Mean Age Of Mothers Research Articles

Validity and Reliability of the Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI-SF) Applied to a Chilean Sample

The Parenting Stress Index was developed in response to the need for a measure to assess the parent-child system. Its abbreviated version, the Parenting Stress Index Short Form, is an instrument with multiple clinical applications and is useful for research and intervention purposes. The Parenting Stress Index Short Form was standardized for use with parents of children ranging from 1 month to 12 years old. Several validation studies are available, most of them not supporting the original structure of three factors. No validation studies for this instrument currently exist in Latin America for a socially vulnerable population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate both the validity and internal consistency of Parenting Stress Index Short Form in a Chilean sample including 336 dyads (mean age of mothers 21.4 years; SD = 7.38; and mean age of children 84.8 days; SD = 78.0), demonstrating risk for negative health outcomes and who attend public primary health care. An exploratory factor analysis showed a three-factor structure that was compatible with the original version and explained 41.45 % of the variance. Internal consistency was high both for the total scale (Cronbach’s α = 0.92) and the three subscales (0.81: Parenting Distress; 0.89: Parent–Child Dysfunctional Interaction and 0.88: Difficult Child). The Goldberg General Health Questionnaire was used to assess external criterion related validity and a positive and statistically significant correlation was found (0.86). The evidence suggests that the Parenting Stress Index Short Form can be used as an instrument to measure the relationship between parenting and stress. Due to its psychometric characteristics, it can be applied to a vulnerable Chilean population. The contribution of this study is the validation of this instrument in a Spanish speaking population with characteristics of social vulnerability.

Comparing Neonatal Outcome Following the Use of Ondansetron versus Vitamin B6 in Pregnant Females with Morning Sickness: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting or morning sickness with an overall prevalence rate of 80% is commonly appeared at the eighth week and frequently disappeared in most pregnant females at the 16th week of gestation. The severe form of the condition named hyperemesis occurs in one per 200 to 300 pregnancies; it is accompanied by dehydration, electrolyte instability and nutritional deficits and needs medical interventions. Limited data are available on harmful effects of common antiemetic medications used within pregnancy on human neonates. Objectives: The current study aimed to compare the effects of ondansetron and vitamin B6 on neonatal outcome in pregnant females with pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting. Neonatal outcome included the probable difference in neonates’ gestational age, weight, height, head circumference and frequency of apparent congenital anomalies. Methods: This randomized double-blinded clinical trial was conducted on 188 primipara singleton pregnant females with pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting who referred to state healthcare centers of Zabol, Iran, in 2014. The pregnant females were randomly assigned to receive drug packages including ondansetron tablets (4 mg) or vitamin B6 tablets (40 mg) and patients were instructed to take one tablet twice daily. Females were followed up until delivery and neonatal outcomes including any congenital anomaly, weight, height and head circumference at birth were assessed. Results: There was no difference between the groups in the mean age of mother and the mean age of gestation. No differences were found between the groups regarding birth weight (3006.93 ± 441.86 versus 2949.65 ± 457.36 g, P= 0.67), height at birth (49.50 ± 1.45 versus 48.97 ± 1.47 cm, P= 0.75) and head circumference at birth (34.23 ± 1.22 versus 33.88 ± 1.26 cm, P = 0.56). No neonatal anomaly was observed in the two groups. Conclusions: No significant differences were observed between the groups based on the neonatal outcome including neonatal anthropometric parameters and lack of congenital anomaly.

