Meal Composition Research Articles

1914-P: A Plant-Based Meal Increases Gastrointestinal Hormones and Satiety More Than an Energy- and Macronutrient-Matched Standard Meal in T2D, Obese, and Healthy Participants: A Three-Group Randomized Crossover Study

Objective: Gastrointestinal hormones play a key role in glucose metabolism and satiety. We examined the acute effect of meal composition on these hormones in three population groups. Research Design and Methods: A randomized crossover design was used to test the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a processed-meat (M-meal) and a vegan (V-meal) on gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n=20), obese participants (O, n=20), and healthy controls (H, n=20). Plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), amylin, and peptide YY (PYY) were determined at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. Satiety was assessed using a visual analogue scale. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results: An increase in postprandial secretion of GLP-1 was observed after the V-meal in T2D (by 30.5%; 95% CI 21.2 to 40.7%; p<0.001) and H (by 15.8%; 95% CI 8.6 to 23.5%; p=0.01). An increase in postprandial plasma concentrations of amylin was observed in all groups after the V-meal: by 15.7% in T2D (95% CI 11.8 to 19.6%; p<0.001); by 11.5% in O (95% CI 7.8 to 15.3%; p=0.03); and by 13.8% in H (95% CI 8.4 to 19.5%; p<0.001). An increase in postprandial values of PYY after the V-meal was significant only in H (by 18.9%; 95% CI 7.5 to 31.3%; p=0.03). The participants in all groups reported greater satiety after the V-meal: by 9.0% in T2D (95% CI 4.4 to 13.6%; p=0.004); by 18.7% in O (95% CI 12.8 to 24.6%; p<0.001); and by 25.0% in H (95% CI 18.2 to 31.7%; p<0.001). Conclusions: Our results indicate there is an increase in gut hormones and satiety, following consumption of a single plant-based meal when compared with an energy- and macronutrient-matched standard meat meal. Disclosure J. Veleba: None. M. Klementova: None. L. Belinova: None. M. Haluzik: None. R. Pavlovicova: None. M. Hill: None. T. Pelikanova: None. H. Kahleova: None. Funding Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (AZV15-27338A); Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (MZCR00023001)

Genes Involved in Oxidative Stress Pathways Are Differentially Expressed in Circulating Mononuclear Cells Derived From Obese Insulin-Resistant and Lean Insulin-Sensitive Individuals Following a Single Mixed-Meal Challenge.

Background: Oxidative stress induced by nutritional overload has been linked to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, which is associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes and diabetic vascular complications. Postprandial changes in expression of oxidative stress pathway genes in obese vs. lean individuals, following intake of different types of meals varying in macronutrient composition have not been characterized to date. Here we aimed to test whether/how oxidative stress responses in obese vs. lean individuals are modulated by meal composition.Methods: High-carbohydrate (HC), high-fat (HF), or high-protein (HP) liquid mixed meals were administered to study subjects (lean insulin-sensitive, n = 9 and obese insulin-resistant, n = 9). Plasma levels of glucose and insulin, lipid profile, urinary F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoP), and expression levels of genes of oxidative stress pathways were assessed in mononuclear cells (MNC) derived from fresh peripheral blood, at baseline and up to 6-h postprandial states. Differences in these parameters were compared between insulin-sensitive/resistant groups undergoing aforementioned meal challenges.Results: Obese individuals exhibited increased pro-oxidant (i.e., CYBB and CYBA) and anti-oxidant (i.e., TXN RD1) gene expression in the postprandial state, compared with lean subjects, regardless of meal type (P interaction for group × time < 0.05). By contrast, lean subjects had higher expression of NCF-4 gene (pro-oxidant) after HC meal and SOD1 gene (anti-oxidant) after HC and HF meals (P interaction for group × meal < 0.05). There was an increase in postprandial level of urinary F2-IsoP in the obese (P < 0.05) but not lean group.Conclusions: These findings may represent an adaptive oxidative response to mitigate increased stress induced by acute nutritional excess. Further, the results suggest an increased predisposition of obese subjects to oxidative stress. Chronic nutritional excess resulting in increases in body weight and adiposity might lead to decompensation leading to worsening insulin resistance and its sequel. Insights from this study could impact on nutritional recommendations for obese subjects at high-risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Comparative Study of the Use of Insect Meal from Spodoptera littoralis and Bactrocera zonata for Feeding Japanese Quail Chicks.

