Abstract
This study was conducted to fortify nutritional and chemical composition of sunflower meal (SFM) and full-fat soybean (FFSB) used as a protein source in farm animal nutrition by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 fermentation. An optimized set of fermentation parameters (60% moisture, 6.5-7.0 pH, 30-35 °C temperature, continuous aeration of 0.5-1.0 L/min and agitation of 20-100 rpm) were used to ferment SFM and FFSB samples with or without using bacterial inoculant for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. The results indicated that the total organic acids (TOA) contents and crude ash (CA) of SFM and FFSB increased significantly, but there were significant reductions in dietary fiber (DF) components (acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)) in both feed samples. Moreover, urease activity, trypsin inhibitors (TI), and phytic acid (PA) contents of both feed samples reduced by 50%, 35%, and 79%, respectively. Total flavonoid level reduced by 30% in FFSB samples, but remained unchanged in SFM samples. The levels of tannin in FFSB and SFM decreased significantly. Although there were no significant changes in the activities of amylase, celulase, and beta-glucanase; the protease and phytase activities increased significantly. The total phenolic compounds content and the antioxidant activities of FFSB and SFM samples increased significantly. In conclusion, the fermented FFSB (F-FFSB) and fermented SFM (FSFM) had lowered the levels of ADF, NDF, tannin, TI, urease activity, and PA but they were remarkably enriched with organic acids, enzymes, and antioxidants. These feed materials could be used as functional feed additives or feed materials in farm animal nutrition.
Highlights
In 2016, the world’s soybean meal production reached 217 million tones and nearly half of it was used as protein supplement in farm animal nutrition [1]
Cultivation of active bacteria inoculants The strain used in this study was ATCC 6633, which was cultivated on Nutrient Broth (NB) for 24 h at 37 °C to collect bacterial suspension for fermentation experiments
The maximum growth of 9.6 log10 cfu/g was reached at 24 h of Sunflower meal (SFM) fermentation, and thereafter remained unchanged
Summary
In 2016, the world’s soybean meal production reached 217 million tones and nearly half of it was used as protein supplement in farm animal nutrition [1]. Sunflower meal (SFM), the fourth largest oilseed meal produced in the world, serves as a protein source, mostly in ruminant diets, while its use in poultry and pig diets is limited [2]. Chemical composition of these plant meals determines their levels in complete feeds fed to farm animals. Soybean and its by-products may contain appreciable levels of phytic acid (PA) up to 0.6%, trypsin inhibitors (TI) up to 21.0–30.3 mg/g, protease inhibitors up to 45–60 mg/g protein, oligosaccharides up to 15%, lectins up to 50–200 mg/g, glycinin up to 150–200 mg/g, and beta-conglycin up to 50–100 mg/g (27.74 mg/g); these are known as antinutritional factors (ANFs) in young monogastric animals and reduce the rates of nutrient assimilation and absorption at the sites of digestive tract [3,4]. Fermentation using Bacillus subtilis was found to be superior to fungal fermentation in terms of the increased soluble protein
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