Infant and Young Child Feeding by Mothers in a Selected Rural Area of Mymensingh

This study was done to know about infant and young child feeding by mothers in a selected rural area of Mymensingh and to assess nutritional status of infant and young child. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample size was 625. Sample size and study area was purposively selected. The study was conducted from December 2016 to January 2017 in Churkhai and Winnerpar villages of Bhavokhali union of Sadar upazila Mymensingh. Data were collected on a predesigned questionnaire by direct interviewing the respondents. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 16. A total of 625 mothers who had one child aged between newborn to 24 months participated in the study. Age of mothers ranged from 15 years to 50 years. Mean age of mothers was 24.56 years and standard deviation 5.36 years. Most of the mothers belonged to 15 to 24 years of age. The age of children ranged from newborn to 24 months. Mean age of children was 15.16 months, standard deviation 7.51 months. Majority of children belonged to 19 to 24 months. Majority (54.72%) had normal nutrition. Breast feeding continued up to the age when interviewed, offering colostrums and breast feeding given within half an hour after delivery were excellent among 63.36% of mothers. Weaning in due time, appropriate servings and weaning food appropriate were excellent among 74.80% of mothers of weaning age child. Exclusive breast feeding 74.02% and breast feeding continued up to the age of 24 months were 79.33% were good. Infant and Young Child Feeding practices observed in this study though better than other studies, needs more attention for improved child nutrition and survival.
 CBMJ 2016 July: Vol. 05 No. 02 P: 21-25

Socio-Economic Contexts And Co-Morbidities Of Gdm Of The Patients Attending In A Selected Hospital Of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is increasing alarmingly in the south Asian lower incoming countries, and Bangladesh is no exception. However, as far as reviewed, very few studies found to address the socio-economic context and co-morbidities of GDM mothers in Bangladesh, which in the present study depicted especially in urban and semi-urban settings. A cross sectional study was conducted among pregnant women with known GDM, attending for antenatal check- up in BIRDEM Diabetes Centre OPD, Shahabag, Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2016. The study selected 105 GDM patients purposively to collect data with face-to-face-questionnaire, who fulfilled the inclusive criteria. Mean age of mothers was 28.38; (SD=± 4.8) years; and majority (73.3%) of respondents came from urban and semi-urban areas and more than four-fifths (81.0%) had higher family income as Taka 25000 and above. More than two- thirds (68.6%) of them completed graduate above education. More than one-third (38.1%) of them were service holder. Exactly half (50%) of the GDM mothers with co-morbidities had hypertension. Knowledge and screening o f GDM were mostly reported among the higher educated and higher incoming people in urban and semi-urban areas. Study with large sample is highly desired to measure the extent of the problem in broad context.

Effect of a Supportive Educational Program on Self-Efficacy of Mothers with Epileptic Children

Background: In the aftermath of de-institutionalisation and the move to community management of epilepsia, mothers play an increasing role in the management of the illness. Mothers often complain of being misinformed and ill equipped to aid in the treatment. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a Supportive Educational Program on self-efficacy of mothers with epileptic children. Method: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on two groups of 50 mothers with epileptic children admitted to Ghaem Hospital in the city of Mashhad in 2014. Maternal self-efficacy was measured before and 6 weeks after intervention through Steffen’s Revised Scale for Caregiving Self-Efficacy as the research instrument. The Supportive Educational Program was implemented for the experimental group during five 60-minute sessions with an interval of 4 days. The control group received the routine care. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 11.5). Results: The mean age of mothers in the experimental and control groups were 32.8±6.9 and 32.8±6.8 years, respectively. The findings of the independent t-test revealed significant differences between the two control (47.4±15.06) and experimental (66.5±11.5) groups following the intervention (p<0.001). The paired t-test results also indicated a significant difference between self-efficacy scores before and after intervention in both groups (p<0.001). Implications for Practice: Stepwise implementation of a Supportive Educational Program can contribute to an increase in maternal awareness about how to care, reasons for recurrence, and measures taken in the emergency stage of epilepsy through gradual strengthening of self-efficacy of mothers with epileptic children.

Impact of dental orientation given to mothers during pregnancy on oral health of their children.

