Oil Meal Research Articles

Influence of dry matter intake and passage rate on microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of sheep and its estimation by cannulation and a non-invasive method

Two experiments were carried out using three wethers each. Sheep were fitted with rumen and re-entrant duodenal cannulas. In Experiment 1, diets included 10, 30 and 50% ground straw and barley plus sunflower oil meal in the ratio 9:1. Straw was used as a diluting substance in order to obtain diets with similar net energy contents but different dry matter levels and thus different ruminal dilution rates. In Experiment 2, diets contained ground barley and dehydrated alfalfa in the ratio 2:1 plus 0, 24 and 32% polyvinylchloride (PVC). PVC was used as ballast to increase dry matter intake (DMI) and ruminal dilution rates without changing the amount of nutrients in the diets. All diets were pelleted. Intake of net energy and nitrogen was quite similar for the three diets within each experiment. Dry matter intake, however, was different. Protozoa disappeared almost completely when sheep received the diet with 10% straw and all diets in Experiment 2 because of low pH values in the rumen. There were no significant differences in volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia concentration in the rumen fluid. Rumen volume and liquid and solid dilution rate increased with increasing DMI. Organic matter digestibility in the forestomachs and in the whole digestive tract decreased linearly with increasing DMI and shifted from the reticulo-rumen to the intestine. It appears that the depression of digestibility was highly related to DMI despite the fact that the energy level did not change and this is likely to be a result of increased ruminal dilution rates. Microbial protein passing to the duodenum increased proportionally to DMI. The results of Experiment 2 showed clearly that the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis ( E mps) in the rumen increased with increases in the level of feeding. These results could not be affected by other factors such as the level of energy intake, concentrate: roughage ratio, energy and N sources because the intake of feed ingredients and nutrients for all three rations was quite similar. Comparison of the three microbial markers (diaminopimelic acid (DAPA), purine nitrogen, urine purine derivative excretion) showed that microbial protein entering the duodenum was underestimated by DAPA only when the number of protozoa in rumen fluid was high. The estimation of microbial protein reaching the duodenum on the basis of urinary purine derivatives excretion did not differ significantly from the estimation by purine N in duodenal digesta. Therefore, it is possible to avoid invasive cannulation technique without reducing the accuracy of estimation of microbial protein entering the small intestine.

Total phosphorus, phytate-phosphorus and phytase activity in plant feedstuffs

A total of 285 samples representing 51 feedstuffs used in Belgian feed-mills were quantitatively analysed for phytase activity, phytate-P and total P. It was concluded that the number of feedstuffs showing significant phytase activity (more than 100 units kg −1) is rather limited ( n = 13). Of the cereals analysed, only rye (5130 units kg −1), triticale (1688 units kg −1), wheat (1193 units kg −1) and barley (582 units kg −1) were rich in phytase. Wheat by-products, such as fine bran meal (4601 units kg −1) or pellets (2573 units kg −1)], middlings (4381 units kg −1), feed flour (3350 units kg −1) and bran (2957 units kg −1) were very phytase rich. Pelleted wheat fine bran samples were, on average, only 56% as active as non-pelleted wheat fine bran. Malt sprouts pellets (877 units kg −1) as well as corn distillers (385 units kg −1) also showed a moderate phytase activity. All other feedstuffs analysed showed zero or extremely low phytase activity. Phytase activity was not related to total P content or phytate-P content. A significant linear relationship was found between phytate-P and total P, for two feedstuff classes—wheat plus wheat by-products ( R 2 = 0.953; RSD = 0.060) and maize plus maize by-products ( R 2 = 0.928; RSD = 0.042)—but not for cereals or oil meals. Phytate-P content, as a percentage of total P content, was higher in cereals and in wheat by-products than in oil-seed meals and legume seeds. In malt sprouts, corn distillers and moist ensiled maize, phytate-P seems to be totally or partly hydrolysed as a result of processing or ensiling. In feedstuffs derived from roots and tubers, as well as in citrus pulp, cocoa shells, soyabean hulls, flax chaff, maize cob meal, dehydrated alfalfa and a dried mycelium sample, phytate-P was not detectable.

