Maximum Operating Conditions Research Articles

A hybrid adsorption / ultrafiltration membrane process for removal of Cs-137 from radioactive wastewater using natural clay adsorbent

The removal of radioactive cesium element (Cs-137) from wastewater is relatively challenging due to its high diffusion coefficient, short hydration radius, and the similarity between its chemical behavior to other alkali metals having high background concentrations, leading to a competition that reduces the removal efficiency of cesium (Cs-137). This study introduces an innovative treatment process using a submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system (SMAHS) using natural Iraqi clay minerals as adsorbents. The operational conditions were studied using the (SMAHS) continuous flow operation in stirred filtration mode experiments. The maximum operational conditions were achieved for the initial radioactivity concentration of Cs-137 at 7201.8 Bq/L, clay dose 1 g/L, the stirring speed at 700 rpm, pH =6, the transmembrane pressure (TMP) under 2 bar, and temperature at 25 °C. The SMAHS rejection percentage of Cs-137 was 93.6 % and the permeate flux was 105.6 L/m2.h at the best operational conditions. This study demonstrates that utilizing raw bentonite which is both environmentally friendly and locally available as an adsorbent in the SMAHS has proven its effectiveness for removing Cs-137 from wastewater. The hybrid method effectively immobilizes radioactive waste by converting it from liquid to solid state, leading to an extended and safer storage time.

Predictive Placement of IC Chips using ANN-GA Approach for Efficient Thermal Cooling

In this research, numerical modelling is used to explore the heat transfer through natural convection capabilities of nine aluminum integrated circuit chips that are installed on substrate board. The goal is to figure out where on the substrate board these IC chips would be best placed if they were arranged differently. The dimensionless parameter (λ) plays a very essential role, and by applying a hybrid technique consisting of ANN and GA. ANSYS Icepack calculates IC chip temperature distributions in 3D steady state numerical simulations. It has been shown that the form, dimensions, and IC chips' substrate board positioning affects their operating temperature. In comparison to the strategies that have been used in the past, hybrid optimization is the strategy that has shown to be the most reliable in properly predicting how the IC chips would be arranged on the substrate board. It has been observed that higher values of one of these parameters lead to a reduction in the maximum temperature surplus. A correlation has been established to illustrate this relationship as it increases. The most favorable simulation outcomes are utilized to drive a genetic algorithm (GA), which identifies the optimal configuration ensuring that the temperatures of the heat sources remain well below their specified maximum operating conditions, as outlined in the data sheets. The maximum temperature variation between the lowest and highest extreme configurations ranges between 4 - 8%. The smallest size IC chip, U2 with high heat dissipation rate attains the maximum temperature in the configuration, however, the temperature variation for the low powered IC chips U3, U4 and U7 are very small. Found good agreement of both the data with an error band of 10%, and thus confirms the accuracy of the network.

Dispersion model of NOx emissions from a liquefied natural gas facility

Natural gas used widely in terms of energy production. Energy production is among the most prominent sectors of humankind. Combustion processes inevitably produces air pollutants. The major pollutant during a combustion process is nitrogen oxide emissions. The term of nitrogen oxides primarily include nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. These pollutants are generated regardless of the fuel content since air composition itself is the major source for these pollutants. It is possible to calculate emissions through the activity data and emission factors. Calculation of emissions is not enough for an environmental assessment. The impact of pollutants on human health relies on their concentration in the atmosphere. In order to determine their concentrations several modelling practices are developed. In this study, AERMOD used for modelling purpose of NOx emissions from a liquefied natural gas facility. It was observed that the pollutants were dispersed mostly towards south-southwest of the facility, where Marmaraereğlisi district is located. Although the pollutants transported directly to the settlement, the concentrations remained limited. During operation conditions, the highest daily NOx concentration was 1.7 μg/m3 and the highest annual concentration was 0.1 μg/m3. At maximum operating conditions, the highest daily NOx concentration was 16.2 μg/m3 and the highest annual concentration was 2.5 μg/m3. At minimum operating conditions, the highest daily NOx concentration was 1.1 μg/m3 and the highest annual concentration was 0.2 μg/m3.