ABSTRACTObjective To analyze the perception of mothers about oral health of their children, as well as to check the influence of demographic variables, perception and preventive practice in oral health of mothers regarding guidance received during pregnancy.Methods Quantitative and cross-sectional field study, with a non-probability sample formed by all mothers who attended the primary healthcare unit of Ijuí (RS), Brazil, from January to July 2014, comprising a sample of 79 women. Self-applied questionnaires were given to these mothers. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics, the χ2 test at a significance level of 5%.Results The mothers who received dental orientation during pregnancy had greater perception of oral health of their children. The mean age of mothers was 26 years, most of them attended high school education (32.9%) and worked outside the home (60.8%). There was a statistically significant relation between the outcome variable, dental orientation during pregnancy, and the independent variables: schooling level of mothers, occupation, baby’s first visit to the dentist, duration of breastfeeding, beginning of baby’s tooth brushing and knowledge about dental decay (p<0.005).Conclusion Mothers with higher schooling levels and who worked outside the home had more knowledge about oral care, because they received dental orientation during pregnancy. The dental guidance during pregnancy influences the mother in the procedures adopted with their children, as to early oral hygiene, first dentist appointment, duration of breastfeeding, knowledge about the factors that lead to dental decay.

Obstetric Care in the U.S. Military

INTRODUCTION: Pregnant women with TRICARE (universal insurance coverage to members of US Armed Services and their dependents) can receive obstetric care under direct care/salary-based (DC) or purchased care/fee-for-service (PC) system. The objective of this study was to compare intra-partum obstetric care between direct and purchased care systems in TRICARE. METHODS: TRICARE (2006–2010) claims data were used to identify deliveries. Patient demographics, frequency of types of delivery (normal vaginal, cesarean and instrumental vaginal) and co-morbid conditions (gestational diabetes and hypertension) along with complications, including post-partum hemorrhage (PPH), lacerations, infection and thrombotic events were compared between two systems of care. RESULTS: A total of 440,138 deliveries were identified. The mean age of mothers in DC and PC was 26.7 years and 27.3 years, respectively (P<.001). A higher proportion of mothers in DC had gestational diabetes (6.9% vs 4.9%, P<.001) and gestational hypertension (5.8% vs 4.7%, P<.001). Proportion of cesarean delivery (25.8% vs 30.9%, P<.001) and instrumental vaginal delivery (5.3% vs 6.4%, P<.001) was lower in DC compared to PC. Complications such as PPH (4.9% vs 3.4%, P<.001) and perineal lacerations (8.3% vs 6.4%, P<.001) were significantly higher in DC as compared to PC. CONCLUSION: We found that the direct/military (salary-based) system had fewer interventions (such as operative deliveries) and higher complication rates. Study of the direct and purchased care systems in TRICARE may have potential use as a surrogate for comparing obstetric care between salary-based systems and fee-for-service systems in the US.

Perinatal features and rate of cesarean section in newborns with non-syndromic sagittal synostosis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate perinatal features and the rate of cesarean section in children with non-syndromic sagittal synostosis and to compare these with the official statistics. The birth data of 36 consecutive children (25 boys) operated on using cranial vault remodeling because of primary sagittal synostosis were analyzed retrospectively from hospital records. The children were born between 2007 and 2011, and the surgery was performed before the age of 1year. The official statistics of all Finnish newborns from the year 2010 (n=61 371) were used as a reference. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used in statistical analyses. The average gestational age of the newborns with sagittal synostosis was 39.8weeks (reference 39.7weeks). The average birth weight was 3565.8g (3540g) for boys and 3197.2g (3427g) for girls, and the average lengths at birth are 51cm (50.4cm) and 49.4cm (49.6cm), respectively. The average head circumference was 36cm for both sexes (35.2 and 34.6cm for reference boys and girls). The mean age of mothers was 30.5years (30.1years). The rate of cesarean section was significantly increased 30.5% (reference 16.6%), and the rate of suction cup delivery was increased 13.9% (9%). In addition, a prolonged or difficult delivery was reported in three childbirths. Newborns with non-syndromic sagittal synostosis appear to be of average birth size and gestational age. The incidences of perinatal complications and cesarean sections were increased with problems occurring in more than half of the childbirths.

Mother-Child Discrepancy in Perceived Family Functioning and Adolescent Developmental Outcomes in Families Experiencing Economic Disadvantage in Hong Kong.