Effect of the thermal processing on the protein value of double-low rapeseed products. 1. Effect of toasting temperature on protein value of rapeseed oil meal for pigs

Effect of the thermal processing on the protein value of double-low rapeseed products. 1. Effect of toasting temperature on protein value of rapeseed oil meal for pigs

The market valuation of soybean quality characteristics

Abstract The price and quality characteristics of 213 shiploads of US soybeans exported between January 1990 and October 1991 are examined using hedonic analysis. The results of the analysis confirm that the price of soybeans exported is determined in part by the protein and oil content of the soybeans. The analysis further reveals the effects of country‐specific domestic and import strategies on component pricing of soybeans. For example, in Japan and The Netherlands, the two largest import destinations for US exported soybeans, the value of both soybean oil and soybean meal have positive effects on the price of soybeans. For the Republic of Korea, however, the soybean meal content does not affect the price of soybeans imported from the US. Measures of the processable content of soybeans such as damaged kernels and the percentage of foreign material, as expected, have statistically significant negative effects on the export price of soybeans, although not in all markets. Finally, the US grades and standa...

Mudanças periódicas dos ingredientes alimentares associadas às diferentes formas de ração no desempenho de frangos de corte

Efeitos da forma de ração (triturada e farelada), sexos e mudanças semanais na composição centesimal das rações no peso corporal, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar de frangos de corte no período de 1 até 49 dias de idade, foram testados através de delineamento fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, com 3 repetições de 50 aves cada. A ração basal foi formulada para conter milho moído, farelo de soja, fosfato bicálcico, calcáreo, gordura animal, sal e suplemento de vitaminas, minerais e aditivos. As mudanças na composição foram feitas pela redução do nível de farelo de soja e calcáreo, retirada da gordura animal e introdução de protenose, farelo de algodão e farinha de carne e ossos. As rações foram formuladas para serem isocalóricas e isoprotéicas. Os resultados indicaram que a forma triturada da ração contribuiu para melhorar o desempenho de frangos de corte. O ganho de peso e o peso corporal em diversos períodos experimentais foram superiores quando as rações sofreram mudanças bruscas na composição aumentar, porém, a conversão alimentar piorou. Foram observadas interações duplas e triplas significativas (P < 0,05) , porém, como a análise de variância não indicou diferenças significativas dessas variáveis isoladas dentro dos períodos considerados, não foi possível concluir-se sobre o efeito de uma variável sobre as demais.

Aflatoxin removal of peanut meals with aqueous ethanol

A preliminary approach to achieve compatible simultaneous extraction of aflatoxin and residual oil from pressed oil meals was conducted to determine the minimum amount of water to be added to ethanol versus necessary time to achieve complete removal of aflatoxin. Commercial anhydrous, 96, 93 and 90°GL ethanol were utilized in trials with Soxhlet extractors. Commercial anhydrous ethanol did not remove aflatoxin completely and the extraction efficiency in minutes was directly proportional to the amount of water present in the ethanol, as expected. Although 96°GL ethanol was efficient, alcoholic strengths between 96 and 99°GL need be evaluated to improve oil extraction, provided they do not decrease aflatoxin removal efficiency.

Incorporation of dietary [14C]arachidonic acid and [3H]eicosapentaenoic acid into tissue lipids during absorption of a fish oil emulsion.