Simple SummaryWith the increasing world population and rising meat consumption, sustainable high-quality feed is urgently needed. It was proposed that insects could be a promising alternative feed source, since they have high protein contents and can be reared sustainably on food production residues. Caterpillars of the African cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis can be cultivated on different residues of crops and vegetables and larvae of the peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata can be reared on fruit and vegetable residues. In addition, mass rearing expertise of these two insect species already exists thanks to the sterile insect technique, a method of biological pest control. The nutrient composition of meals from these two insect species was determined and the impact of their meals as feed ingredients for Japanese quail chicks in comparison to soybean meal was investigated. In the feeding trials, 50% of the soybean protein was replaced with B. zonata meal and S. littoralis meal, respectively. For chicks fed with insect meal containing diets, improved growth, feed performance parameters, carcass characteristics and biochemical indices were observed in comparison to a soybean meal-based diet. Consequently, both insect meals represent a promising alternative to soy in the feed of Japanese quail chicks.A transformation of current livestock production towards a more sustainable operation is crucial to face nutritional and environmental challenges. There is an urgent demand for more sustainable high-quality feed sources to reduce environmental costs. Insects pose a potential alternative since they can be reared sustainably on food and feed residues. Know-how in mass rearing already exists for insect species used in biological pest control, such as the African cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis and the peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata. The impact of a replacement of 50% of soybean meal by S. littoralis and B. zonata meal, respectively, on seven-days-old Japanese quail chicks was investigated in feeding trials. Concomitantly, the chemical compositions of the two insect meals and soybean meal were determined and compared. It was observed that the insect meals had higher protein and fat contents, lower carbohydrate contents and contained more saturated fatty acids than soybean meal. They also had higher methionine, and S. littoralis had a higher lysine content. Feeding trials resulted in improved growth, feed performance parameters, carcass characteristics, and biochemical indices for both insect meals. Consequently, both insect meals represent a promising alternative to soy in the feed of Japanese quail chicks.

Insulin in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes-Should the Dose of Insulin Before a Meal be Based on Glycemia or Meal Content?

The aim of this review was to investigate existing guidelines and scientific evidence on determining insulin dosage in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and in particular to check whether the prandial insulin dose should be calculated based on glycemia or the meal composition, including the carbohydrates, protein and fat content in a meal. By exploring the effect of the meal composition on postprandial glycemia we demonstrated that several factors may influence the increase in glycemia after the meal, which creates significant practical difficulties in determining the appropriate prandial insulin dose. Then we reviewed effects of the existing insulin therapy regimens on glycemic control. We demonstrated that in most existing algorithms aimed at calculating prandial insulin doses in type 1 diabetes only carbohydrates are counted, whereas in type 2 diabetes the meal content is often not taken into consideration. We conclude that prandial insulin doses in treatment of people with diabetes should take into account the pre-meal glycemia as well as the size and composition of meals. However, there are still open questions regarding the optimal way to adjust a prandial insulin dose to a meal and the possible benefits for people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes if particular parameters of the meal are taken into account while calculating the prandial insulin dose. The answers to these questions may vary depending on the type of diabetes.

MasterChef recipes and takeaway foods: How do they compare?

