Maximum Total Sugar Research Articles

Standardization of recipes on chemical characteristics and storability of guava and papaya mixed fruit bar

The present investigation was carried out in preservation laboratory, Dept. of Horticulture, JNKVV, Jabalpur during 2016-2017. The mixed fruit bar was prepared by the different blending ratio of guava and papaya pulp in a ratio (80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50) in preparation of mixed fruit bar. Among them, 50% guava pulp and 50% papaya pulp of treatment (P4) recorded as best blending ratio as the treatment recorded maximum TSS (36.16 °Brix), pH (3.54), moisture (17.25%), acidity (1.18%), ascorbic acid (158 mg/100 g), reducing sugar (48.82%) and total sugar (77.13%) contents. The prepared mixed fruit bar was stored at ambient temperature (25 ± 2 °C) for 100 days to study their storage feasibility. The storage studies indicate that there was a gradual decrease in, ascorbic acid with advancement of storage period. While TSS, acidity, reducing sugars and total sugars increased continuously.

Glycerol production by the UV-mutant marine yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus HH16-MU15 via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of fruit peels

Agro-industrial wastes in Egypt are indefinite and sustainable substrate for production of numerous industrially significant products. Using of these wastes as raw materials can reduce both the production cost and the environmental pollution. The present research aims to produce glycerol from fruit peels by the UV-mutant marine yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus HH16-MU15. Fruits (banana, orange, mango and pomegranate) peels were pretreated by mechanical and hydrothermal methods before their fermentation into glycerol. The maximum total reducing sugars (5.792 ± 0.16gl-1) was obtained from mango peels followed by orange peels (5.33 ± 0.21gl-1) after their hydrothermally pretreatment. After fermentation, the maximum cellulase activity (8.911 Uml-1), total reducing sugars (48.59 gl-1) and glycerol yield (35.25 gl-1) by W. anomalus HH16-MU15 were achieved in the hydrolysate of hydrothermally pretreated orange peels at 96 hrs. The current investigation suggests the using of orange peels for production of glycerol and other valuable products by W. anomalus HH16-MU15.

Enzymatic hydrolysis behavior on malt bagasse for fermentative sugar disposal in thermostatic and ultrasonic bath

AbstractThis study evaluated the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on malt bagasse for fermentative sugar extraction in thermostatic and ultrasonic bath. The enzymatic reaction was performed using cellulase, α‐amylase, and amyloglucosidase (in separate and combined) on malt bagasse to analyze the hydrolysis effect. For this, a central composite rotational design was applied to evaluate the effect of solid:liquid (malt bagasse w/v) versus enzymatic concentration, considering cellulase, α‐amylase, and amyloglucosidase enzymes in mix solution, on fermentable sugars liberation. Then the kinetic fermentative sugars liberation was evaluated in a hydrolysis reaction using cellulase, α‐amylase, and amyloglucosidase (in separate and combined) after exposure in thermostatic and ultrasonic bath. From enzymatic mix, the maximum total reducing sugar (TRS) yield was 408.8 and 219.9 mg·g−1 in thermostatic and in ultrasound bath, respectively. Kinetic studies showed a TRS variation of 6 to 7 g·L−1 for all enzymes. Amyloglucosidase was more promising in assimilation of malt bagasse, responsible for 43% of sugar releasing. Briefly, a low‐cost procedure using thermostatic bath improved the hydrolysis reaction. The results from the experiments present a new application where malt bagasse can be employed showing the potential of this brewing industry residue in fomenting processes, as bioethanol production.

Assessment of combination of pretreatment of Sorghum durra stalk and production of chimeric enzyme (β-glucosidase and endo β-1,4 glucanase, CtGH1-L1-CtGH5-F194A) and cellobiohydrolase (CtCBH5A) for saccharification to produce bioethanol