A preferential incorporation of dietary arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) into chyle lipoprotein phospholipids, a relative resistance of 20:4 esters of chyle triacylglycerol (TG) to hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase, a preferential utilization of 20:4 for phospholipid acylation, and a low rate of oxidation of 20:4 are factors that may contribute to the differences seen in the incorporation into tissue lipids between absorbed 20:4 and the predominant dietary 16-18 carbon fatty acids. In this study we fed [14C]20:4 and [3H]eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3) as free fatty acids in a fish oil emulsion to rats and analyzed the radioactivity in different tissue lipids after 1, 2, and 4 h. The purpose was to examine the degree of similarity in the fate of the two major eicosanoid precursors during the absorption of a fish oil meal. The recovery after 2 and 4 h of 14C exceeded that of 3H in lipids of small intestine, serum, liver, heart, kidneys, and spleen. The differences increased with time, e.g., the liver contained 9.7 (+/- 0.7)% 3H and 17.9 (+/- 1.4)% of the 14C (P less than 0.001), and the upper half of the small intestine 10.0 (+/- 0.8)% of the 3H and 22.8 (+/- 1.1)% of the 14C (P less than 0.001) after 4 h. The 14C and 3H radioactivity per g tissue after 4 h ranked as follows: liver and brown adipose tissue greater than kidneys greater than heart, lungs, spleen, and serum greater than colon greater than white adipose tissue and testes, the differences between tissues being up to 50-fold. There were up to fourfold variations in the 14C/3H ratios between tissues after 4 h, the highest value being observed in the heart and the lowest in white adipose tissue. Of the radioactivity retained in liver and intestine, more 14C and 3H was in phospholipids and less in triacylglycerol (TG), the differences being largest in the liver, e.g., after 4 h 57.6 (+/- 0.8)% of the 14C and 29.9 (+/- 0.9)% of the 3H (P less than 0.001) in the liver was in phosphatidylcholine (PC). In both intestine and liver the highest 14C/3H ratios were found in phosphatidylinositiol (PI). Also phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) contained more 14C than 3H but the quantitative differences were relatively small after 4 h. In heart the proportions of 3H and 14C found in PE and PI did not differ, whereas more of the 14C was in PC and more of the 3H was in cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Research Note: Utilizing Hazelnut Kernel Oil Meal in Layer Diets

The present study was conducted in order to investigate the possibility of utilizing hazelnut kernel oil meal (HKOM) in layer diets as a replacement for soybean oil meal (SBM). Two hundred and sixteen brown egg layers raised in contiguous wire cages were used. The duration of the experiment was 24 wk consisting of six periods of 4 wk. In the trial, six diets containing different levels of HKOM replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of SBM protein, respectively, were utilized as the treatments. Differences among the diets in terms of egg yield, feed consumption, feed efficiency ratio, egg weight, egg yolk and albumen ratios, shell thickness, shell weight, and Roche color values of the yolk were not statistically significant (P>.01). Results indicated that SBM could be replaced totally by HKOM in layer diets. However, replacement of more than 40% of SBM with HKOM is not recommended.

Intestinal absorption of fish oil in rats previously adapted to diets containing fish oil or corn oil

A study was conducted to evaluate whether the composition of previous dietary fat affects the absorption and composition of lymph obtained after a meal of fish oil. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing either corn oil or fish oil (MaxEPA) for 2 weeks. They were then given intraduodenally a bolus of an emulsion of 0.5 ml of fish oil plus 0.5 ml of 20 mM sodium taurocholate. Intestinal lymph was collected from a cannula in the main intestinal lymph trunk for various times after oil administration. Rats previously fed fish oil absorbed a greater proportion of the test dose of fish oil than those fed corn oil. There was an effect of previous diet on the fatty acid composition of the lymph. Rats fed fish oil had a higher percentage of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in the lymph lipids than those fed corn oil while those fed corn oil had a higher percentage of linoleic acid. These results rule out decreased intestinal absorption as a mechanism for the hypotriacylglycerolemic effect of dietary fish oils. They also indicate a significant contribution of endogenous lipids to the fatty acids in lymph.