ObjectiveTo examine the nutrient content and macronutrient percentages of meals representing two ends of the popular food spectrum, namely ‘fine dining’ recipes from MasterChef Australia (a television program), and Australian fast food meals, to determine commonalities and how they compare to nutrient recommendations. DesignAnalysis of the nutritional composition of main meals and recipes from six seasons of MasterChef Australia and seven most popular Australian fast food outlets. ResultsNutritional composition of 63 meals from MasterChef Australia and 186 meals from seven Australian fast food outlets were analysed. Macronutrient percentages were compared. Micronutrient intakes were also compared to Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs; per 1000 kJ). MasterChef recipes were significantly higher in protein (p = 0.001), fat (p < 0.001) and lower in carbohydrate (p < 0.001) than fast food meals. Many micronutrients as well as fibre were lower than NRVs with fast food meals providing fewer micronutrients than MasterChef recipes. ConclusionsThe results indicate there are commonalities in the macronutrient percentages of highly palatable meals from mass market and prestige ends of the food spectrum. The high fat and saturated fat levels of both cuisine types coupled with poor fibre and micronutrient density is concerning given the meals popularity and the high rates of nutrition-related diseases.

Development of mainly plant protein-derived plywood bioadhesives via soy protein isolate fiber self-reinforced soybean meal composites

Self-reinforced composites (SRCs) exhibit excellent interface compatibilities and have similar constituents for easy recycling, thereby making them competitive with traditional polymeric composites in various industrial areas. However, there is still a lack of research regarding the biodegradable plant protein-based SRCs plywood adhesives with rigid strength. In this study, the “self-gluing” concept of the binding of the soy protein isolate fibers (SPFs) network skeleton with the soybean meal (SM) matrix was explored. To avoid the SPFs’ aggregation and to improve their dispersity, a batchwise feeding of SM was applied before and after the SPFs were added. The 1,2,3-propanetriol-diglycidyl-ether (PTGE) was the cross-linker, which readily formed dense physicochemical interactions with the multiple side groups (COOH/NH2/OH) in both the SPFs reinforcement phase and the SM matrix. A set of SPFs addition amounts (0.5%–2.0%) were employed in order to manufacture the self-reinforced SPFs/SM/PTGE plywood adhesives, and their bonded three-layer plywood was produced for testing. The wet shear strength of the plywood bonded with the SPFs/SM/PTGE adhesives fulfilled China’s interior furnishing requirements (≥0.7 MPa, GB/T 9846-2015). The SPFs/SM/PTGE adhesive bonded plywood reached its highest wet shear strength of 1.12 MPa (1.5 wt.% SPFs addition), which was a 70% increase compared to the unmodified SM/PTGE-bonded plywood sample. The morphology, the infrared spectra, the crystallinity observations, and the thermal behaviors of the SPFs/SM/PTGE adhesives showed fine SPFs-to-SM interfacial bonding and a dense crosslink network in the SPFs/SM/PTGE adhesive systems. In this study, the “self-reinforced” concept of biodegradable plant protein-based composites was evaluated and showed a great potential to apply into the plywood adhesive systems.

Impact of Nutrient Type and Sequence on Glucose Tolerance: Physiological Insights and Therapeutic Implications.

Pharmacological and dietary interventions targeting postprandial glycemia have proved effective in reducing the risk for type 2 diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Besides meal composition and size, the timing of macronutrient consumption during a meal has been recently recognized as a key regulator of postprandial glycemia. Emerging evidence suggests that premeal consumption of non-carbohydrate macronutrients (i.e., protein and fat “preloads”) can markedly reduce postprandial glycemia by delaying gastric emptying, enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin release, and decreasing insulin clearance. The same improvement in glucose tolerance is achievable by optimal timing of carbohydrate ingestion during a meal (i.e., carbohydrate-last meal patterns), which minimizes the risk of body weight gain when compared with nutrient preloads. The magnitude of the glucose-lowering effect of preload-based nutritional strategies is greater in type 2 diabetes than healthy subjects, being comparable and additive to current glucose-lowering drugs, and appears sustained over time. This dietary approach has also shown promising results in pathological conditions characterized by postprandial hyperglycemia in which available pharmacological options are limited or not cost-effective, such as type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and impaired glucose tolerance. Therefore, preload-based nutritional strategies, either alone or in combination with pharmacological treatments, may offer a simple, effective, safe, and inexpensive tool for the prevention and management of postprandial hyperglycemia. Here, we survey these novel physiological insights and their therapeutic implications for patients with diabetes mellitus and altered glucose tolerance.