Optimization of pretreatment and saccharification of Sorghum durra stalk (Sds) was carried out. The chimeric enzyme (CtGH1-L1-CtGH5-F194A) having β-glucosidase (CtGH1) and endo β-1,4 glucanase activity (CtGH5-F194A) and cellobiohydrolase (CtCBH5A) from Clostridium thermocellum were used for saccharification. Chimeric enzyme will save production cost of two enzymes, individually. Stage 2 pretreatment by 1% (w/v) NaOH assisted autoclaving + 1.5% (v/v) dilute H2SO4 assisted oven heating gave lower total sugar yield (366.6 mg/g of pretreated Sds) and total glucose yield (195 mg/g of pretreated Sds) in pretreated hydrolysate with highest crystallinity index 55.6% than the other stage 2 pretreatments. Optimized parameters for saccharification of above stage 2 pretreated biomass were 3% (w/v) biomass concentration, enzyme (chimera: cellobiohydrolase) ratio, 2:3 (U/g) of biomass, total enzyme loading (350 U/g of pretreated biomass), 24 h and 30 °C. Best stage 2 pretreated Sds under optimized enzyme saccharification conditions gave maximum total reducing sugar yield 417 mg/g and glucose yield 285 mg/g pretreated biomass in hydrolysate. Best stage 2 pretreated Sds showed significantly higher cellulose, 71.3% and lower lignin, 2.0% and hemicellulose, 12.2% (w/w) content suggesting the effectiveness of method. This hydrolysate upon SHF using Saccharomyces cerevisiae under unoptimized conditions produced ethanol yield, 0.12 g/g of glucose. Abbreviation: Ct-Clostridium thermocellum, Sds-Sorghum durra stalk, TRS-Total reducing sugar, HPLC-High performance liquid chromatography, RI-Refractive index, ADL-acid insoluble lignin, GYE-Glucose yeast extract, MGYP-Malt glucose yeast extract peptone, SHF-separate hydrolysis and fermentation, OD-Optical density, PVDF-Poly vinylidene fluoride, TS-total sugar, FESEM-Field emission scanning electron microscopy, XRD-X-ray diffraction, FTIR-Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and CrI-Crystallinity index.

Strategy to enhance the sugar production using recyclable inorganic salt for pre-treatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB)

Inorganic salts were used for the pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) to enhance the delignification and saccharification yield of OPEFB. The sequential pretreatment of OPEFB using sodium phosphate dodecahydrate (Na3PO4.12H2O) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) proved to be an effective approach. OPEFB was delignified by 58.8%, producing a maximum total reducing sugar (TRS) yield of 0.97 g/g under optimum pretreatment conditions of 15% Na3PO4.12H2O, 60 min (30 min/stage) pretreatment time, 10% solid to liquid ratio, and pretreatment temperature of 121 °C. In addition, structural and morphological analysis of the pretreated OPEFB using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X- ray diffraction (X-RD) revealed major structural changes, such as the generation of porous structure, which allows for better enzyme accessibility. Moreover, recycle experiments showed encouraging findings, as the spent pretreatment liquid with pH adjustment can be recycled efficiently for at least 5 times without a substantial decrease in its effectiveness.

Genetic diversity characterization of Wood apple (Feronia sps.) for identification of superior genotypes

Wood apple fruit is a hard shelled many seeded berry with its pinkish brown aromatic sour – sweet pulp being the edible portion. Total eleven (11) numbers of wood apple plants were stratified from different agroclimatic zones of West Bengal depending on availability of fruit crop and convenience of the study at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal during the years 2013-2015. Under the observation for characterization, the plant physical parameters has been analyzed with the help of Biodiversity International Tropical Fruit Descriptor (NBPGR) and so for preliminary evaluation, fruit physical parameters and fruit biochemical parameters has been analyzed. During the course of survey the tree age of wood apple varied from 15yrs to above 40yrs in age at different germplasm in which the height and trunk girth varied from 10m to above 20m and 88.2 cm to 157.4 cm. Branching pattern and crown shape was observed to be irregular in all the accessions whereas, tree growth habit varied from erect to spreading type. Leaf characters in wood apple reveals obovate leaf blade shape, obtuse to retuse leaf apex, cuneate leaf base, odd pinnate leaf orientation and pinnate leaf venation. Length of the leaf blade ranges from 3.05 cm to 4.12 cm and breadth varies from 1.06 cm to 3.08 cm. Maximum fruit length was recorded in ACC-8 (8.04 cm) and breadth of 7.96 cm in ACC-6. Maximum fruit weight (306.02 g), peel weight (73.68 g) and number of seeds (28.42) was from the ACC-4. Maximum total sugar 28.57 mg/100 gm pulp (ACC-1), reducing sugar 13.88 mg/100 gm (ACC-4), acidity 1.77 mg/100 gm (ACC-5) and Vit. C 102.04 mg/100 gm (ACC-2) has been recorded. Average linkage technique clustering when applied on squared Euclidean distance matrix a total of 6 clusters were formed for plant physical parameters, a total of 7 clusters were formed for fruit physical parameters and a total of 6 clusters were formed for fruit biochemical parameters.