Regulation of rat antral gastrin and somatostatin gene expression during starvation and after refeeding

Antral gastrin and somatostatin gene expression during starvation and after refeeding with liquid meals of varying composition were studied. Northern and slot-blot hybridization analyses showed that starvation caused a marked decrease in antral gastrin messenger RNA (mRNA) level by 12 hours associated with an increase in somatostatin mRNA. After 48 hours of fasting, antral gastrin mRNA was 26% and somatostatin mRNA was 136% of their prefasting levels. Refeeding caused increased 2-hour integrated gastrin mRNA levels after liquid peptone (+45%), phenylalanine (+31%), and olive oil (+13%), but no changes were observed with glucose or saline solutions. Integrated 2-hour immunoreactive antral gastrin content was increased after peptone (+106%), phenylalanine (+68%), and olive oil (+32%) meals but was not increased after glucose (−11%) or saline (−10%). In some cases, both gastrin mRNA and peptide responses could be measured as early as 15 minutes. The same nutrients that increased gastrin mRNA levels caused decreased 2-hour integrated somatostatin mRNA levels; peptone (−30%), phenylalanine (−28%), and olive oil (−21%), but neither glucose nor saline, altered somatostatin mRNA levels. These results suggest that antral gastrin and somatostatin genes were regulated in opposite directions, in a coordinate manner, by specific gastric nutrients that stimulate gastrin release.

Complete reclamation of oil palm wastes

Oil palm has been gaining increasing importance as a cash crop in several tropical countries. The palm oil industry plays a major role in the economic development of the country. However, large quantities of waste are generated by the industry. The palm oil wastes could be regarded as by-products and many resources can be reclaimed. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) can be used through anaerobic digestion to generate biogas. The biogas contains up to 70% by weight of methane. The dehydrated POME solids, termed palm oil meals (POM), and palm kernel cake (PKC) contain high levels of nutrients and can be used as animal feeds. The shell and fiber wastes are used extensively as fuel for steam production. The shell and fiber ash can be blended with cement for concrete making.

Polyunsaturated fats enhance peripheral glucose utilization in rats.

Carbohydrate intolerance is positively correlated with saturated fat consumption. In contrast, individuals consuming diets comprised of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have a lower incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM). To test the hypothesis that dietary fats may influence insulin sensitivity, insulin-stimulated glucose utilization was estimated in vivo in rats consuming diets enriched with saturated fatty acids (SFA) (cocoa butter), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (olive oil), or PUFA derived from corn or fish sources. Each test meal provided (as percentage of calories) 45% carbohydrate, 39% fat, and 16% protein. The meals were consumed over an 8-week period. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR) for glucose was significantly higher (p less than 0.01; 5.69 +/- 0.46 and 5.18 +/- 0.29 ml/kg/min) for diets containing fish and corn oil sources, respectively, when compared to olive oil (4.34 +/- 0.32 ml/kg/min) and cocoa butter (4.61 +/- 0.11 ml/kg/min). Although the MCR between the fish and corn oil diets were not significantly different, the steady state plasma insulin concentration was lower during the fish oil meal (75 +/- 20 microU/ml) when compared to the corn meal (112 +/- 13 microU/ml). Fasting plasma insulin concentrations were significantly lower (p less than 0.01) following the PUFA diets compared to the other two diets. Fasting plasma glucose levels, despite being lower in the fish meal, were insignificantly different among the four test meals. Lastly, body weights were comparable among the four groups tested. These results suggest that diets enriched with PUFA enhance peripheral glucose utilization significantly more than diets comprised of MUFA or SFA sources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The effect of source of nitrogen used for supplementation of high wheat silage diets for cattle

ABSTRACTFive diets of identical metabolizable energy (ME) content were formulated, in which wheat silage, made from a variety bred for a high proportion of ears to roughage, was incorporated at the rate of 480 g/kg dry matter (DM). Their calculated ME density was 11-4 MJ/kg DM, the protein concentration of four of the five diets was 150 g/kg DM, and that of the fifth was 87 g/kg DM. The effectiveness of protein supplementation of such diets by non-protein nitrogen (NPN), fish meal (FM) or soya-bean and cottonseed oil meals (SBM and CSM) was studied in a digestibility and nitrogen balance trial, and in a feeding trial using Friesian and beef breed young bulls. One diet served as a negative control (NC). The apparent digestibility of organic matter (kg/kg DM) was 0·709, 0·708, 0·704, 0·680 and 0·667 (s.e. 0·0125) and nitrogen retention (g/kg M0·75 per day) was 0·20, 0·65, 0·65, 0·64 and 0·68 (s.e. 0·059; P < 0·01) for the NC, NPN, FM, CSM and SBM supplemented diets, respectively. The feeding trial was divided into two periods; the first 100 days, and from day 101 to slaughter. The NC groups of both breeds gained significantly less in both periods of the experiment than did the supplemented groups. There were no significant differences among the supplemented groups.

