Maximum Time Research Articles

Notes on the Ecology and Distribution of Species of the Genera of Bondarzewiaceae (Russulales and Basidiomycota) with an Emphasis on Amylosporus.

The family Bondarzewiaceae is an important and diverse group of macrofungi associated with wood as white rotting fungi, and some species are forest tree pathogens. Currently, there are nine genera and approximately 89 species in the family, distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates. To address the phylogenetic relationships among the genera, a combined ITS-28S dataset was subjected to maximum likelihood (ML), Bayesian inference (BI), and time divergence analyses using the BEAST package. Both ML and BI analyses revealed two major clades, where one major clade consisted of Amylosporus, Stecchericium, and Wrightoporia austrosinensisa. The second major clade is composed of Bondarzewia, Heterobasidion, Gloiodon, Laurilia, Lauriliella, and Wrightoporia, indicating that these genera are phylogenetically similar. Wrightoporia austrosinensisa recovered outside of Wrightoporia, indicating that this species is phylogenetically different from the rest of the species of the genus. Similarly, time divergence analyses suggest that Bondarzewiaceae diversified around 114 million years ago (mya), possibly during the Early Cretaceous Epoch. The genus Amylosporus is well resolved within the family, with an estimated stem age of divergent around 62 mya, possibly during the Eocene Epoch. Further, the species of the genus are recovered in two sister clades. One sister clade consists of species with pileate basidiomata and generative hyphae with clamp connections, corresponding to the proposed section Amylosporus sect. Amylosporus. The other consists of species having resupinate basidiomata and generative hyphae without clamps, which is treated here as Amylosporus sect. Resupinati. We provided the key taxonomic characters, known distribution, number of species, and stem age of diversification of each section. Furthermore, we also described a new species, Amylosporus wadinaheezicus, from Oman, based on morphological characters of basidiomata and multigene sequence data of ITS, 28S, and Tef1-α. With pileate basidiomata and phylogenetic placement, the new species is classified under the proposed A. sect. Amylosporus. An identification key to the known species of Amylosporus is presented. Ecology and distribution of species of the genera in the family are discussed.

Designing microtransit services in suburban areas: A case study in Palermo, Italy

Poor quality of Public Transport (PT) services is one of the main causes of social exclusion for people living in the suburbs. Public transport companies usually allocate few financial resources to these areas, providing transport services with low frequency, poor accessibility, poor reliability, and high waiting times at stops. Recently, microtransit has emerged as an effective solution to improve the travel experience in suburban areas, particularly for non-commuting trips during off-peak hours. This paper presents an integrated methodological approach for designing microtransit services to meet the mobility needs of people living in low-density suburbs. By conducting a Reveled Preference (RP) and Stated Preference (SP) survey and developing a travel demand model, the demand was estimated and used as input to simulate and size the service. Combining GIS and simulation models, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) were assessed; fleet size to meet the trip requests was identified and the fare was selected using a sensitivity analysis. The method was applied to a real case study to design a new microtransit service with flexible routes and on-demand stops in a suburban area in Palermo, Italy. The results highlight how introducing a microtransit service with 30 nine-seater vans could change the mobility habits of people living in the suburban area, being attractive and financially sustainable if costing 2 €, or just a little more than the existing fixed-route bus service. It could improve the travel experience by reducing the average waiting time at stops to around 5 min and improve access to amenities and PT hubs by guaranteeing a walking time of maximum about 8 min.

X-ray-induced long persistent luminescence of Cu+-doped high alumina borosilicate glass

A Cu+ doped high alumina borosilicate glass with long persistent luminescence (LPL) was prepared by reduction melting and radiation induction based on glass defect engineering. The maximum time of the persistent luminescence can arrive 16 h. Spectral and EPR measurements indicate that two kinds of oxygen defects can be induced by X-ray radiation. One defect was eliminated after UV irradiation, and the other can synergistically participate in the LPL process of glass with reduction induced oxygen deficiency centers(ODCs). In addition, there is a highly linear relationship between the initial LPL intensity of the glass and the radiation dose; which implies the glass can be used as a radiation detection material. The internal mechanism of the linear relationship and LPL was discussed.