Storage behavior of Nagpur mandarin fruits as affected by post-harvest application of plant leaf extracts under cold storage condition

Use of plant leaf extracts could be a useful alternative in post-harvest handling and storage of Nagpur mandarin fruits. The experiment was conducted at Post Harvest Technology Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, and Akola with the objective to access the efficacy of extracts obtained from leaves of four plants (Neem, Tulsi, Custard apple and Guava) on the extension of shelf life of Nagpur mandarin fruits obtained mainly from Mrig bahar. Fruits of Nagpur mandarin are available up to March - April and after that there is unavailability of fruits up to September. So by increasing shelf life of fruits one can get fulfill the demand and also farmers get benefited by getting extra rates to their produce. The fruits were treated with 20 % leaf extracts and guargum used as sticking material. The fruits coated with Neem leaf extract in combination of cold storage gave encouraging results up to the end of the storage period. There was minimum physiological loss in weight (5.55%), maximum total soluble solids (14.08 o Brix), maximum retention of acidity (0.26%), maximum ascorbic acid content (36.70 mg/100 ml), maximum total sugars (9.25%), reducing sugar (5.23%) and best organoleptic score (8.39) up to 45 days and it decrease after 45 days of storage followed by Tulsi leaf extract coating. This inhibitory effect of Neem leaf extract was recorded due to presence of active principle compound azadiractin.

Effect of different organic manures and PGPR consortium on quality of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria MOL. STANDL.) CV. Anand bottle gourd-1

The present investigation was carried out on “Effect of different organic manures and PGPR consortium on quality of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria MOL. STANDL.) cv. ABG-1” at Horticultural Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat during summer-2018. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with factorial concept (FRBD) replicated thrice with six level of organic manures application and two level of PGPR consortium of total 12 combination. The control [75:50:50 NPK kg/ha + FYM 15 t/ha (RDF)] treatment was taken separately means without combination under experimentation. The quality parameters viz., maximum TSS (3.45 0Brix), total sugar (3.38%), reducing sugar (2.63%), non-reducing sugar (0.75%) and ascorbic acid (7.96 mg/100 g pulp) were found superior with the application of M1 (100% RDN from vermicompost). PGPR consortium showed significant effect on quality parameters, treatment of P2 (With PGPR consortium 1 l/ha) recorded the maximum TSS (3.24 0Brix), total sugar (3.21%), reducing sugar (2.43%), non-reducing sugar (0.78%) and ascorbic acid (7.54 mg/100 g pulp).

Determination and Comparative Study of Sugars and Synthetic Colorants in Commercial Branded Fruit Juice Products

Fruit juice-based products are potentially high demanded products in Sri Lanka. The research was conducted to estimate the total sugar content in commercially available fruit juice products and to compare the suitability and efficiency of analytical methods: Lane and Eynon titration method and UV-Visible spectrophotometric methods. Further synthetic colorants in the products were identified and compared with the label information. A consumer survey was conducted to elicit information on consumer preference and knowledge on sugar content of the products. Based on the survey, consumers were more concerned about taste (37%), brand name (28%), price (28%), and nutrition value (7%), respectively. Awareness about the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of sugar, added sugar consumption, and risk of chronic diseases was 49%. Awareness on the color coding system of the products was 68%. The total sugar content of the fruit nectars was determined using both methods. The maximum total sugar level (18.38 g/100 mL) was observed by the titration method, while the maximum total sugar level (18.31 g/100 mL) was measured by the spectrophotometric method in wood apple (Limonia acidissima) nectar in brand No. “1.” The maximum sucrose content (10.57 g/100 mL) was observed in mango (Mangifera indica L.) nectar in the brand No. “1.” Total sugar contents of both tested methods were compared using SAS 9.0 (Randomized Complete Block Design, RCBD). There is no significant difference (P>0.05) between the two testing methods. In conclusion, the Lane and Eynon titration method was identified as the most effective method for analysis of the total sugar in fruit juice-based products. Based on the analysis of thin-layer chromatography (TLC), a majority of fruit nectar samples (57.14%) contained natural colorants, while 42.86% of total samples contained synthetic colorants. Labelling violation was done by the manufacturers, and the consumer awareness was high with the color-coding system. Continuous surveillance is recommended to minimize health risk related to high sugar consumption of the population.

