and Cu/Zn ratio levels; and significant difference in Cu and testosterone levels weredetected in PCa patients as compared to control group. Correlations studies indicated a significant correlation between MDAand ) PSA, GST, Se, As ,Zn ,Cu, Cu/Zn, Testosterone, and E2) in BPH and PCa patients. In conclusion, trace elements whichused in this study (Zn, As, Se, and Cu) can be used as a bioindicator for prostate illness. Serum MDA may be considered amarker for predicting prostate cancer as a compliment to PSA.

Influence of serum estradiol on serum uric acid level in pre and postmenopausal women.

Background: Hyperuricemia develops when serum uric acid level exceeds the normal value. Estrogen may influence the level of serum uric acid. Postmenopausal females have a remarkable reduction in its level, so serum estradiol is studied in relation to serum uric acid levels in pre and post-menopausal women. Objective: To find out the relationship of serum Estradiol with serum uric acid level in premenopausal and postmenopausal women in local population. Study Design: Case control study. Setting: This study was conducted in Lady Aitchison Hospital Lahore. Period: March 2017- August 2017. Material and Methods: 134 females were enrolled in total and were grouped in to two. Group A comprised of premenopausal and Group B included postmenopausal females. After complete history and general physical examination, 5 ml venous blood sample under aseptic measures was taken. Serum uric acid was measured by enzymatic and serum estradiol by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results: The mean age of pre and postmenopausal women was 32 and 57 ± 7 years, with significantly lower in premenopause. The mean serum E2 was 91.86 ± 26.71 mg/dL in premenopause and 22.04 ± 9.28 mg/dL in postmenopause, with significantly lower mean in postmenopause. Mean serum uric acid was statistically higher in postmenopause that was 6.04 ± 0.58 mg/dL, when compared to premenopause that was 4.22 ± 0.90 mg/dL. Conclusion: Serum uric acid levels increased due to decreased serum estradiol in postmenopausal women as compared to premenopausal women.

Plasma 17beta-estradiol and alkali-labile phosphoprotein levels in male and female Tench (Tinca tinca) in the Anzali and Amirkolayeh wetlands

Environmental pollutants are potentiate to disturb biological processes such as metabolism, growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms. These compounds are able to cause gonadal abnormalities, biased sex ratios and alteration in reproductive physiology in fish. The aim of this study was to examine plasma 17β-estradiol (E2) and alkali-labile phosphoprotein (ALP) levels in male and female Tench ( Tinca tinca ) from a polluted (the Anzali Wetland) and a non-polluted environments (the Amirkolayeh Wetland). Samples were collected over the maturation season of Tench between May and June 2017. The results revealed significant difference in mean ALP and E2 between genders in the polluted environment. However, the mean plasma ALP concentrations in male Tench of the polluted environment (39.46±1.02 µg/ml) was 45% of the average recorded in female (86.18±2.25 µg/ml) and was two times higher than the amount measured in males in the non-polluted environment (18.68±0.35 µg/ml). High concentrations of E2, were detected in the male samples from the Anzali Wetland. Mean plasma E2 concentrations for male in the Anzali Wetland was almost two times higher than male in the Amirkolayeh Wetland. The results indicate that the reproductive physiology of Tench was affected by contaminants found in the Anzali Wetland, a highly polluted area.

The Effect of Service Quality on T-Cash Customer Satisfaction using System Dynamics Framework

Background: Every year, the number of T-Cash users is increasing significantly. However, the increase is not in sync with the number of T-Cash transactions. In this year, it was noted that active T-Cash users were only 35%. Some clinical studies have established an assessment of the quality of services, there are several dimensions assessed according to the topic of research. The dimensions of service quality used in this study are dimensions of efficiency, reliability, responsiveness, privacy, and security.Objective: This study aims to build general models and simulations in increasing customer satisfaction with the quality of T-Cash services and produce the best scenarios that can be used by policymakers in increasing customer satisfaction.Methods: System dynamics framework is utilized for the development of the model and scenarios. Because by using a system dynamics framework can predict service quality sometime in the future so that it can produce policies for the company.Results: The simulation results are considered valid because they produce E1 values of 3% (E1 valid when E1 ≤ 5%) and E2 of 7% (E2 valid when E2 ≤ 30%). E1 is mean comparison and E2 is error variance. Based on these 2 scenarios, a policy can be taken that scenario 1 significantly increases customer satisfaction compared to scenario 2.Conclusion: Based on the simulation that has been done, it can be concluded that the dimensions of responsiveness, privacy, reliability, security, and efficiency have an effect on improving service quality. On the scenario 1, it can be concluded that with the addition of the user friendliness dimension, the service quality will experience a significant increase over the next 5 years.

Blood Biochemical, Hormonal and Mineral Status of Cyclic, Acyclic, Endometriotic and Pregnant Crossbred Cows

A study was carried out on infertile (acyclic and endometriotic) crossbred cows under field and normal cyclic (all 4 phases of cycle) as well as pregnant (3, 6, 9 month) crossbred cows of University farm to evaluate the plasma progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) hormones by RIA, and plasma total protein, cholesterol, calcium and phosphorus concentrations by using assay kits on chemistry analyzer. The mean progesterone levels in cows during the diestrus phase and in pregnancy were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than those during proestrus, estrus, metestrus, anestrus, and endometritis status. At six month of gestation, the mean P4 level was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than at early or late gestation. The mean E2 values at estrus and 9th month of gestation were highest (p less than 0.01) as compared to another status. The mean plasma total protein and cholesterol levels were significantly (p less than 0.05) lower during six and nine months of pregnancy than during cyclic and acyclic stages. The cholesterol profile of all three stages of pregnancy and endometriotic cows were statistically similar, though distinctly low at 9 month of pregnancy. Plasma levels of P4 and E2 thus correlated with the physiological and clinical status of cows, while cholesterol levels reflected steroidogenic status. The mean plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations of cyclic, acyclic, pregnant and endometriotic cows, however, did not differ significantly.