Maximization of the reuse of industrial residues for the production of eco-friendly CSA-belite clinker

Abstract Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) belite cements are of increasing importance due to their lower energy consumption and CO2-emission compared to Portland cements. The aim of the study was to find an optimal raw meal composition resulting in a clinker with ye’elimite as main phase. The use of calcium carbonate and the sintering temperature should be minimized. The industrial residues residual bauxite and residual kaolinite were successfully used for an eco-friendly CSA-belite cement. The optimum raw meal composition range was found to be 38–42% limestone, 10–14% anhydrite, 20% residual kaolinite and 25–32% residual bauxite, leading to ye’elimite and larnite contents of 42–45% and 24–37%, respectively. Additionally, the sintering temperature could be reduced from the common 1250–1350 °C to 1200 °C. A statistical experimental planning program has been used as a guidance to minimize the necessary amount of experiments for finding the optimum raw meal composition.

USING OF ANIMAL BY PRODUCTS AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROTE

Four diets were formulated to include different sources of animal by-products as a protein source in Nile tilapia (5.79 ± 0.05 g) diets. The first group fed diet containing fish meal (T1), while the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups fed a mixture of poultry by-product meal (PBM), animal by-product meal (ABM) and kitchen waste meal (KWM) at 50:25:25 (T2); 25:50:25 (T3) and 25:25:50 (T4) ratio, respectively. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic. After 120 days, apparent digestibility and growth parameters were measured. The obtained results revealed that, the chemical composition of fish meal had the highest value of protein followed by PBM and KWM. Fish meal had higher essential amino acids content, except for the threonine and arginine amino acids, followed by PBM and ABM. The highest apparent digestibility of crude protein and ether extract were recorded in T1 and T2 followed by T4 and T3 groups. T1 and T2 groups exhibited significantly (P&lt;0.05) the highest growth performance over fish fed T3 and T4 diets. It could be suggested that using of waste protein sources especially containing high PBM as a replacement for fish meal to reduce the feed cost per Kg fish Production.Key words: animal by products; aigestibility; aish meal; arowth; Nile tilapia

Front cover: Vegan and Animal Meal Composition and Timing Influence Glucose and Lipid Related Postprandial Metabolic Profiles

Front cover: Vegan and Animal Meal Composition and Timing Influence Glucose and Lipid Related Postprandial Metabolic Profiles

3310 A Community-Academic Partnership to Understand the Association Among Health Status and Senior Services Utilization to Improve Nutrition and Blood Pressure Control for Low Income Seniors Aging in Place