Potential antitumor activity of exopolysaccharide produced from date seed powder as a carbon source for Bacillus subtilis

The major functions of Exopolysaccharide (EPS) include, preventing bacterial cells from desiccating and biofilm production to increase the colonization of bacterial cells. In the current study, a bacterial strain was isolated to produce EPS. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolated strain indicated it was related to Bacillus subtilis. The bacterium showed the ability to produce a new EPS using very cheap date seeds as a carbon source. Different conditions were studied to enhance exopolysaccharide production. Maximum total sugars (exopolysaccharide) were reached to 0.87 mM) at 20 g/lAjwadates seed (ADS). The maximum production was found to be 3.46 mM by addition of peptone as the main source of nitrogen with a concentration of 1.5 g/L. The optimal parameter values were temperature 37 °C, pH 6, incubation time 72 h and inoculum concentration 1 mL. The crude exopolysaccharide was purified by removing the cells, then the protein, then dialysis and finally ethanol precipitation of the exopolysaccharide. This method modification increased exopolysaccharide production to 0.6 g/L. The exopolysaccharide produced showed antitumor activity against Erlich tumor cells. It is promising for application on a large scale for different types of cancer cell lines.

Evaluation of pre-treatment methods for Lantana camara stem for enhanced enzymatic saccharification.

This study evaluates certain pre-treatment methods for Lantana camara stem for efficient conversion to fermentable sugars. The composition analysis of L. camara stem showed 66.8% (w/w) holocellulose, 34.9% (w/w) cellulose and 17% (w/w) hemicellulose. Comparative analysis of various chemical, physical or physico-chemical pre-treatments on L. camara stem was performed. Of all pretreatment methods used, pre-treatment with 1% (v/v) H2SO4 assisted autoclaving gave maximum total reducing sugar yield 132.7mg/g (13.2g/L) of raw biomass in pretreated hydrolysate. Major contribution to total reducing sugar was from hemicellulosic fraction, because total pentose sugar yield was 119.4mg/g of raw biomass whereas, glucose released was only 10mg/g of untreated biomass. The enzymatic saccharification of pre-treated L. camara stem by 1% (v/v) H2SO4 assisted autoclaving was performed with partially purified carboxymethylcellulase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SS35. Enzymatic saccharification at 30°C for 48h gave total reducing sugar yield, 63.3mg/g of pre-treated biomass in the hydrolysate, while untreated biomass gave 43.3mg/g of untreated biomass. The total sugar yield i.e. the sum of pre-treated biomass hydrolysate total reducing sugar (132.7mg/g of raw biomass) and enzymatic hydrolysate total reducing sugar (63.3mg/g of pre-treated biomass) was 196.0mg/g of raw biomass, indicating the effectiveness of pre-treatment method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction analyses displayed enhanced porosity, removal of non-cellulosic sugars and increased cellulose crystallinity, respectively, in pre-treated L. camara stem, showing the effectiveness of acid assisted autoclaving pre-treatment.

Effect of pruning time on bio-chemical parameters of guava (<em>Psidium guajava</em> l.) genotypes

The research was carried out at the Instructional-cum-Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, MPKV, Rahuri during the year 2016 and 2017. The present investigations were conducted on seven different genotypes namely RHR-Guv-58, RHR-Guv-60, RHR-Guv-14, RHR-Guv-16, RHR-Guv-3, RHR-Guv-6 and Sardar with five pruning time i.e. 15th May, 15th June, 15th July, 15th August, 15th Sept. and no pruning (control). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with forty two treatments and was replicated two times. The results revealed that the maximum TSS of fruit (12.33 0Brix) was observed in Sardar. The maximum total sugars (8.08 %), reducing sugars (5.07 %), sugar: acid ratio (22.33) with minimum acidity (0.36 %) were recorded in G3 (RHR-Guv-58) genotype. The maximum ascorbic acid of fruit (208.33 mg/100 g) and shelf life of fruit (9.75 days) was recorded in G4 (RHR-Guv-14) genotype. Fruit quality of genotypes was remained more or less similar irrespective to pruning time.