New evidence of the timing of arsenic accumulation and expression of arsenic-response genes in field-grown Pteris vittata plants under different arsenic concentrations

The timing and efficiency of arsenic (As) accumulation is crucial for using the hyperaccumulator P. vittata in remediation of As-contaminated soils. In this study, through an innovative microXRF-based approach, using a new “pinna powder” sampling method, we monitored As accumulation over time in fronds of individual P. vittata plants grown in the greenhouse and in the field on two natural soils, with high (750 mg/kg) and moderate (58.4 mg/kg) As concentrations. Results, validated by multivariant statistical analysis show that the peak of As occurs on both soils at 45/60 days and at 100/120 days in greenhouse and field grown plants, respectively. Furthermore, in field trials, the timing of As accumulation in both soils was similar during the first autumn-winter and the second spring-summer phytoextraction cycle. After the two cycles, soil As content was reduced by 70.4% in the high-As soil and 26.4% in the moderate one. Moreover, candidate genes involved in As hyperaccumulation -the arsenite antiporter PvACR3, the As (V)-reductases Pv2.5-8 and the organic cation transporter PvOCT4- are expressed in response to As in field-grown plants with similar kinetics in both soils. In conclusion, we established by this innovative technique, the timing of maximum As accumulation that is linked to the intrinsic hyperaccumulation mechanism and represents a highly powerful tool to set up the duration of phytoextraction cycles.

Effects of Water and Nitrogen Regulation on Apple Tree Growth, Yield, Quality, and Their Water and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency.

Apple tree productivity is influenced by the quantity of water and nutrients that are supplied during planting. To enhance resource utilization efficiency and optimize yields, a suitable strategy for supplying water and nitrogen must be established. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized block group design on five-year-old apple trees in Ningxia, with two irrigation lower limit levels (55%FC (W1) and 75%FC (W2)) and four N application levels (0 (N1), 120 (N2), 240 (N3), and 360 (N4) kg·ha-1). Our findings showed that leaf N content increased with a higher irrigation lower limit, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, the leaf N content significantly increased with increasing N application. The growth pattern of new shoots followed logistic curve characteristics, with the maximum new shoot growth rate and time of new shoot growth being delayed under high water and high nitrogen treatments. Apple yield and yield components (weight per fruit and number of fruits per plant) were enhanced under N application compared to no N application. The maximum apple yields were 19,405.3 kg·ha-1 (2022) and 29,607 kg·ha-1 (2023) at the N3 level. A parabolic relationship was observed between apple yield and N application level, with the optimal range of N application being 230-260 kg⸱ha-1. Apple quality indicators were not significantly affected by the irrigation lower limit but were significantly influenced by N application levels. The lower limit of irrigation did not have a significant impact on the quality indicators of the apples. Water and N utilization efficiencies improved with the W2 treatment at the same N application level. A negative relationship was observed between the amount of nitrogen applied and the biased productivity of nitrogen fertilizer. The utilization of nitrogen fertilizer was 127.6 kg·kg-1 (2022) and 200.3 kg·kg-1 (2023) in the W2N2 treatment. The apple yield was sustained, the quality of the fruit improved, and a substantial increase in water productivity was achieved with the W2N3 treatment. The findings of this study can be used as a reference for accurate field irrigation.

Geospatial Point-of-Care Testing Strategies for COVID-19 Resilience in Resource-Poor Settings: Rural Cambodia Field Study.

Point-of-care testing (POCT) generates intrinsically fast, inherently spatial, and immediately actionable results. Lessons learned in rural Cambodia and California create a framework for planning and mobilizing POCT with telehealth interventions. Timely diagnosis can help communities assess the spread of highly infectious diseases, mitigate outbreaks, and manage risks. The aims of this study were to identify the need for POCT in Cambodian border provinces during peak COVID-19 outbreaks and to quantify geospatial gaps in access to diagnostics during community lockdowns. Data sources comprised focus groups, interactive learners, webinar participants, online contacts, academic experts, public health experts, and officials who determined diagnostic needs and priorities in rural Cambodia during peak COVID-19 outbreaks. We analyzed geographic distances and transit times to testing in border provinces and assessed a high-risk province, Banteay Meanchey, where people crossed borders daily leading to disease spread. We strategized access to rapid antigen testing and molecular diagnostics in the aforementioned province and applied mobile-testing experience among the impacted population. COVID-19 outbreaks were difficult to manage in rural and isolated areas where diagnostics were insufficient to meet needs. The median transit time from border provinces (n=17) to testing sites was 73 (range 1-494) minutes, and in the high-risk Banteay Meanchey Province (n=9 districts), this transit time was 90 (range 10-150) minutes. Within border provinces, maximum versus minimum distances and access times for testing differed significantly (P<.001). Pareto plots revealed geospatial gaps in access to testing for people who are not centrally located. At the time of epidemic peaks in Southeast Asia, mathematical analyses showed that only one available rapid antigen test met the World Health Organization requirement of sensitivity >80%. We observed that in rural Solano and Yolo counties, California, vending machines and public libraries dispensing free COVID-19 test kits 24-7 improved public access to diagnostics. Mobile-testing vans equipped with COVID-19 antigen, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and multiplex influenza A/B testing proved useful for differential diagnosis, public awareness, travel certifications, and telehealth treatment. Rural diagnostic portals implemented in California demonstrated a feasible public health strategy for Cambodia. Automated dispensers and mobile POCT can respond to COVID-19 case surges and enhance preparedness. Point-of-need planning can enhance resilience and assure spatial justice. Public health assets should include higher-quality, lower-cost, readily accessible, and user-friendly POCT, such as self-testing for diagnosis, home molecular tests, distributed border detection for surveillance, and mobile diagnostics vans for quick telehealth treatment. High-risk settings will benefit from the synthesis of geospatially optimized POCT, automated 24-7 test access, and timely diagnosis of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients at points of need now, during new outbreaks, and in future pandemics.