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The Rockefeller University Center for Clinical and Translational Science (RU-CCTS), Clinical Directors Network (CDN), and Carter Burden Network (CBN), a multi-site senior services organization serving East Harlem, NY, formed a community-academic research partnership to characterize the health of the CBN seniors (many who are racial/ethnic minorities, low-income, and suffering from multiple chronic conditions) and to explore the use and associations of a measure of overall health status and frailty in this population. A simple validated measure of health status could standardize and streamline community-based translational research to study the impact of CBN’s services on health outcomes. The CCTS-funded Pilot Project aims to: 1) Engage CBN seniors and stakeholders in priority-setting, joint protocol development, research conduct, analysis and dissemination; 2) Characterize the health status of the CBN seniors using validated measures; 3) Establish an electronic database infrastructure for current and future research; 4) Understand how health and senior activities information can be used to implement programs to improve senior health and well-being. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 1) We used Community Engaged Research Navigation (CEnR-Nav) methods to facilitate partnership development, and to engage CBN seniors and stakeholders in each step of the research; 2) Research staff conducted recruitment, informed consent, and physical assessments (e.g., pulse, blood pressure, BMI); and administered validated surveys to collect health status information. 3) Data were captured on a REDCap-based platform. The primary outcome, frailty, was measured by the validated Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). 4) Secondary outcomes include the association of use of services/activities with the primary outcome. Research participants consented to sharing of their health, demographic and services utilization data compiled by CBN staff and the NYC Department for the Aging (DFTA). DFTA provided comparison datasets of de-identified health and demographic data for clients attending other NYC DFTA-funded senior centers. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 1) 43 residents and stakeholders engaged in partnership-building, study design and implementation. 2) 218 participants from two senior centers were enrolled. Mean age, 68 ± 11 years; 58% Hispanic; 33% African American, 23% White, 1% Asian, 18% Unknown, 17% Other; 69% reported &lt;$20000 annual income; 40% had not completed high school; 30% scored as moderately or severely frail; 83% were overweight or obese; and 33% reported a history of diabetes. 84% had uncontrolled high blood pressure; many participants were previously aware of their hypertension diagnosis. 3) A REDcap database was developed to store historical and prospective data. 4) Across frailty categories, there was a significant difference in utilization of non-meal (p = 0.0237) and meal services (p = 0.0127) and there was an inverse proportional relationship between the number of meal and non-meal visits, and frailty. Additional associations among health status measures (e.g., SPPB, demographics, biological measures: pulse, blood pressure, BMI; psychosocial and nutritional scales) and CBN service utilization (i.e., meals vs. non-meals activities) will be presented. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We developed a community-academic research partnership, infrastructure and capacity, built through our Community-Engaged (CEnR-Nav) model, to conduct a pilot study characterizing the health status and services utilization of low-income minority seniors. Our pilot study identified an urgent health priority, uncontrolled hypertension in 84% of CBN’s seniors. We then leveraged the team’s expertise and CBN’s meal services program to develop a research proposal for external funding to conduct a community-based multi-component intervention study. Replacement of a typical Western diet with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet has been proven to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive individuals in as little as 14 days, yet effective implementation has been lacking, and it is relatively untested in community-living seniors who receive their meals in settings such as CBN. We are also exploring mechanistic questions that relate to blood pressure control, such as the impact of the DASH diet on inflammation, which may lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of action of the DASH diet. Our community partner, CBN, was awarded the DHHS-ACL nutrition innovation grant to conduct this 2-year study with CDN and RU-CCTS. The resulting study developed out of the community engaged pilot study represents a unique combination of community-centered care, within an implementation science framework (with embedded mechanistic measures under development). This is an example of the novel, full-spectrum approach to translational research that the RU-CCTS/CDN Community Engaged Research Core has been developing over the last decade. The research to characterize CBN clients’ health status is now being extended to address cardiovascular health by way of intervening on diet quality and food insecurity, a key component of the social determinants of health, in partnership with agencies outside of the healthcare delivery system. The outcomes of the DASH Diet implementation study will also serve to inform the broader aging service provider network and the healthcare community about the impact of senior center congregate meal composition and services on health outcomes.

Meals on Wheels: Who's referring and what's on the menu?

To describe referral source, meal ordering patterns and the nutrient composition of meals from a regional Meals on Wheels (MOW) service. Referral sources were obtained via retrospective chart audit and compared for 2008 and 2012. Nutrient content of the three most common meal combinations was compared against MOW recommendations of one-third daily energy and one-half daily protein requirements. There was a decline in overall uptake and referrals from hospitals. The "main meal" alone was the most popular meal choice, but did not meet energy requirements for men or women, nor protein requirements for men. The combination of a soup, main and dessert met the MOW recommendations for women only. Investigation into how older people access MOW services is required. Innovative strategies are required to increase the nutrient content of meals, within the context of meal ordering preferences of consumers.

Vegan and Animal Meal Composition and Timing Influence Glucose and Lipid Related Postprandial Metabolic Profiles.