Effect of GA<sub>3</sub> and NAA on fruit quality and storage characteristics of fruit in sapota cv. Kalipatti

The investigation was conducted at Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Dapoli (M.S.) during 2017-19 to study the effect of GA3 and NAA on fruit quality and storage in sapota cv. Kalipatti. The application of GA3 150 ppm resulted in significantly maximum fruit length (6.16 cm),fruit diameter (5.81 cm),fruit weight (146.17 g),volume of fruit(138.77 cm³),specific gravity of fruit (1.05), pulp weight (138.00 g),pulp/seed ratio (99.28). The significantly maximum fruit TSS (25.10 0B),TSS/acidity ratio (192.60),reducing sugars (11.58%),non-reducing sugars(5.65%),total sugars (17.23%) and minimum titratable acidity of fruit(0.13%) were in fruits of GA3 150 ppm treatment. The GA3 150 ppm treatment resulted in significantly minimum PLW% on 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th day of storage of fruits (i.e. 3.11%, 6.29%, 9.98%, 11.55% and 28.43% respectively), shrivelling and/or spoilage percentage on 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th day of storage of fruits (i.e. 0%, 5.33%, 9.33% and 18.67% respectively) and maximum shelf life (8.67 days).

Cost Effective Method for Pretreatment of Pearl Millet Biomass using Catalytic Down Flow Liquid Contact Reactor

The quest for alternative sources of energy generation that are inexpensive, eco-friendly, renewable and can re- place fossil fuels is owing to the increasing demands of energy. Production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass, holds remarkable potential to meet the current energy demand as well as to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions for a sustainable clean environment. Lignocellulose biomass feedstocks compulsorily undergo pretreatment process to release the fermentable sugars. The most of the existing pretreatment processes is energy intensive and con- sumes more cost. Low cost and effective pretreatment is essential to overcome the hurdles in commercialization of biofuel production from lignocellulose biomass. Catalytic Downflow liquid contact reactor (CDLCR) is an innovative method used to pretreat the lignocellulosic biomass, which consists of pump, electrical motor, circulation tank and pipe accessories. The present study deals with the pretreatment of pearl millet biomass using alkali catalyst (Ca (OH) 2) in a CDLCR under ambient conditions. Results of experimental trial show that there was significant re-duction in lignin and hemicellulose observed for pearl millet biomass. The minimum and maximum total reducing sugars observed at 10 and 60 min. of reaction time were 77.80 and 160.15 mg/g of biomass.

Sugars content in foods for infants and young children in Bulgarian markets

AbstractIntroduction:A sale of commercial foods for infants and young children in Bulgaria has grown rapidly in the last years. Recent evidence suggests that the nutritional content of some commercial foods for infants and young children may be associated with the risk factors for development of non-communicable diseases later on life.The aims of the study were to collect data on available food products for infants and young children (0–36 months) in Bulgaria and to assess the sugars content in them. The survey is part of WHO Regional Office for Europe project: Commercial foods for infants and young children in the WHO European Region.Materials and methods:The data was collected in November 2017 in two districts in capital city Sofia using the mobile questionnaire, developed by WHO Regional Office for Europe. Total sugars content of the products, where declared on the label, was recorded for 3153 products (breast-milk, follow-on formula, growing-up milk, complementary foods) from 91 shops (minimarket, pharmacy, drugstore, supermarket, baby goods store). Additional information was collected from the label for the presence of sugars or any other sweetening agents.Results:he results reviled that the maximum total sugars content in different products ranged from 0 g per 100 kcal to 25 g per 100 kcal. The products in Bulgarian markets have relatively high sugars contents and the energy from sugars was 15% in 67% of products; more than 30% in 49% of studded foods and more than 40% in 42% of foods for infants and young children. The most added sweetening agents were sugar -17.7% and fruit juice concentrate -16.9%.Discussion:hese products can promote preference for sweet foods an early age and increase the risk of overweight and dental caries. The very high levels of sugars present in commercial products in Bulgarian market are cause for concern.