Experimental Evaluation of Methanol/Jet-A Blends as Sustainable Aviation Fuels for Turbo-Engines: Performance and Environmental Impact Analysis

This study offers a comprehensive examination, both theoretically and experimentally, of the potential of methanol (M) as a sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) assessed in combination with kerosene (Ke—Jet-A aviation fuel + 5% Aeroshell oil). Different blends of methanol and kerosene (10%, 20%, and 30% vol. of (M) was added to Ke) were tested in an aviation micro turbo-engine under various operating regimes, such as idle, cruise, and maximum. Key engine parameters, including combustion temperature, fuel consumption, and thrust, were closely monitored during these trials. Essential performance indicators such as combustion efficiency, thermal efficiency, and specific consumption for all fuel blends under maximum operating conditions are also presented. Physical and chemical characteristics, such as viscosity, density, calorific value and flash point, were determined for each blend. Moreover, elemental analysis and FTIR spectroscopy were utilized to evaluate the chemical composition of the fuels. This study further investigated the air requirements for stoichiometric combustion and computed the resulting CO2 and H2O emissions. Experimental tests were conducted on the Jet Cat P80® micro turbo-engine, covering assessments of starting procedures, acceleration, deceleration, and pollutant emissions (CO and SO2) during various engine operating conditions. The results suggest that the examined fuel blends demonstrate stable engine performance at concentrations of 10% and 20% methanol. However, observations indicate that with an increase in methanol concentration, particularly at 30%, the stability of the engine at idle and, notably, at maximum speed decreases significantly. Specifically, at a 30% methanol concentration, the engine no longer operates stably, exhibiting significant rpm fluctuations, leading to the decision not to explore higher concentrations.

Performance evaluation and parametric analysis of nighttime electricity generation system integrating thermogalvanic cells with radiative sky cooling

While distributed power generation has been made possible by photovoltaic cells during the day, there is no comparable option available at night, especially in off-grid areas around the world. In our work, a cost-effective nighttime electricity generation approach based on thermogalvanic cells and radiative sky cooling is proposed. Based on the developed thermal and electrical coupled model, we determine the maximum power point and optimal operating conditions, including the optimal load ratio of 1.2 and area ratio of 1. The calculated results show that, with systematic optimization, a high power density of 900 mW/m2 is achievable for the device by enhancing (suppressing) heat transfer between the hot (cold) side and ambient air, operating at hot and dry conditions, and optimizing the geometry of individual cells. Furthermore, the presented device significantly outperforms the nighttime thermoelectric generator and could directly power various electric devices to meet the power needs of people in remote or off-grid regions. This work identifies how to achieve maximal electrical power generation for nighttime radiative-cooling-assisted thermogalvanic devices, providing a feasible approach for constructing high-performance nighttime electricity generation devices.

Endurance Life Estimation of Aircraft Compact Heat Exchanger

Heat Exchangers are used in various engineering systems to transfer heat from a hot fluid to cold fluid across an impermeable wall. The necessity of increased heat transfer surface area has resulted in the development of Compact Heat Exchangers (CHE). Due to their compactness, high performances and less weight, CHE is used for aerospace applications. CHE used in combat aircrafts experience arduous and extreme working conditions during their operation. Before its integration with aircraft, CHEs are required to be tested for performance and qualified for airworthiness by evaluating its endurance life. This paper provides the details of the facility established to experimentally evaluate the endurance life. A computational analysis was carried out to estimate the endurance life with respect to fatigue effects using Finite Element Analysis to calculate stress distribution due to pressure and temperature in CHE during maximum and minimum operating conditions. This was then utilized to calculate fatigue life of CHE. The results were compared with experimental data and it is understood that fatigue alone does not determine the endurance life and there are other parameters that significantly influence the life of CHE.

Analysis of CRDI diesel engine characteristics operated on dual fuel mode fueled with biodiesel-hydrogen enriched producer gas under the single and multi-injection scheme