Though growing attention has been devoted to examining informant discrepancies of family attributes in social science research, studies that examine how interactions between mother-reported and adolescent-reported family functioning predict adolescent developmental outcomes in underprivileged families are severely lacking. The current study investigated the difference between mothers and adolescents in their reports of family functioning, as well as the relationships between mother-reported and adolescent-reported family functioning and adolescent developmental outcomes in a sample of 432 Chinese single-mother families (mean age of adolescents=13.7years, 51.2% girls, mean age of mothers=43.5years, 69.9% divorced) experiencing economic disadvantage in Hong Kong. Polynomial regression analyses were conducted to assess whether discrepancy in family functioning between mother reports and adolescent reports predicted resilience, beliefs in the future, cognitive competence, self-efficacy and self-determination of adolescents. The results indicated that adolescents reported family functioning more negatively than did their mothers. Polynomial regression analyses showed that the interaction term between mothers' reports and adolescents' reports of family functioning predicted adolescent developmental outcomes in Chinese single-mother families living in poverty. Basically, under poor adolescent-reported family functioning, adolescent development would be relatively better if their mothers reported more positive family functioning. In contrast, under good adolescent-reported family functioning, adolescents expressed better developmental outcomes when mothers reported lower levels of family functioning than those mothers who reported higher levels of family functioning. The findings provide insights on how congruency and discrepancy between informant reports of family functioning would influence adolescent development. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

RELATIONSHIP OF PARENTAL HEALTH AND SOCIAL SUPPORT DURING PREGNANCY WITH THE RISK OF NON-SYNDROMIC ORAL CLEFTS: A CASE � CONTROL STUDY

AbstractOral clefts are divided into cleft lip, cleft palate and cleft lip along with cleft palate. Cleft palate is defined as an inability of palatal shelves to approximate and close during the first months of embryogenic period thus leaving an opening in the roof of the mouth and forming communication between the nasal and oral cavities.Objective:To determine the relationship of risk of oral clefts with parental health and social support.Study Design: Case Control Study.Study Setting and Duration:Various hospitals in Lahore and 3 month duration.Materials and Methods:A Case Control Study was conducted. A total of 100 subjects (50 cases, 50 controls) were included. Sampling was done by purposive method. Data was collected with the help of Cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire and Social Support Questionnaire after taking their informed consent. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe quantitative variables like age. Test of significance were applied.Results:56% of cases were females and 44% were males. Mean age of mothers was 27 and fathers was 31. Most mothers were uneducated (36%) while most fathers were educated till matric (34%). Income of most parents was in the range of 10,000-20,000 PKR (44%). 24% of controls were females and 76% were males. The associations of oral cleft was found significant with parental respiratory, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, musculoskeletal, skin-related, genitourinary health, easy fatigability, health habits, anxiety, anger, paternal nervous system health, sensitivity, and mater-nal frequency of illness, depression and feeling of inadequacy (p &lt; 0.05). Maternal social support catego-ries indicated that cases were less supported than con-trols: number of persons available and level of satisfaction (p &lt; 0.05).Conclusion:Oral clefts have a multi-factorial etio-logy. Hence, an effective preventive program should take into account parental health and social support factors.Key Words:Non-syndromic Oral Clefts, Parental Health, Social Support.

Women's Group Intervention Is Tied to Lower Neonatal Mortality In Rural Communities in India