Formation of high areal density core using an efficient and robust implosion method for fast ignition

Abstract A new fuel compression method for a fast ignition scheme is discussed. To form a high areal density fuel plasma for the ignition condition, homogenous isentropic compression (HIC) with solid spherical target is effective. We improve a multi-step pulse shape method that uses progressive shockwaves and reflected shockwaves for the compression, where a precisely controlled step-pulse laser drives the shockwaves to compress the fuel and suppress entropy increase. Another advantage of this approach is the relatively smooth high dense fuel is distributed at maximum compression time, compared to our previous design based on Kidder’s HIC method. In addition, we insert a power dip as a preconditioning before the last pulse step to reduce the electron and ion temperature near critical density. As a result, an optimum implosion is designed using 245 kJ of implosion laser energy to meet the ignition condition.

Multi-depot routing problem with van-based driverless vehicles

In order to strengthen the coordination between different delivery participants and means of transport, this work proposes one extension of multi-depot routing problems where vans and driverless vehicles are used in combination during the delivery. The operation process mainly includes two parts. One is that, vans carry several driverless vehicles and goods, and drop off or pick up driverless vehicles at stops. Another is that, driverless vehicles departing directly from depots and dropped off by vans deliver goods to customers in cooperation. During the delivery, vans and driverless vehicles are in close cooperation through the proposed multi-depot joint distribution and the proposed van-van joint distribution. By the two modes, one van can depart from one depot and return to another depot, and one driverless vehicle can be set off by one van at one stop and be picked up by another van at another stop. This multi-depot routing problem with van-based driverless vehicles is formulated as a mixed integer programming model which can be solved by a designed heuristic algorithm. The sensitivity analyses about the maximum number of driverless vehicles in one van and the maximum traveling time of driverless vehicles are also performed. The results reveal that they have limited effects on the delivery cost and the application of the two modes. In addition, the experimental results demonstrate that the application of the two modes is affected by the distribution of depots and stops.

Teachers’ Perceptions towards English Language Teaching Pedagogy in Secondary Schools of Nepal

Recently research on English language teaching pedagogy has been receiving increased attention throughout the world, with a primary focus on classroom teaching strategies. This qualitative research study aims to explore the narratives of English language teachers about the use of English language teaching pedagogy in secondary schools in Nepal. The participants purposively selected for this study were four English language teachers teaching at the secondary level in public schools of Kanchanpur district. The researcher used narrative inquiry as a research method in which interview protocols with open-ended questions were employed as research tools to obtain information. The findings of the study showed that secondary English teachers have been shifting their classroom pedagogy from traditional teacher-centred approaches to modern innovative student-centred approaches. The study further revealed that teachers keep the knowledge of both teacher-centred and student-centred methods and techniques but practise them in the classrooms in their ways due to the limitations of prescribed methods. The study also revealed students’ level of English as the main barrier to their learning progress. The implication of the study is that the teachers should create more learning opportunities and environments inside and outside the classroom to increase students’ maximum time engagement in English learning-based activities that provide them with more exposure to English and enhances their learning.