The present work aims to investigate the consequences of pilot fuel (PF) multiple injections and hydrogen manifold injection (HMI) on the combustion and tailpipe gas characteristics of a common rail direct injection (CRDI) compression ignition (CI) engine operated on dual fuel (DF) mode. The CI engine can perform on a wide variety of fuels and under high pilot fuel (PF) pressure. Pilot fuel injection (PFI) is achieved at TDC, 5, 10, and 15ºCA before the top dead center (bTDC), and divided injection consists of injecting fuel in three different magnitudes on a time basis and PF is injected into the engine cylinder at a pressure of 600 bar. In this work, the hydrogen flow rate (HFR) was fixed at 8 lpm constant and producer gas was inducted without any restriction. The investigational engine setup has the ability to deliver a PF and hydrogen (H2) precisely in all operating circumstances using a separate electronic control unit (ECU). Results showed that diesel-hydrogen enriched producer gas (HPG) operation at maximum operating conditions provided amplified thermal efficiency by 4.01% with reduced emissions, except NOx levels, compared to biodiesel-HPG operation. Further, DiSOME with the multi-injection strategy of 60 + 20+20 and 50 + 25+25, lowered thermal efficiency by 4.8% and 9.12%, respectively compared to identical fuel combinations under a single injection scheme. However, reductions in NOx levels, cylinder pressure, and HRR were observed with a multi-injection scheme. It is concluded that multi-injection results in lower BTE, changes carbon-based emissions marginally, and decreases cylinder pressure and heat release rate than the traditional fuel injection method.

Stability of distribution network with large-scale PV penetration under off-grid operation

Large-scale photovoltaic (PV) penetration reduces system damping and causes stability problems on off-grid distribution systems. The single-machine equivalent method is typically used to simplify the full-order model by ignoring the differences in PVs. However, this results in substantial errors. When the differences between the control models of PVs are greater, the calculation results lead to greater error. Then the stability of the PV system cannot be judged. This study validated that the oscillation mode of the PV in the subsynchronous frequency band has a linear correlation with the operating conditions and control parameters. Accordingly, the authors proposed to divide the oscillation mode interval by taking the maximum and minimum PV operating conditions as the boundary to assess the stability of the system. Considering the difference in the operating conditions of the PVs, the average power was used to dynamically aggregate the PV electric farm to determine whether the system was at risk of instability. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified through case studies on a 12-PV off-grid distribution system and a large-scale PV farm system. The verification results show that the proposed method can determine the stability of the distribution system accurately. The proposed method is significant for developing strategies to enhance the stability of off-grid distribution systems.

Performance of a photovoltaic/thermoelectric generator hybrid system with a beam splitter under maximum permissible operating conditions

Utilizing a beam-splitting system is considered a potential solution for enhancing electricity generation by exploiting full-spectrum solar radiation. To settle the balance between photothermal and photoelectric conversion performance, an experimental and theoretical study is carried out using two configurations, namely, a standalone photovoltaic system and a photovoltaic/thermoelectric generator (PV/TEG) hybrid system incorporating a beam-splitting configuration. Both systems are cooled using passive cooling to increase solar energy utilization. The experiment is carried out using a two-dimensional tracking system under outdoor conditions. Thermal and electrical outputs are both investigated. The results of both configurations are compared under maximum permissible operation conditions (MOC). The maximum operation condition is determined based on the limit temperature of the photovoltaic silicon cell, which is about 358 K (85 °C). The results indicate that the maximum permissible concentrations are 16 suns and 8 suns, for the systems with and without splitting, respectively. Under the conditions mentioned above, the average individual efficiencies of both the photovoltaic and thermoelectric generator systems are about 7.58% and 1.36%, respectively. For the standalone system, the average efficiency is about 13 %. However, under maximum permissible operation conditions, the average output power density for the hybrid system reaches about 1215 W/m2, compared to only 850 W/m2 for the standalone system. Therefore, the total generated power increases by nearly 43%.Furthermore, the hybrid splitting system enables both the photovoltaic and thermoelectric generator modules to convert visible and thermal parts into electricity with an efficiency of up to 20% and 3%, respectively. Therefore, using a beam-splitting system has a significant impact on the performance of the hybrid system. The outcomes of this study offer a guideline for evaluating the performance of hybrid splitting systems.

Design and cost effective manufacturing of swivelling brake master cylinder for a formula student vehicle

The braking system is one of the most critical systems in the vehicle as it ensures drivers' safety. The brake master cylinder is the medium of pressurization that converts brake pedal force into brake pressure. The main objective of this paper is to design a swivelling brake master cylinder of the hydraulic braking system for a Formula Society Automotive Engineers (FSAE) vehicle that is best suited for cost-effective manufacturing. Due considerations are given to safety on maximum operating conditions of driver effort and friction coefficient, along with precision manufacturing to attain desired tolerances relative to its applications with seals. The design is based on its use in swiveling geometry for a compact assembly. Multiple simulations were performed to finalize the material and corresponding manufacturing techniques to make assembly efficient and cost-effective without compromising safety and reliability.