OPTIMIZATION OF SOLUBLE SUGAR PRODUCTION OF CORN COB BY SULFURIC ACID, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND ULTRASES DALGA PRETREATMENT

Bu çalışmada, Niğde ve çevre illerden temin edilen mısır koçanlarında, biyoyakıt potansiyelinin arttırılmasında fizikokimyasal (H2O2, H2O2+US, H2O2, H2O2+US) önişlemlerin etkisi belirlenmiştir. Uygulanan önişlemlerin optimizasyonu için istatistiki metot RSM (Response Surface Methods) Box-Behnken tasarımı kullanılmıştır. Tasarımda beklenen yanıtlar Toplam Şeker (TŞ) ve İndirgen Şeker (İŞ) konsantrasyonudur. Model sonuçlarına göre; H2SO4 önişlemi için 13,13 g/L maksimum TŞ, % 3 asit konsantrasyonu, 100 °C ve 180 dakika koşullarında;. 7,7 g/L maksimum İŞ ise % 5 asit konsantrasyonu, 100 °C ve 180 dakikada elde edilmiştir. H2SO4-US önişlemi için 10,72 g/L g/L maksimum TŞ, % 3 asit konsantrasyonu, 100 kJ/kgDM US dozu ve 30 dakika koşullarında; 3,16 g/L’ye maksimum İŞ ise % 4,24 asit konsantrasyonu, 100 kJ/kgDM US dozu ve 27,7 dakikada elde edilmiştir. H2O2 önişleminde 1,70 g/L maksimum TŞ % 0,15 H2O2, 0,38 mesh ve % 1,98 katı oranı koşullarında; 1,24 g/L’ye maksimum İŞ % 0,10 H2O2, 0,61 mesh ve % 2 katı oranı koşullarında elde edilmiştir. H2O2-US önişlemi için 5,70 g/L maksimum TŞ % 1 H2O2, 60 kJ/kgDM US dozu ve 5 dakika koşullarında; 1,11 g/L maksimum İŞ % 0,1 H2O2, 20 kJ/kgDM US dozu ve 17,5 dakika koşullarında elde edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, lignoselülozik yapı çözünebilir yapıya dönüştürülmüştür.

Effect of Dilute Acid and Alkaline Pretreatments on Enzymatic Saccharfication of Palm Tree Trunk Waste for Bioethanol Production

The sugar palm tree (Arenga pinnata) was abundant in Indonesia and has high cellulose contents for bioethanol production. However, the lignin content was the major drawback which could inhibit saccharification enzymes and therefore removing the lignin from the biomass is important. This paper evaluated the effects of pretreatments using nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) at 2 to 10% (v/v) on reducing sugar and ethanol contents and compared with the effects of steam pre-treatment. The pretreated samples were hydrolyzed using cellulase enzymes at pH 5.0 with a substrate concentration of 10% (w/v) for 24 to 72 h at 50 °C. Subsequent assessments of enzymatic saccharification following pre-treatment with 10% (v/v) HNO3 showed maximum reducing and total sugar contents in palm tree trunk waste of 5.320% and 5.834%, respectively, after 72 h of saccharification. Following pretreatment with 10% (v/v) of NH4OH, the maximum reducing and total sugar contents of palm tree trunk waste were 2.892% and 3.556%, respectively, after 72 h of saccharification. In comparison, steam pretreatments gave maximum reducing sugar and total sugar contents of 1.140% and 1.315% under the same conditions. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was conducted at 37 °C (pH 4.8) and 100 rpm for 120 h using 10% (v/v) Saccharomyces cerevisiae and cellulase enzyme with a substrate concentration of 10% (w/v). The result showed the highest ethanol content of 2.648% was achieved by using 10% (v/v) HNO3. The use of 10% (v/v) NH4OH gained a yield of 0.869% ethanol while the steam pretreatment could obtained 0.102% ethanol.

Effect of post-harvest treatments on shelf life and physico-chemical changes of Guava fruits