枸杞振采收集过程中果实碰撞损伤分析与试验

Lycium barbarum L. (L. barbarum) is an economic crop with high added value and profit. Vibration harvesting is a suitable mechanized harvesting method for L. barbarum. It bruises easily during harvesting due to the softness and vulnerability of fresh ripe fruit, resulting in economic losses. This study analyzed the fruit drop and collision during vibration harvesting. High-speed photography was used to obtain the impact speed and angle of the falling fruit, and a kinematic analysis of the collision with the collection surface was conducted. The majority of the fruit had an impact speed of 2-6 m/s and an impact angle of 30-90° with the collection surface. A drop test was conducted to assess fruit bruising, and the impact speed was converted to the drop height. A orthogonal rotation experiment was conducted, and mathematical model was established between the drop height, impact angle, and impact material, and the fruit bruise rate, maximum impact force, recovery coefficient, and impact time. The effects of the factors on the fruit bruise rate, maximum impact force, recovery coefficient, and impact time were analyzed. The test results show that a vibration harvesting device for L. barbarum should be designed to reduce the height between the fruit and the collection surface and utilize a tilted collection surface and high cushioning materials to reduce the fruit bruising. This study provides guidance for subsequent research on the bruising of L. barbarum during vibration harvesting and harvester design.

Relationship between kinetic parameters of ultrafast dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer.

To evaluate the relationship between kinetic parameters of ultrafast dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer. This retrospective study was approved by an institutional review board and included 76 women (median age: 60) with 76 surgically proven breast cancers who underwent DCE MRI including ultrafast sequence. Based on the TILs level, we classified the patients into the low-TILs (< 10%) group and the high-TILs (≥ 10%) group. Maximum slope (MS) and time to enhancement (TTE) derived from ultrafast DCE sequence were correlated in each TILs group. The percentages of six kinetic patterns (fast, medium, and slow from the early phase, washout, plateau, and persistent from the delayed phase) derived from the conventional DCE sequence were also correlated in each TILs group. Of the 76 breast cancers, 57 were in the low-TILs group and 19 comprised the high-TILs group. The median MS in the high-TILs group (32.4%/sec) was significantly higher than that in the low-TILs group (23.68%/s) (p = 0.037). In a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) for differentiating between the high- and low-TILs group was 0.661. The TTE in the high-TILs group was significantly shorter than that in the low-TILs group (p = 0.012). In the ROC analysis, the AUC was 0.685. There were no significant differences between the percentages of the six kinetic patterns from the conventional DCE sequence and the TILs level (p = 0.075-0.876). Compared to the low-TILs group, the high-TILs group had higher MS and shorter TTE.

Adhesion Evolution: Designing Smart Polymeric Adhesive Systems with On-Demand Reversible Switchability.

Smart polymeric switchable adhesives represent a rapidly emerging class of advanced materials, exhibiting the ability to undergo on-demand transitioning between "On" and "Off" adhesion states. By selectively tuning external stimuli triggers (including temperature, light, electricity, magnetism, and chemical agents), we can engineer these materials to undergo reversible changes in their bonding capabilities. The strategic design selection of stimuli is a pivotal factor in the design of switchable adhesive systems. This review outlines recent advancements in the field of smart switchable polymeric adhesives over the past decade with a focus on the selection of stimulus triggers. These systems are further categorized into one of four adhesion switching mechanisms upon initiation by a specific stimuli-trigger: (i) interfacial adhesion, (ii) stiffness, (iii) contact area, or (iv) suction-based switching. Evaluation of adhesion switching performance across systems is primarily made based on three key metrics: (i) maximum adhesion strength, (ii) switch ratio, and (iii) switch time. Different stimuli and mechanisms offer distinct advantages and limitations, influencing the performance characteristics and applicability of these materials across domains such as detachable biomedical devices, robotic grippers, and climbing robots. This review thus offers a perspective on the present advancements and challenges in this emerging field, along with insights into future directions.

A Comprehensive Review of Small Particle Reagent Efficacy in Developing Latent Fingerprints Immersed in Water: An Empirical Analysis

A latent fingerprint is a shred of inevitable evidence left on a scene of the crime by the offender. Being aware of fingerprints, offenders tend to deteriorate all possible pieces of evidence by different methods that include burning, immersing the evidence in water, and many more. Water-immersed latent fingerprints are still viable for the development process due to the presence of water-insoluble components (Lipids, oils, etc.) in the latent fingerprint. Different methods have been tested for the imaging of water-immersed latent fingerprints among which Small Particle Reagent (SPR) was found to be the most efficient by many researchers. This method involves the application of fine particles suspended in a reagent based liquid medium onto the surface containing latent prints immersed in water, resulting in the development of highly detailed fingerprint impressions. The reagent comprised of hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tails that adhere to latent fingerprint and suspended particle respectively and thus act as a junction among them. The diverse composition of Small Particle Reagent, various surfaces for taking impressions of latent fingerprint (followed by immersing in water), the Shelf life of SPR, immersion time of latent fingerprint, and various immersion medium studied by researchers has been reviewed in this paper. The maximum shelf life of SPR reported by a researcher is 6 months and the maximum immersion time is 45 days. Furthermore, the need for green synthesis of SPR is emphasized due to its toxicity caused by long-term exposure.