Oil-Removal Performance of Rotating-Disk-Type Oil Separator

Oil mist adversely affects the health of workplace workers, and for this reason, regulations on the limitation of the oil-mist exposure of workers are becoming stricter. In order to reduce the amount of the exposure of workers to oil mist, it is important to effectively remove oil mist from machine tools. In this study, the collection efficiency according to the geometry of the oil-mist-collection cyclone consisting of several disks and the output power and rotation speed of the motor were evaluated. Most of the generated oil mists were less than 10 μm, and the mist removal was assessed using an optical particle counter. The cyclone airflow rate increased linearly with the rotational speed, and the rate was affected more by the cyclone geometry than by the power consumption. The mist-removal performance was significantly enhanced when plate- and cone-type disks were added to the rotating blades. The removal efficiencies of PM10 and PM2.5 under the maximum operational conditions of 5000 rpm and a flow rate of 3.73 m3/min were 93.4% and 78.4%, respectively. The removal capacity was more affected by the cyclone geometry than the rotational speed. The experimental results were similar to those predicted by the modified Lapple theory when an appropriate slope parameter (β) was used.

Catalytic wet air oxidation of azo dye (reactive red 2) over copper oxide loaded activated carbon catalyst

The degradation of reactive red 2 mono azo dye through catalytic wet air oxidation process using copper oxide loaded activated carbon catalyst showed remarkable a result. The AC was prepared from water hyacinth root using the physic-chemical activation method and the copper oxide loaded activated carbon (CuO/AC) catalyst was prepared through the wet impregnation method. It was characterized by: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) instruments. The influence of operating parameters (catalyst dose (2–6 g/L), reaction temperature (70–120 °C), and oxygen partial pressure (1–3 bar)) on reactive red 2 (RR2) dye decolorization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) conversion at a reaction time of (10–120 min) were investigated. Complete dye decolorization (100%) and 88.57% chemical oxygen demand (COD) conversion were achieved at maximum operating conditions, 6 g/L of catalyst dose, 120 °C reaction temperature, and 3 bar of oxygen partial pressure within 120 min of reaction time. The percentage of dye decolorization was 42.91 and 59% in the presence of free radical scavengers sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and methanol (CH3OH) respectively. Also, the performance of the reused catalyst was decreased. Based on the percentage of germination index of lepidium sativium seed, the phytotoxicity of the treated dye solution has low toxicity (62.67%) than the untreated dye solution (34.80%).

Optimization of Kerosene Aromatization over Ni/HY Catalysts using Response Surface Methodology

In this paper, several Ni/Y catalysts were prepared to perform kerosene aromatization. The Na+ cation of Y zeolite was exchanged with NH4+, and then Ni/HY catalysts were synthesized through the precipitation-deposition method. Properties of the samples were characterized by XRD, EDX, and BET. In addition, the Response Surface Method in combination with a three-factor Central Composite Design was employed to optimize the conditions of the reaction over Ni/HY catalysts. The three independent variables were: Ni content of the catalysts, reaction time, and temperature. Analysis of aromatic yield as the response was performed to survey the importance of these independent variables. Results of numerical optimization revealed that maximum operation conditions were 5%Ni-loading at a temperature 450oC and a reaction time of 120min, in which aromatic yield was 55.74%. This was in agreement with the predicted aromatic content (52.62%) in this condition. Acceptable value for correlation coefficient (R2= 0.989), root mean square error (RMSE = 0.77), and standard error of prediction (SEP = 1.82) was obtained. These low values confirmed the adequacy and statistical significance of the model to predict an adequate response.