The study was carried out at Post Harvest Laboratory, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur during the year 2018, on various ripening related changes in guava fruits to determine appropriate maturity stage and postharvest treatment for better quality and desirable shelf life under room storage. Effect of post harvest treatments with Calcium chloride (1and 2%), Calcium nitrate (0.5 and 1%) and Azadirachta decoction (10 and 20%) on the storage behaviour of guava fruits harvested at colour turning stages during storage at room temperature were studied. Fruits were kept in tray and dipped each for (2 or 4) minutes, storage at room temperature and evaluated after 3, 6, 9 and 12 days for various physico-chemical attributes like. The maximum physiological weight loss (23.34%) in untreated fruits and minimum (16.59%) in calcium nitrate (1%) treated, the maximum fruit length of (5.50cm) was recorded in calcium nitrate (1%) treated and the minimum (4.33cm) in control, the maximum fruit diameter (5.92cm) was recorded under calcium nitrate (1%) treatment and minimum (5.28cm) under control treatment, the maximum fruit volume was recorded (125.27ml) under calcium nitrate (1%) treated fruit treatment and the minimum (92.80ml) in control, the maximum fruit decay percent was recorded in T1 (control) 12.38 % and minimum 6.14 % was recorded in the Azadirachta decoction treatment fruits after 9th and 12th days. No decayed fruits were observed among all calcium treatments at the end of storage period (12 days), the maximum total sugar was recorded (7.09%) in calcium nitrate (1%) treated and minimum (6.23%) in untreated fruits. It was observed that PLW increased, fruits length, diameter and volume decreased during storage irrespective of maturity stages and Calcium treatments studied. Total sugar, increased upto 6 days with all the treatments except control but subsequently decreased thereafter during storage. However, mature green stage fruits exhibited longer shelf life and better fruit quality with all the Calcium treatments compared to calcium treatments stage during storage. Similarly, calcium proved beneficial in delaying the ripening related changes in guava fruits, while application of Ca(NO3)2 (1%) recorded a potential shelf life of 12 days under storage.

Optimization of sugar release from banana peel powder waste (BPPW) using box-behnken design (BBD): BPPW to biohydrogen conversion

Optimization of pre-treatment conditions has been achieved for total sugar release from banana peel powder waste (BPPW) feedstock modelled through a three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) of the response surface methodology (RSM). A series of various runs were executed at varied acid (H2SO4) concentrations (0.05%–0.15% v/v), incubation periods (1 h–3 h) in water bath at 95 °C and alkali (NaOH) concentrations (0.05%–0.15% v/v) according to the Box-Behnken design (BBD). From RSM the significant values of incubation period, acid concentration and alkali concentration were obtained as 3 h, 0.095% v/v, and 0.05% v/v respectively. The maximum total sugar release was reported as 5243.62 μg/ml which was highly close to the predicted value (5010.07 μg/ml). The model P- value (0.001), R-sq (98.26%), (adj) R-sq (95.14%) and (pred) R-sq (79.56%) obtained through ANOVA justified the results. The mutual impact of alkali and incubation period had the highest effect on total sugar release from dried banana peel powder, followed by mutual impact of acid and incubation period based on ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) results.Under optimized conditions of pre-treatment six different substrate concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9% w/v) of BPPW was hydrolyzed and used to obtain volumetric bio-hydrogen evolution. The highest cumulative volumetric bio hydrogen gas 43 ml H2/30 ml media was achieved at 5% w/v of pretreated BPPW. The substrate concentration above 5% w/v resulted in lowered fermentation process owing to product and substrate inhibition.

The Effect of Lignin Content in Birch and Beech Kraft Cellulosic Pulps on Simple Sugar Yields from the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose

The results of enzymatic hydrolysis of birch and beech kraft cellulosic pulps indicate that they may be promising feedstocks for fermentation processes including biofuel manufacturing. The aim of this study was to investigate whether birch and beech wood require the same degree of delignification by kraft pulping as pine wood. The differences observed in the efficiency of hydrolysis for the raw materials tested suggest that the differences in the anatomical structure of the examined wood in relation to pine wood is essential for the efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis process. The yields of glucose and other reducing sugars obtained from the birch and beech cellulosic pulps were similar (up to around 75% and 98.3% dry weight, and 76% and 98.6% dry weight, respectively). The highest glucose yields from cellulose contained in the birch and beech pulp were around 81.2% (at a Kappa number of 28.3) and 83.1% (at a Kappa number of 30.4), respectively. The maximum glucose yields and total reducing sugars of birch wood on a dry weight basis (39.8% and 52.1%, respectively) were derived from the pulp at a Kappa number of 28.3, while the highest yields of glucose and total reducing sugars of beech wood on a dry weight basis (around 36.9% and 48.2%, respectively) were reached from the pulp at a Kappa number of 25.3. To obtain the highest glucose yields and total reducing sugars of a wood on a dry weight basis, total lignin elimination from the birch and beech pulps was not necessary. However more in-depth delignification of birch and beech wood is required than for pine wood.