Research on Multi-Objective Low-Carbon Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Based on Improved NSGA-II

To optimize the production scheduling of a flexible job shop, this paper, based on the NSGA-II algorithm, proposes an adaptive simulated annealing non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II with enhanced elitism (ASA-NSGA-EE) that establishes a multi-objective flexible job shop scheduling model with the objective functions of minimizing the maximum completion time, processing cost, and carbon emissions generated from processing. The ASA-NSGA-EE algorithm adopts an adaptive crossover and mutation genetic strategy, which dynamically adjusts the crossover and mutation rates based on the evolutionary stage of the population, aiming to reduce the loss of optimal solutions. Additionally, it incorporates the simulated annealing algorithm to optimize the selection strategy by leveraging its cooling characteristics. Furthermore, it improves the elite strategy through incorporating elite selection criteria. Finally, by simulation experiments, the effectiveness of the improved NSGA-II algorithm is validated by comparing it with other algorithms.

Adjustable slow light with high group index in a graphene metasurface based on plasmon-induced transparency

A relatively simple metasurface structure is proposed to achieve a dynamically tunable slow light effect. The metasurface consists of two horizontal graphene strips and two vertical continuous graphene strips. Strong interference between the bright and dark modes enables the metasurface to generate a significant triple plasmon-induced transparency (PIT). Varying the coupling distance between the horizontal strips, double-PIT and triple-PIT can be transformed into each other. During the reduction of the transparent window, electromagnetic waves undergo strong phase changes, resulting in a higher group index. After structural optimization, the maximum time delay and group index can be as high as 2.624 ps and 3934, surpassing comparable slow light devices. The proposed patterned graphene metasurface provides theoretical guidance for designing high-performance slow light devices for optical storage, nonlinear optics and quantum optics.

Rainfall event separation and determination of the water quality volume

A procedure is presented and demonstrated for identifying the minimum interevent time for automatic separation of rainfall events and the subsequent use of the event statistics to determine the water quality volume. The proposed procedure for identifying the minimum interevent time is more robust that the conventional approach that requires interevent times to have an exponential distribution. The procedure is validated in South Florida and at locations in Athens (Georgia), Roanoke (Virginia), and St.Louis (Missouri). Minimum interevent times of 6h, 6h, 12h, and 9h, respectively, were found at the study locations, and it was demonstrated that the interevent times do not generally have an exponential distribution. Conventional determination of the water quality volume does not formally consider the influence of the drain time in sizing the water quality storage basin, and a procedure is presented herein for taking the drain time into account. The procedure is demonstrated at the study locations using multiple rainfall-runoff models. It is shown that a maximum drain time of 24h would not generally be adequate in South Florida, but would be adequate in Athens, Roanoke and St.Louis, however, a maximum drain time of 48h would not generally be adequate at all locations.

Fixed-time consensus problem for uncertain multi-agent systems with continuous and intermittent control

This paper addresses the fixed-time consensus issue in uncertain multi-agent systems (MAS). It introduces novel estimation methods for the maximum settling time, which considers all controller components but may also have less conservatism than traditional methods. Based on these results, a distributed control scheme and the corresponding consensus criterion are proposed, enabling MAS to achieve a fixed-time consensus and provide a more accurate estimation of the maximum settling time than the traditional method. Additionally, a distributed intermittent control scheme is also provided to enable the MAS to solve the issue of practical fixed-time consensus and be controlled only in a series of disjoint periods. Moreover, considering the case where the MAS has no external disturbance, another distributed intermittent control scheme is introduced to achieve fixed-time consensus under a directed topology. Finally, the results are supported by numerical examples.