Research on cogging torque of the permanent magnet canned motor in domestic heating system

The permanent magnet canned motor (PMCM) is a new type of energy-saving motor used in domestic heating system. Starting from the operating environment of the equipment, this paper studies the operating state of the motor. Based on the analysis of the motor structure and the maximum operating conditions, the method of weakening the cogging torque of the motor is studied, and the auxiliary slot method is selected to weaken the cogging torque of the PMCM. The finite element model of the motor is established, the influence of the number and type of auxiliary slots on the cogging torque is analyzed. Through analysis and calculation, it is concluded that the cogging torque of the motor can be reduced when the number of auxiliary slots is two. At the same time, compared with various slot types, the semicircular slot type has the smallest cogging torque. The circle helps to improve the flow of magnetic field and will not form corners and cause magnetic field deposition. This paper has certain engineering application value for the optimal design of the PMCM.

Powering Performance and Endurance Beyond Design Limits of HL-LHC Low-Beta Quadrupole Model Magnets

For the High Luminosity Upgrade project (HL-LHC) of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), lower β* quadrupole magnets based on advanced Nb 3 Sn conductors will be installed on each side of the ATLAS and CMS interaction points. To quantify the endurance and technological limits of these magnets, beyond their maximum operational conditions, two short length model magnets have been extensively tested at the CERN SM18 test facility. Both magnets were subjected to eight thermal cycles. One of them was trained beyond its ultimate current (17.89 kA, corresponding to 143 T/m field gradient and 12.2 T peak field), reaching a maximum of 19.57 kA at 1.9 K (corresponding to 155 T/m, 13.4 T peak field and 95.4% of the short sample limit) in a 150 mm diameter bore. This magnet currently has the record highest field gradient of this quadrupole magnet class. The second short model had zero re-training quenches up to nominal (16.47 kA) and ultimate current at 1.9 K during the thermal cycles; more than 1000 current cycles to nominal current; and provoked quenches to simulate the most severe failure scenarios of the protection system. After all these tests, both magnets continue to perform beyond requirements for operating current and temperature. In this paper, the tests performed on the two magnets are discussed.

Thermal impacts of basaltic lava flows to buried infrastructure: workflow to determine the hazard

Lava flows can cause substantial physical damage to elements of the built environment. Often, lava flow impacts are assumed to be binary, i.e. cause complete damage if the lava flow and asset are in contact, or no damage if there is no direct contact. According to this paradigm, buried infrastructure would not be expected to sustain damage if a lava flow traverses the ground above. However, infrastructure managers (“stakeholders”) have expressed concern about potential lava flow damage to such assets. We present a workflow to assess the thermal hazard posed by lava flows to buried infrastructure. This workflow can be applied in a pre-defined scenario. The first step in this workflow is to select an appropriate lava flow model(s) and simulate the lava flow’s dimensions, or to measure an in situ lava flow’s dimensions. Next, stakeholders and the modellers collaborate to identify where the lava flow traverses buried network(s) of interest as well as the thermal operating conditions of these networks. Alternatively, instead of direct collaboration, this step could be done by overlaying the flow’s areal footprint on local infrastructure maps, and finding standard and maximum thermal operating conditions in the literature. After, the temperature of the lava flow at the intersection point(s) is modelled or extracted from the results of the first step. Fourth, the lava flow-substrate heat transfer is calculated. Finally, the heat transfer results are simplified based on the pre-identified thermal operating conditions. We illustrate how this workflow can be applied in an Auckland Volcanic Field (New Zealand) case study. Our case study demonstrates considerable heat is transferred from the hypothetical lava flow into the ground and that maximum operating temperatures for electric cables are exceeded within 1 week of the lava flow front’s arrival at the location of interest. An exceedance of maximum operating temperatures suggests that lava flows could cause thermal damage to buried infrastructure, although mitigation measures may be possible.

Features of parachute systems testing during their creation

The article describes a number of stages in the creation of parachute systems for military and special purposes and some features of executing their testing. The necessity of development flight tests and their peak modes are analyzed in details. The feasibility of recovery parachute system creation for saving the weight model during the flight tests connected with checking of parachute systems strength is proved. The procedure of putting the recovery parachute system into the action scheme of the tested parachute system is suggested. The sequence and the stages of three-cascade recovery parachute system operation consisting of the auxiliary parachute, the drogue parachute and the main one are given. The analysis of this system operation considering the phase trajectories of the recovery parachute system and the tested parachute system movement is conducted. Development of possible emergency situations of the tested parachute system including the phase trajectories of motion at all stages is considered. The phase trajectories of motion are given taking into account test envelope with overlapping of the maximum operation conditions and acceleration modes. Development of emergencies is analyzed considering time buffer to put the recovery parachute system into operation. The article considers the example of creating the emergency detection system and its operating procedure when putting the recovery parachute system into action. Positive results from introduction of the recovery parachute system into the flight tests when creating parachute systems for different purposes are predicted. A new strategy of executing flight tests with the introduction of an updated (by the decision of the Chief Designer) test program is proposed. Extension of the test envelope will enable to significantly advance information awareness of the flight experiment, efficiency and quality of its results. Introduction of the emergency detection system will considerably improve reliability of the tested parachute system operation.