Flexitarian dieting is increasingly associated with health benefits. The study of postprandial metabolic response to vegan and animal diets is essential to decipher how specific diet components may mediate metabolic changes. A randomized, crossover, controlled vegan versus animal diet challenge is conducted on 21 healthy participants. Postprandial metabolic measurements are conducted at seven timepoints. Area under the curve analysis of the vegan diet response demonstrates higher glucose (EE 0.35), insulin (EE 0.38), triglycerides (EE 0.72), and nine amino acids at breakfast (EE 4.72-209.32); and six lower health-promoting fatty acids at lunch (EE -0.1035 to -0.13) (p < 0.05). Glycemic and lipid parameters vary irrespective of diet type, demonstrating that vegan and animal meals contain health-promoting and suboptimal nutrient combinations. The vegan breakfast produces the same pattern of elevated branched chain amino acids, insulin, and glucose as the animal diet from the fasting results, reflecting the low protein load in the animal and the higher branched-chain amino acid load of the vegan breakfast. Liberalization of the vegan menu to vegetarian and the animal menu to a Nordic-based diet can result in optimal metabolic signatures for both flexitarian diet strategies in future research.

Raw Material Composition Control Method for Cement Based on Semi-Tensor Product

The cement production process can be summarized into two grinding processes and one burning process. The two grinding processes refer to raw material and cement grinding. The burning process is the clinker calcination of a raw material. Such processes are complicated and continuous. The quality of the previous stage has an important influence on the latter. The raw meal preparation is the most important part in cement production. The composition of raw meal determines whether the three rate values are appropriate, ensuring stable production on the cement production line.

Effects of macronutrient manipulation on postprandial metabolic responses in overweight males with high fasting lipids during simulated shift work: A randomized crossover trial

Meals consumed out of synchronisation with normal circadian rhythms are associated with metabolic dysregulation. Changes in macronutrient composition of meals can improve metabolic responses during the day. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether macronutrient manipulation of meals alters postprandial glucose and lipid responses and the expression of circadian genes during the night. In a randomised crossover trial, 16 overweight males with high fasting lipids were fed isocaloric meals (2.7MJ) at 0000h. The meals differed primarily in total fat and total sugars content (control (8% total sugar, 5% saturated fat) vs test (16% total sugar, 26% saturated fat)). Postprandial blood samples were collected for glucose, insulin (3h) and triglycerides (6h) and analysed as incremental area under the curve (iAUC). RNA was extracted at 0h, 2h and 4h and changes in expressions of the circadian genes clock and Per 1-3 analysed. Postprandial glucose (p=0.04) and insulin iAUC (p=0.02) were significantly higher after consumption of the test meal compared to the control meal. Postprandial triglyceride iAUC was not statistically different between the two meal types (p=0.72). No change in circadian gene expression was observed after the two meals. Our results showed that macronutrient composition affects postprandial metabolic response at night. It emphasizes the need to consider the role and effects of night time eating, when developing metabolic disease prevention strategies for shift workers. ACTRN12618001115224. WEBSITE OF TRIAL REGISTRY: http://www.anzctr.org.au/. Retrospectively registered after data collection.

Chemical, enzymatic, and antioxidant enrichments of full-fat soybean and sunflower meal by Bacillus subtilis (ATCC® 6633™) fermentation using a solid-state bioreactor

This study was conducted to fortify nutritional and chemical composition of sunflower meal (SFM) and full-fat soybean (FFSB) used as a protein source in farm animal nutrition by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 fermentation. An optimized set of fermentation parameters (60% moisture, 6.5-7.0 pH, 30-35 °C temperature, continuous aeration of 0.5-1.0 L/min and agitation of 20-100 rpm) were used to ferment SFM and FFSB samples with or without using bacterial inoculant for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. The results indicated that the total organic acids (TOA) contents and crude ash (CA) of SFM and FFSB increased significantly, but there were significant reductions in dietary fiber (DF) components (acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)) in both feed samples. Moreover, urease activity, trypsin inhibitors (TI), and phytic acid (PA) contents of both feed samples reduced by 50%, 35%, and 79%, respectively. Total flavonoid level reduced by 30% in FFSB samples, but remained unchanged in SFM samples. The levels of tannin in FFSB and SFM decreased significantly. Although there were no significant changes in the activities of amylase, celulase, and beta-glucanase; the protease and phytase activities increased significantly. The total phenolic compounds content and the antioxidant activities of FFSB and SFM samples increased significantly. In conclusion, the fermented FFSB (F-FFSB) and fermented SFM (FSFM) had lowered the levels of ADF, NDF, tannin, TI, urease activity, and PA but they were remarkably enriched with organic acids, enzymes, and antioxidants. These feed materials could be used as functional feed additives or feed materials in farm animal nutrition.