A Brown Dwarf Orbiting around the Planetary-nebula Central Binary KV Vel

KV Vel is a noneclipsing short-period (P = 0.3571 days) close binary containing a very hot subdwarf primary (77,000 K) and a cool low-mass secondary star (3400 K) that is located at the center of the planetary nebula DS 1. The changes in the orbital period of the close binary were analyzed based on 262 new times of light maximum together with those compiled from the literature. It is discovered that the O − C curve shows a small-amplitude (0.ͩ0034) cyclic period variation with a period of 29.55 yr. The explanation by the solar-type magnetic activity cycles of the cool component is ruled out because the required energies are much larger than the total radiant energy of this component in a whole cycle. Therefore, the cyclic variation was plausibly explained as the light-travel time effect via the presence of a tertiary component, which is supported by the periodic changes of the O − C curve and the rather symmetric and stable light curves obtained by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. The mass of the tertiary companion is determined to be M3sini′=0.060(±0.007) M ⊙. If the third body is coplanar with the central binary (i.e., i′=62.°5 ), the mass of the tertiary component is computed as M 3 ∼ 0.068 M ⊙, and thus it would be below the stable hydrogen-burning limit and is a brown dwarf. The orbital separation is shorter than 9.35 au. KV Vel together with its surrounding planetary nebula and the brown-dwarf companion may be formed through the common-envelope evolution after the primary filled its Roche lobe during the early asymptotic giant branch stage.

Sustainable removal of pigment dye from traditional batik textile wastewater using ZnO photocatalysis

Wastewater management in the textile industry poses significant challenges, especially for small-scale facilities lacking proper treatment systems. As an alternative solution, in-situ wastewater treatment has gained prominence. Presently, solar-driven photocatalytic materials offer a promising avenue for effective wastewater remediation. This study employed a one-step probe ultrasonication method to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles with exceptional photocatalytic properties. Comprehensive optimization was undertaken to achieve ZnO particles with superior photocatalytic performance. The effects of various parameters, including wave amplitude (ranging from 0 to 80 %), ultrasonication time (from 0 to 45 min), and precursor zinc acetate concentration (between 0.1 to 0.3 M), were thoroughly investigated. By carefully controlling these conditions, non-agglomerated ZnO particles significantly improved photocatalytic activity, especially under visible-light conditions, when treating wastewater from the textile industry. The produce particle at 0.1 M in conjunction with maximum ultrasonication time and amplitude, provide more dispersed particle with smaller particle sizes. The photocatalytic process exhibited remarkable efficiency, with up to 98 % of the textile waste degraded within 60 min of reaction time using the ZnO particle produced under this condition. Moreover, this higher photocatalytic activity was supported by the rate of kinetic constant of 0.0365 min⁻¹, representing the pseudo-first-order kinetic. Furthermore, this research highlights the robust reusability of ZnO as a photocatalytic material, which remained stable even after three consecutive cycles. These findings affirm that ZnO particles synthesized through the probe ultrasonication method hold great potential for treating dye-containing textile effluents, providing a sustainable and effective solution for addressing this environmental concern.

The Effect of a Single About of Resistance Exercise with Two Intensities and Different Recovery on Pro-Inflammatory Factor TNF-Α, HSP-70, And Anti-Inflammatory Factor BDNF In Female Bodybuilders

Background and purpose: resistance exercises with high loads of HLRT can cause physiological changes, including in the immune system. The purpose and credibility of qualitative research investigated the effect of a resistance activity session with two different intensities and recovery on the expression of TNF-α, HSP-70, and BDNF genes in female bodybuilders.Methods: In this Quasi-experimental study, twelve healthy female bodybuilders (age 30±5) volunteered to participate in the research. The samples performed one weekly strength training protocol session designed at two intensities of one maximum repetition in two different recovery times of one and two minutes. 36 hours after the end of the training, sampling was done after ten hours of fasting, and the samples were centrifuged and stored at minus 20℃. At the end of the four stages, the levels of TNF-α, HSP-70, and BDNF were checked in the medical laboratory. A consent form was obtained from all the participants. SPSS version 27 software was used for data analysis at a significance level of α ≤ 0.05.Findings: The results showed that HLRT resistance training compared to moderate intensity resistance training, by increasing the training intensity to 85% of a maximum repetition and recovery time of one and two minutes, significantly reduced TNF-α level (with p&lt;0.001and a significant increase in the serum levels of BDNF and HSP-70 (with p&lt;0.0001).Conclusion: It seems that increasing the intensity of HLRT resistance training has no negative effect on the immune system, and probably with the decrease of the pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α and HSP-70, the anti-inflammatory factor BDNF also increased reduces the incidence of inflammation in female bodybuilders.