An intervention involving participatory women's groups facilitated by government-approved social workers was associated with reduced neonatal mortality in rural communities in eastern India, according to a cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted between 2009 and 2012. (1) Compared with births to women living in control communities, those to women living in intervention communities had 31% lower odds of resulting in death of the infant within the first 28 days of life (odds ratio, 0.7). In addition, the odds of certain home care practices--e.g., birth attendant's using a safe delivery kit and placing the infant against the mother's skin within one hour of birth--were greater for births occurring in intervention communities than for those in control communities (odds ratios, 1.4-5.1). For the study, researchers chose 30 clusters--geographic areas with a population of about 5,000 individuals each--from five rural districts of the Jharkhand and Odisha states of eastern India. Half the clusters were randomly selected to receive an intervention, which was implemented in September 2010 and consisted of a series of women's group meetings led by village-based accredited social health activists (ASHAs)--female community health workers trained under India's National Rural Health Mission. ASHAs purposively invited pregnant women and new mothers to participate; however, the meetings were open to all local women. During meetings, women discussed maternal and newborn health problems, strategized about how to solve them, implemented the strategies and assessed their progress. Control clusters did not receive the group meeting intervention; however, in all clusters, the researchers met with village health sanitation and nutrition staff, and with government officials and hospital management to address issues relevant to maternal and newborn health. Data were collected for a baseline period consisting of the year before the intervention was implemented and for a two-year evaluation period beginning three months after implementation. Monitoring teams attempted to ascertain all births and deaths to women of reproductive age living in study clusters through reports from local key informants and through birth records. Researchers interviewed mothers about six weeks after a delivery to document pregnancy- and birth-related events and practices, and conducted verbal autopsies for deaths among infants and mothers. One intervention cluster was lost to follow-up and was dropped from analyses. Descriptive analyses were used to compare baseline characteristics across groups, and logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess whether the intervention was associated with various outcomes, primarily neonatal mortality (i.e., death of an infant in the first 28 days of life), as well as home care and care-seeking practices. During the baseline period, 3,244 women (1,635 from intervention clusters and 1,609 controls) experienced 3,304 births. Overall, the mean age of mothers was 24.7 years; 65% could not read, and 58% had not attended school. The socioeconomic characteristics of women were the same across groups, except a greater proportion of women in the control group than of those in the intervention group had a secondary or higher education (33% vs. …

Drinking water practices and sanitation in slums of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh a developing smart city in India

Background: Inadequate water quality and sanitation contribute to the transmission of faeco- orally transmitted diseases . Methods: This community based cross sectional study assessed drinking water, sanitation and factors associated with reported 2 week recall diarrhea burden among under-five children in slums. 220 households with under-five children were selected across 14 slums of Zone-6, Visakhapatnam by cluster sampling. A WHO drinking water and sanitation questionnaire was used. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) water quality test was performed at point of source and use. Data subjected to bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Mean age of mothers and children were 24.4 (SD 3) years and 28.3 (SD 14.5) months. Study finds 33% (20/60) source samples and 34% (75/220) point of use samples were contaminated. Reported diarrhoea episodes was 14% (31/220) (95% CI 9.4 - 18.5%). All public water system samples were contamination free. Higher contamination rates were observed in untreated private water systems. Despite 41.4% (91/220) households using boiling or filtration methods, 26.4% (24/91) of these samples were contaminated. Factors significantly associated with reported diarrhoea were, low SES (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0 – 5.5), unsafe defecation practice (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0 – 4.9) and age less than 2 years (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0 – 5.5). Conclusions: All treated public water supplied by Municipal Corporation was contamination free and use of this supply should be encouraged. Safe child defecation practices and effective household water treatment methods should be promoted in slums.

Comparison of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Serum Levels in Neonates Born via Vaginal Delivery and Caesarean Section

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a pivotal role in hematopoiesis, immune system and acute phase response. This cytokine is found in umbilical cord blood and is a protective marker for neonatal stress and infection. This study aimed to compare serum levels of IL-6 in neonates born via vaginal delivery and caesarean section. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 35 neonates born via cesarean section and 46 neonates born via term vaginal delivery at Ayatollah Rohani Hospital of Babol, Iran in 2012. Neonates had appropriate weight for gestational age, one-minute and five-minute Apgar scores of ≥8 and no clinical and laboratory evidence of neonatal infection. To determine IL-6 serum levels, 5 ml of blood was obtained from the umbilical cord of each neonate, and blood samples were analyzed using enzyme-immunoassays methods. Moreover, data such as maternal age, infant age and sex, number of pregnancies and parity were recorded and compared. FINDINGS: In this study, mean age of mothers with vaginal and caesarean delivery was 28.6±4.8 and 25.5±5.7 years, respectively (p=0.011). In total, 20(43.5%) and 16(45.7%) neonates in vaginal and cesarean delivery groups were male, respectively. Mean of IL-6 serum concentration in neonates born via vaginal delivery (10.9±3.11) was higher compared to cesarean group (6.6±3.15); however, this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, neonates born via vaginal delivery and cesarean section had no significant difference in terms of IL-6 serum levels.