Evaluation of soybean meal from different sources as an ingredient in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) is generated using different varieties of soybeans grown under a range of conditions and then processed at different crushing plants. Due to its competitive cost and availability, it is a popular plant-based protein source for shrimp feed formulations. However, there is limited information about effects of variations in the nutritional composition of soybean meal have on performances of shrimp. Hence, the present study was designed to determine the effects of different soybean sources on the growth performances of Litopenaeus vannamei. Two growth trials were conducted with iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic (350 g/kg protein and 80 g/kg lipid) test diets formulated with 25 sources of soybean meal. Trial one incorporated 14 treatments including a soy-based diet containing 517 g/kg SBM (eight replicates) and this soy source was then replaced with 13 different soybean sources (four replicates per treatment). The second trial used the same basal diet and 11 different sources of soybean meal (Total 12 diets) with five replicates per treatment. Both growth trials were conducted with a stocking density of 10 shrimps/aquarium in a semi-closed recirculating system and the initial weight of shrimps for trials 1 and 2 were 0.23 g ± 0.02 and 0.67 g ± 0.02 respectively. During the two trials, shrimp were fed four times/day assuming a FCR of 1.8, over 42 days for trial 1 and 35 days for trial 2. Results indicated that there are differences among sources of soybean meal for standardized percentage TGC. Diet 21 that contained SBM4550 had the largest value for TGC whereas the lowest value for TGC was observed for shrimp fed diet 17 that contained SBM45536. According to the statistical analysis that was used to interpret the growth performance data from the complete chemical profile of the SBM, phosphorous, phytate-phosphorous and total phytic acid levels had positive correlations (p < 0.005) with TGC whereas raffinose (p = 0.086) had a negative correlation with TGC. Results of this work indicates phosphorous, phosphorous in phytic acid and total phytic acid and raffinose are important components in SBM that may have significant effects on the growth performances of pacific white shrimp.

A Plant-Based Meal Increases Gastrointestinal Hormones and Satiety More Than an Energy- and Macronutrient-Matched Processed-Meat Meal in T2D, Obese, and Healthy Men: A Three-Group Randomized Crossover Study.

Gastrointestinal hormones are involved in regulation of glucose metabolism and satiety. We tested the acute effect of meal composition on these hormones in three population groups. A randomized crossover design was used to examine the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a processed-meat and cheese (M-meal) and a vegan meal with tofu (V-meal) on gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in men with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 20), obese men (O, n = 20), and healthy men (H, n = 20). Plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), amylin, and peptide YY (PYY) were determined at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. Visual analogue scale was used to assess satiety. We used repeated-measures Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for statistical analysis. Postprandial secretion of GLP-1 increased after the V-meal in T2D (by 30.5%; 95%CI 21.2 to 40.7%; p < 0.001) and H (by 15.8%; 95%CI 8.6 to 23.5%; p = 0.01). Postprandial plasma concentrations of amylin increased in in all groups after the V-meal: by 15.7% in T2D (95%CI 11.8 to 19.6%; p < 0.001); by 11.5% in O (95%CI 7.8 to 15.3%; p = 0.03); and by 13.8% in H (95%CI 8.4 to 19.5%; p < 0.001). An increase in postprandial values of PYY after the V-meal was significant only in H (by 18.9%; 95%CI 7.5 to 31.3%; p = 0.03). Satiety was greater in all participants after the V-meal: by 9% in T2D (95%CI 4.4 to 13.6%; p = 0.004); by 18.7% in O (95%CI 12.8 to 24.6%; p < 0.001); and by 25% in H (95%CI 18.2 to 31.7%; p < 0.001). Our results indicate there is an increase in gut hormones and satiety, following consumption of a single plant-based meal with tofu when compared with an energy- and macronutrient-matched processed-meat meat and cheese meal, in healthy, obese and diabetic men.