Untersuchungen zum ruminalen Stickstoffumsatz bei Kälbern und Schafen

In a model experiment with calves supplied with duodenal re-entrant and rumen fistula resp. rations were tested that were energetically different (535 and 585 EFU cattle/kg DM) due to changing quotas of wheat starch and straw resp., dry matter intake being equal, and in which 45% of the crude protein came from soybean oil meal or urea resp. Due to the N-equivalent exchange of soybean oil meal by urea in rations for ruminating calves (130th day of life) the ammonia-N content in the rumen fluid, the quota of bacteria-N in the duodenal non-ammonia N (NAN) as well as the fermentation of crude plant protein in the ration were clearly increased. The iso-acid content in the rumen fluid and the utilization of the N available for bacteria N synthesis (N intake minus not degraded feed N in the duodenum) were reduced. An influence on duodenal NAN passage, on the apparent fermentation of the organic matter, on postruminal NAN digestibility and on the content of amino acid nitrogen as well as the amino acid composition of duodenal NAN could not be proved. A ca. 20% higher energy intake by ruminating calves did not have a clear influence on other parameters, with the exception of the reduction of the molar quota of acetic acid in favour of the quota of propionic acid in the rumen fluid.

Untersuchungen zum Einfluß gestaffelter Gaben an Soja- extraktionsschrot auf die scheinbare Verdaulichkeit der Rohnährstoffe und Aminosäuren bei kolostomierten Legehennen

Four colostomized laying hens per group were given a ration of barley and soya bean oil meal (SBM) with 12.5, 25.0 and 37.5% SBM resp. The crude protein intakes were 14.0, 17.7 and 21.4 g per animal and day. The lysine intake raised from 681 mg (group 1) to 1275 mg (group 3) per animal and day. The digestibility of dry matter and of the N-free extracts of the ration decreased with the rising SBM portion in the ration. The digestibility of crude protein remained constant. The investigated amino acids (Lys, His, Arg, Cys, Met) were higher digested in the 37.5% SBM ration than in the 12.5% SBM ration. The following digestibility values for SBM were found by means of the difference method: Dry matter 52.5%, crude protein 83.1%, crude fat 51.7%, crude fibre 5.5%, N-free extracts 50.6%. The level of the SBM did not influence the digestibility of the crude nutrients. The apparent digestibility of lysine from SBM depended on the level of intake and was found to be 82.3, 83.4 and 89.0%, resp. There were no differences in the digestibility of other amino acids.

High Moisture Corn Preserved with Esters of Propionic Acid for Lactating Cows

Forty lactating Holstein cows over 2 yr of age were used to compare rolled dry shelled corn with high moisture (75.6% DM) ground shelled corn preserved with esters of propionic acid (1% of corn weight) in a concrete bunker silo. Cows were fed complete mixed rations containing (dry basis) 34.9% corn silage, 20.0% alfalfa haylage, 33.6% corn grain, and 11.5% of soybean oil meal, vitamins, and mineral premix. Milk yields, its composition, feed intakes, and body weight changes were similar for cows fed dry corn and high moisture corn. Rumen proprionate was higher and isobutyrate and isovalerate were lower for cows fed high moisture corn than for dry corn diets. Rumen pH and ammonia were lower for cows fed high moisture corn than for those fed dry corn.