Fuel efficiency enhancement of modified diesel engine operated in dual fuel mode using renewable and sustainable fuels

ABSTRACTRenewable and sustainable fuels for diesel engine applications provide energy protection, overseas exchange saving and address atmospheric and socio-economic concerns. This study presents the investigational work carried out on a single cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine operated in dual fuel (DF) mode using renewable and sustainable fuels. In the first phase, a Y-shaped mixing chamber or venture was developed with varied angle facility for gas entry at 30°, 45° and 60°, respectively, to enable homogeneous air and gas mixing. Further effect of different gas and air mixture entry on the DF engine performance was studied. In the next phase of the work, hydrogen flow rate influence on the combustion and emission characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine operated in DF mode using diesel, neem oil methyl ester (NeOME) and producer gas has been investigated. During experimentation, hydrogen was mixed in different proportions varied from 3 to 12 l/min (lpm) in step of 3 lpm along with air-producer gas and the mixtures were directly inducted into engine cylinder during suction stroke. Experimental investigation showed that 45° Y-shaped mixing chamber resulted in improved performance with acceptable emission levels. Further, it is observed that investigation showed that at maximum operating conditions and hydrogen flow rate of 9 lpm, Diesel–producer gas and NeOME–producer gas combination showed increased thermal efficiency by 13.2% and 3.8%, respectively, compared to the DF operation without hydrogen addition. Further, it is noticed that hydrogen-enriched producer gas lowers the power derating by 5–10% and increases nitric oxide (NOx) emissions. However, increased hydrogen addition beyond the 12 lpm leads to sever knocking.Abbreviations: NeOME: Neem oil methyl ester; BTE: brake thermal efficiency; CI: compression ignition; ITE: indicated thermal efficiency; PG: producer gas; CA: crank angle; K: Kelvin; BP: brake power; IP: indicated power; H2: hydrogen; HC: unburnt hydrocarbon; CO: carbon dioxide; CO2: carbon dioxide; NOx: nitric oxide; HRR: heat release rate; %: percentage; PPM: parts per million; CMFIS: conventional mechanical fuel injection system.

Calculation of Maximum Torque Operating Conditions for Inverter-Fed Induction Machine Using Finite-Element Analysis

A procedure to calculate maximum torque operating conditions for the inverter-fed induction machine is proposed in this paper. The proposed procedure minimizes the finite-element analysis computation load by identifying the variation range of stator current and slip frequency for the entire torque-speed map. Thus, the total calculation time for machine steady-state performance estimation can be significantly reduced. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure is validated by an experiment.

Copper Loss Analysis of a Multiwinding High-Frequency Transformer for a Magnetically-Coupled Residential Microgrid

Improvements in characteristics of magnetic materials and switching devices have provided the feasibility of replacing the electrical buses with high-frequency magnetic links in small-scale microgrids. This can effectively reduce the number of voltage conversion stages, size, and cost of the microgrid, and isolate the sources and loads. To optimally design the magnetic link, an accurate evaluation of copper loss of the windings considering both the current waveforms and parasitic effects are required. This paper studies the copper loss analysis of a three-winding high-frequency magnetic link for residential microgrid applications. Due to the nonsinusoidal nature of the voltages and currents, the loss analysis is carried out on a harmonic basis taking into account the variations of phase shift, duty ratio, and amplitude of the waveforms. The high-frequency parasitic phenomena including the skin and proximity effects are taken into account. The maximum and minimum copper loss operating conditions of the magnetic link and their dependency on the phase shift angle and the duty ratio of the connected waveforms are studied. A prototype of the microgrid including the magnetic link is developed to validate the theoretical analysis, evaluate the microgrid efficiency, and perform the loss breakdown.