Factors associated with growth faltering in Sri Lankan infants: A case-control study in selected child welfare clinics in Sri Lanka

Background Growth faltering during later infancy is common in Sri Lanka. While retarding the physical and mental development of the infant, its burden on the social and economic aspects of the family, society and country is immense. Methods A case-control study, involving 150 controls and 75 cases (Total 225), was conducted in two randomly selected Child Welfare Clinics. Infants with failure to thrive were identified from Child Health Development Records and a pre-tested, interviewer administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS 17.0. Results Sex distribution was almost equal (Males=52.4%, Females=47.6%). The mean age of mothers was 26 years (SD=4.7) and only 26.2% (n=59) were employed although over 90% had secondary education. Lower segment caesarean section, low birth weight, intra-uterine growth restriction and presence of acute illnesses had a significant association with growth faltering with odds ratios (OR) of 3.3 (95% CI=1.8-5.8), 3.0 (95% CI=1.6-5.6), 3.5 (95% CI=1.3-9.5) and 2.3 (95% CI=1.3-4.1) respectively. Significant factors pertaining to feeding were, non-exclusive breast feeding (OR=2.8 and 95% CI=1.5-5.3), inadequate duration of breast feeding per feed (OR=3.8 and 95% CI= 2.1-6.9), formula feeding (OR=2.1 and 95% CI=1.2-3.7) and inadequate diet (OR=2.7 and 95% CI=1.5-5.0). Parental and household factors such as young maternal age, inadequate maternal education, increased number of children and non-availability of domestic help were not statistically significant. However, low monthly income was a significant factor associated with growth faltering (OR=3.3 and 95% CI=1.8-6.2). Conclusion: Infant and dietary factors were of paramount importance while parental and household factors played a minor role in growth faltering.

Perceived Impact of Motherhood on Adherence to Therapy in Mothers with Cystic Fibrosis

To explore the stress related to motherhood and its perceived impact on adherence to therapy in women with cystic fibrosis (CF). Cross-sectional study with a purpose-designed questionnaire. 46/73 eligible women were enrolled and 38 returned the questionnaire. Mean age of mothers was 33.8 y ± 7.1 y, mean age of firstborn child was 6.9 y ± 5.7 y. Nine women had more than one biological child. 18 mothers (47%) were currently employed, 12 of whom worked 19 to 30 hours per week and none full-time. There were mothers who reported a detrimental effect on adherence (time constraints 38%; intentional nonadherence 42%), and mothers who reported that adherence had actually improved (29%). Both of these effects were related to daily CF therapy at home. By contrast, i. v. antibiotic therapy was less impaired by role strains, mainly due to home i. v. therapy being an alternative and/or due to intensive social support (husband, parents). Participants clearly addressed the importance of adherence and the need for adequate self-management in narrative comments. Motherhood may improve adherence to CF therapy as well as it may affect it negatively. Health caregivers are well-advised to address a possible detrimental effect, proactively.