Iodine deficiency in ruminants. 1. The iodine content of feed, plants and drinking water

Dependent on the species, feedstuffs and plants differ considerably in their iodine content. Among the I-poorest feedstuffs there are grain concentrates, extracted soybean and rapeseed oil meals, mixed feed (without I-containing mineral mixture) and grasses. The I content of the plants decreases with proceeding growth. The I intake of ruminants via vegetable feed and drinking water is affected by the distance of the site from the seaside and the geological origin of the soil material. Ruminants get considerably less iodine via feedstuffs and water in the southern territory of the GDR than in the central and northern areas. Therefore, mineral mixtures for cattle and sheep are supplemented with 18 mg KIO3 per kg mixture in the southern districts. The I analysis of 205 charges of mineral mixtures revealed only a mean I content of 7 (3.8-11.3) mg per kg mixture.

Influence of Dietary Cottonseed and Soybean on Milk Production and Composition

Eight rumen cannulated Holstein cows were used in two 4×4 Latin squares to study the factors involved in depression of milk protein synthesis when whole soybeans or cottonseeds are fed. Supplements fed in each square were oilseed meal, oilseed meal plus oil, whole seeds, and roasted whole seeds. Diets contained 16.5% CP of which 40% was provided by the oil meal or oil seed. Milk yield was not affected by diet, but milk fat percent was reduced with addition of free oil. Milk protein and casein contents were lowered by feeding soy product with oil, but this was not observed with cottonseed. Feed consumption was reduced with inclusion of oil or whole seeds. Digestion in the total tract was reduced by free oil. The proportion of propionate in ruminal VFA was higher and that of butyrate lower as a result of feeding free oil. Protozoal numbers were reduced with free oil and whole seed but were not affected by addition of roasted oil seed. Free oil supplementation increased content of unsaturated long chain fatty acids in rumen fluid. The ratio of serum glucose to unsaturated long-chain fatty acids was positively correlated with percent milk protein. Concentrations of essential amino acids in blood plasma were reduced by feeding soybean oil products, and a similar but nonsignificant trend for this was observed with feeding of cottonseed oil products.

Metabolisable energy content of rapeseed meal, soyabean meal and white‐flowered peas determined with laying hens and adult cockerels

Abstract 1. The apparent metabolisable energy (AME) contents of 5 protein‐rich ingredients were determined with laying hens and the true metabolisable energy (TME) with adult cockerels. The test materials consisted of one batch each of winter‐grown high glucosinolate rapeseed meal (HG‐RSM), summer‐grown HG‐RSM, low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (LG‐RSM), soyabean oil meal (SBM) and white‐flowered peas (WFP). 2. In a separate study the endogenous energy losses (EEL) of adult Rhode Island Red (RIR) and adult broiler roosters were measured when given a supply of energy. 3. AME value for RSM tended to be lower for cockerels than for hens, whereas the opposite was noted for SBM and WFP. 4. This study showed that AME of ingredients could be influenced by choice of technique. These differences are accentuated for some ingredients, such as SBM and RSM, although there was no difference in ranking ingredients tested within the AME and TME systems. 5. Assuming that birds are receiving an energy source, the EEL0 per kg...

Satiating effect of fat in diabetic rats: gastrointestinal and postabsorptive factors.

Streptozotocin-diabetic rats decrease food intake more than normal animals in response to a fat test meal. To determine the physiological basis of this differential response, we examined the effects of an ingested corn oil meal on food intake, gastrointestinal fill, and plasma triglycerides, glycerol, and ketone bodies. Hyperphagic diabetic rats decreased intake of a high-carbohydrate, low-fat stock diet starting 2-4 h after the fat meal, whereas normal rats did not. Gastric emptying was accelerated and intestinal mass and contents were increased in diabetic rats. The fat meal reduced gastric emptying and increased stomach contents in diabetic and normal rats starting within 2 h of ingestion. Intestinal fill decreased in diabetic animals after the oil meal. Triglycerides and glycerol increased transiently after fat ingestion in normal and diabetic rats, whereas ketone body concentrations rose only in diabetic rats starting 1-3 h after fat ingestion. The results indicate that the differential effect of a fat meal on food intake in normal and diabetic rats is related to differences in the postabsorptive metabolism of the ingested fat rather than to effects of fat feeding on gastrointestinal fill or clearance.