Alpha-lipoic acid and its protective role in fructose induced endocrine-metabolic disturbances.

In recent decades a worldwide increase has been reported in the consumption of unhealthy high calorie diets associated with marked changes in meal nutrient composition, such as a higher intake of refined carbohydrates, which leads to the speculatation that changes in food habits have contributed to the current epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Among these refined carbohydrates, fructose has been deeply investigated and murine models of high fructose diet have emerged as useful tools to study dietary-induced insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia and alterations in glucose metabolism. Since oxidative stress has been demonstrated to play a key pathogenic role in the alterations described above, several lines of research have focused on the possible preventive effects of antioxidant/redox state regulation therapy, among which alpha-lipoic acid has been extensively investigated. The following references discussed support the fact that co-administration of alpha-lipoic acid normalized the changes generated by fructose rich diets, thereby making this compound a good therapeutic tool, also administered as a food supplement, to prevent endocrine-metabolic disturbances triggered by high fructose associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes at an early stage of development (prediabetes).

Effect of replacing maize and starch with Shoti meal (Curcuma zedoaria) in broiler

The effects of raw and autoclaved Shoti (Curcuma zedoaria) meal on the growth and N utilization of growing broilers were determined. Shoti from Bangladesh Agricultural University campus was collected and sorted on the basis of white color of the rhizome. Then they were chopped into pieces, sun dried and pulverized in a flour mill. Aliquot samples were autoclaved at 1200C under 15 lb of pressure per square inch for 30 min. Autoclaved samples were stored in tightly lid contained for future use. 3 One hundred -day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were reared on the floor and a total of 24 growing broilers, 4 birds in each group were weighed on d 15 Two broilers were placed in each cage. There were a total of four experimental and two control (positive and negative Non-protein control) diets. Diets were fed ad libitum from day 15 to 33days. Body weight, feed intake, feed refusal and fecal weights were recorded every day. Cumulative feed efficiency per bird was calculated as the ratio of weight gained to feed consumed. Dry matter of excreta was determined from the last 10 d of feeding trial by drying aliquots of every day’s droppings by drying for 6 h at 1050C. On d 19, birds were bled to death. Immediately after slaughter, the carcasses were examined systematically. The chemical composition of Shoti meal showed that it is low in protein, fat and trace minerals and therefore mainly a source of energy. The bulk of the tuber (75 percent) consists of carbohydrates, made up of 10.6% fiber, and 64.9% nitrogen free extracts (NFE). A peculiarity of Curcuma rhizome meal contains high level of ash (9.9%) on DM basis. The results showed that at day 33, the weight of the broiler chicken fed shoti 100g, 200g, 300 g and 200g (autoclaved shoti meal)/ Kg diet was significantly different from the weight of the chicken fed on a maize-soybean diet. The birds given shoti meal consumed less feed than those provided with a maize diet. Feed efficiency or weight gain to feed ration over 19-d period was the poorest when fed 300 g Shoti/ Kg diet. Intake picked up when the shoti meal was incorporated after having been autoclaved and there was slight improvement in body weight gain as compared to that of other Shoti fed group. However, feed efficiency and body weight gain as % of initial weight remained significantly lower than the maize-soybean control. The inclusion of Shoti meal generally had an adverse effect on the apparent dry matter digestibility compared with the control diets. The group fed autoclaved shoti meal had a similar effect and the true N digestibility was the lowest when compared to those of control fed on maize-soybean meal. Thus, physical treatment like using autoclave, caused further reduction of digestibility of its N. Lipid digestibility was reduced by ingestion of shoti meal. Since the diets were isocaloric, after correction for the apparent endogenous lipid losses, which were obtained from the results of non-protein control feeding, the net faecal losses was around 66.2% of the ingested lipid against control diet fed birds.&#x0D; Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2018. 47 (1): 40-46