Vertical transmission rate of human immunodeficiency virus amid formula-fed infants in a resource-constrained tertiary hospital in Jos, Nigeria

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be transmitted from infected mother to her baby. Objective: To assess transmission rate of HIV from seropositive mothers on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) to their formula-fed babies. Method: A cross-sectional study of 65 paired mothers on HAART and their formula-fed babies was carried out. Polymerase chain reaction-deoxyribonucleic acid (PCR-DNA) of the babies was done at six weeks of age. Epi info was used to analyse data. Results: Mean age of mothers was 30.26 ± 0.5 years. About 73.8% of the paired mothers were diagnosed with HIV before their current pregnancies and 69.2% initiated HAART before their current pregnancies. Duration of HAART use was between three months and two years. Modes of deliveries were caesarean section (15.4%) and vaginal route (84.6%). Only one (1.5%) of the babies was positive to PCR-DNA test at six weeks of age. There was no statistically significant association between the baby’s PCR-DNA at six weeks of age and the mode of delivery (OR-0.0047, CI-95%, Fisher Exact=0.8461) as well as between the time of initiation of HAART by the paired mothers and the paired baby’s PCR-DNA results (RR-0.9778, CI-95%, Fisher Exact=0.6923). Conclusions: Overall mother to child transmission (MTCT) rate in this study was 1.5%. Use of HAART for more than three months, irrespective of delivery route, is capable of significantly reducing MTCT of HIV even in resource-constrained settings. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2015; 44(3): 153-157

KNOWLEDGE ON BREAST FEEDING AND WEANING AMONG MOTHERS OF INFANTS IN ICDDR,B HOSPITAL, DHAKA

This study was carried out to assess knowledge regarding breast feeding and weaning among lactating mothers of infants attending International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Hospital. A pretested semistructured questionnaire was used for this purpose and the study period was May to August 2011. 200 lactating mothers with children less than one year of age was selected. The study revealed that the mean age of mothers was 24± SD 6 years and mean age of child was 6.25 months. Most of respondents were Muslim (92.5%) and from nuclear family (62.5%). Most of the respondents had completed their primary education (56%), 82% of them are house wife, most of the respondents family income ranges from BDT 3,000-10,000. Majority of the respondent had mean monthly income of BDT 6028 ± SD 4636. Marital age’s ranges from 18-22 years and 23% were less than 18 years. Majority of infants’ mother (81%) thought that breast feeding is compulsory for every child. About (46%) opined that colostrum is needed for infants. About 26% thought that thickness of colostrum is indigestible and 22% thought that colostrum may be harmful for the infants. Only 33.5% had fair knowledge on breastfeeding but majority (72.5%) of the infant’s mother shows fair knowledge regarding weaning. About 75 % mother got information regarding breast feeding and weaning knowledge from television. The knowledge of mothers regarding breast feeding was poor but their knowledge on weaning was comparatively adequate.

Association between Primary Amenorrhea and Early Maternal Age: A Population Study

Primary Amenorrhea (PA) is one of the most common reproductive disorders found in women can be characterized by the absence of menstruation cycle during puberty as well as throughout life that lead to infertility. The major cause of PA includes hypothalamic disorder and ovarian disorder. In this study a promising association between early maternal age and PA is found. This present study was carried out to perceive the effect of early maternal age (age of conception) in the etiology of PA. A population based study of approximately 993 PA cases and 1027 controls have been investigated in our laboratory (from 2004 and 2013). PA cases born to mothers of age less than 20 years are 71.70% and the mean age of mother is 16.15 years. A highly significant association of primary amenorrhea patient with the younger mother (≤ 20 years age) (OR = 5.51; 95% CI = 4.47- 6.79; p < 0.0001) has been found. On the other hand, association with older women is not significant (≥ 30 years) (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 0.86-1.61; p < 0.315). Unpaired t-test analysis has shown statistical significant impact of younger maternal age on PA occurrence. The partial correlation of coefficient between maternal age and PA occurrence while keeping paternal age constant is 0.593. Statistical assessment shows a significant association between younger mother and daughter facing primary amenorrhea at puberty. There are different causes of PA which have been revealedbut the allianceof early maternal age with PA may be highlighted as the etiology of PA.

PP02.12 – 2719: Assessment of speech and language delay among 0–3 year old children attending well baby clinics using Language Evaluation Scale Trivandrum (LEST 0–3)

Objective 0–3 years children seem to be at increased risk for speech and language disorders. Methods Parents of 202 children within age 0–3 years (141 male, 61 female) completed screening questionnaires and the child was evaluated on the language scale. The screening battery included the Risk Factor Assessment Questionnaire for socio demographic profile, Home Screening Questionnaire (HSQ) and LEST. Children with disabilities were excluded. Results Twelve children (5.9%) screened positive for LEST delay. Among them 10 children (83.3%) had negative home environment while 2 children (16.7%) had positive environment on Home Screening Questionnaires. Of the 12 children who showed LEST delay 8 (66.7%) were boys and 4 (33.3%) were girls. LEST total delay showed a similar trend on the basis of religion as 8 (66.7%) were Hindus and 4 (33.3%) were Muslims. The overall socio economic status of majority of families was 73 (38.4%) lower middle class with 7 (58.3%) showing LEST delay. The mean age of mother in case of LEST delay was 23.42 (SD 2.234) and mean age of father in case of LEST delay was 26.42 (SD 2.644). The average birth weight noticed was 3158.33 grams (SD 511.163) with P value 0.047. There was no significant relation with gestational age and the LEST delay as 11 (91.7%) of the children were born at term and 1 (8.3%) was born preterm. There was relation in LEST delay and place of residence as 10 (83.3%) were urban dwellers and 2 (18.7%) were from rural background. Conclusion Our results indicate a higher prevalence of speech and language delay in children with negative home environment compared to the general population prevalence. The speech and language delay was associated with male child. There was more so prevalence in urban children without any relation to the preterm gestation. Our findings support the simultaneous use of more than one screening tests in order to increase screening sensitivity

Reporte de casos de estudio citogenético en gestantes

Introducción: El diagnóstico prenatal incluye todos los actos diagnósticos usados para detectar alteraciones congénitas en el feto. La amniocentesis y el estudio de las muestras de vellosidades coriales son las técnicas más comúnmente utilizadas en diagnóstico prenatal y su objetivo es descubrir alteraciones cromosómicas en un feto de riesgo, ya sea por edad materna o por la presencia de marcadores ecográficos. Objetivos: Analizar las frecuencias de cromosomopatías y éxito del cultivo en pacientes atendidas en un centro especializado. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo. Institución: Reprogenetics SAC. Participantes: Gestantes de edad mayor de 35 años o con marcadores de anormalidades fetales. Intervenciones: En 118 pacientes atendidas en el periodo junio 2007 a agosto 2010 se analizó los datos de frecuencias de las diferentes cromosomopatías y de éxito del cultivo. También, la edad materna media, edad gestacional e indicaciones del estudio citogenético prenatal. Las muestras de líquido amniótico fueron obtenidas por punción transabdominal, bajo control ecográfico y con total asepsia. Las muestras de vellosidades coriales fueron obtenidas de productos abortados. Las células de líquido amniótico y de las vellosidades coriales fueron cultivadas en medio AmnioMax en estufa húmeda, a 37ºC y atmósfera de CO2 al 5%, durante 10 a 12 días. Los cromosomas fueron analizados con técnicas de bandas G, entregándose el resultado dentro de los 15 días de extraída la muestra. Principales medidas de resultados: Éxito de cultivos y cromosomopatías encontradas. Resultados: El cariotipo fetal se obtuvo en 95,8% de las muestras y en 52,2% de ellas se observó una anomalía cromosómica. La edad materna media para líquido amniótico fue 33,9 años (rango 23 a 43 años) y la edad gestacional media, según la fecha de la última menstruación, 16,1 semanas (rango 13 a 18 semanas). La edad materna media para muestras de vellosidades coriales fue 35,9 años (rango 26 a 44 años) y la edad gestacional media, según la fecha de la última menstruación, 11,8 semanas (rango 9 a 18 semanas). Conclusiones: En la mitad de las muestras de cariotipo fetal se halló anomalía cromosómica. Aún cuando el número de muestras analizadas en este estudio no es muy elevado, los datos obtenidos concuerdan con lo publicado por otros autores.