Maximum Number Of Participants Research Articles

Implementing a digital solution for patients with migraine-Developing a methodology for comparing digitally delivered treatment with conventional treatment: A study protocol.

Migraine is one of the most frequent and expensive neurological disease in the world. Non-pharmacological and digitally administered treatment options have long been used in the treatment of chronic pain and mental illness. Digital solutions increase the patients' possibilities of receiving evidence-based treatment even when conventional treatment options are limited. The main goal of the study is to assess the efficacy of interdisciplinary digital interventions compared to conventional treatment. The maximum number of participants in this multi-centre, open-label, prospective, randomized study is 600, divided into eight treatment groups. The participants will take part in either a conventional or a digital intervention, performing various tests and interdisciplinary tasks. The primary outcome is expected to be a reduction in the number of headache days. We also undertake to measure various other headache-related burdens as a secondary outcome. The sample size, digital interventions not conducted via video calls, the lack of human connection, limited intervention program, and the conducting of studies only in digitally sophisticated countries are all significant limitations. However, we believe that digitally mediated treatment options are at least as effective as traditional treatment options while also allowing for a significantly higher patient throughput. The future of chronic disease treatment is remote monitoring and high-quality digitally mediated interventions.The study is approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu for Human Research (Permission No. 315T-17, 10.08.2020) and is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NTC05458817 (14.07.2022).

Help-seeking behaviour towards anxiety among undergraduate students of Nepal: a web-based cross-sectional study.

Stigma among mental disorders like anxiety has been identified as an important barrier in help-seeking by national policymakers. Anxiety disorders are quite common among college students, and their severity and prevalence are growing. This study aimed to assess help-seeking behavior (HSB) towards anxiety among undergraduate students of Kathmandu University (KU). A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 undergraduate students. General Help-Seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ) tool was used to assess HSB. Frequencies, percentages, mean, and Standard Deviation were calculated to assess the characteristics of the participants. Factors associated with HSB were examined using Chi-Square test. Pearson correlation was determined to find out the association between professional and informal sources for seeking help. All the tests were carried out at the statistically significant level at a P-value of 0.05. The mean (±SD) age was 20.3±1.1 years in this study. This study demonstrated that 36.5 and 17.5% of the participants were extremely likely to seek help from parents and psychiatrists towards anxiety, respectively. Sex (OR=1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3) was significantly associated with parents, education was significantly associated with parents (OR=0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.6), and friends (OR=0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9), meanwhile, ethnicity (OR=0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9), and residence (OR=0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.8) were significantly associated with psychiatrists and psychologists for help-seeking behavior, respectively. Fear of criticism (34.1%) and stigma (20.3%) were the main reasons for not seeking help among the participants. The maximum number of participants (41.5%) preferred to seek help immediately if they ever experienced anxiety. This study showed professional and informal sources were positively correlated with anxiety (rpi=0.3) at a P-value <0.05. This study showed that students preferred to seek help from informal sources rather than professional sources. In addition, there is still stigma and fear among students regarding mental health. This study suggests that there is a need to have psychosocial intervention at colleges and educational institutions in order to promote professional help-seeking for any mental disorders including anxiety.

Advancing neurosurgical education in the age of online learning and global knowledge sharing: impact of Cerebrovascular Q&A webinar series.

The Seattle Science Foundation created the Cerebrovascular Q&A series as a free web-based tool to educate physicians and physicians-in-training about cerebrovascular and endovascular neurosurgery across geographical boundaries and different levels of training. This study aims to assess the educational impact and clinical implications of the Cerebrovascular Q&A webinar series, hosted by the Seattle Science Foundation. A digital anonymous, self-administered survey was sent to the live webinar participants. The survey contained questions about the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants, their perception of the content of the webinar series, and its impact on academic and clinical practice. The data collected from the Survey-Monkey platform was exported to Microsoft Excel which was used to perform all statistical analyses. The viewer metrics on Zoom and YouTube were also analyzed to understand trends observed among a diverse global cohort of participants. A total of 2,057 people hailing from 141 countries had registered for the Cerebrovascular Q&A series. The response rate to the questionnaire was 12.63% (n = 260). Respondents hailed from 65 countries, of which the majority were from India (13.46%, n = 35) and United States (11.15%, n = 29). Most of the participants were male (82.69%, n = 215), while only 15.77% (n = 41) were female. The maximum number of participants were neurosurgery attendings (36.65%, n = 92) followed by neurosurgeons undergoing fellowship training (24.70%, n = 62) and students who were currently in residency training (15.54%, n = 39). 75.97% (n = 196) heard of the Cerebrovascular Q&A series through the emails from Seattle Science Foundation. 21.5% (n = 56) learned about the webinar series through social media. 75% of participants reported that the webinar content was advanced and comprehensive, and the selection of speakers was relevant. 63.08% (n = 164) found the webinars sparked innovative research ideas. Additionally, 55% (n = 143) reported changes in their clinical practice based on the acquired knowledge. The findings from this study reveal that webinar-based medical education in cerebrovascular neurosurgery is highly effective and influential. Web-based platforms and social media present a potent strategy to overcome barriers, emphasizing the need for targeted efforts to engage more women in medicine and neurosurgery recruitment.

Long-COVID versus adverse event following COVID vaccination among students and staff of tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Long COVID is an important public health concern requiring proper defining, quantifying and describing following SARS-CoV infection with differentiation from adverse events due to COVID vaccination. So, this study was planned to analyze adverse effect of COVID19 vaccination or drug for COVID treatment versus consequences of COVID19 infection. Methods: Self-reported data was collected through questionnaire-based survey by voluntary participation of healthcare staff. Percentage of participant developing various events was analyzed by enlisting sign, symptom, co-morbidity and medication history. Association between COVID-19 infection with number of doses of COVID-19 vaccine taken was analyzed by Chi Square Test with p value &lt;0.05. Association between presence of specific sign, symptom after COVID infection or side effect after COVID vaccination was analyzed by Chi-Square Test with p value &lt;0.05. Results: Overall total 985 (59.58%) participants were analyzed and among them maximum number of participants (60.30%) reported as COVID-19 positive during the third wave with history of diagnosed COVID positive twice (57.87%). Participants with presence of co-morbidity were more likely to develop symptoms (p&lt;0.001). On analysis, fever, body ache, headache, sore throat and fatigue were significantly more likely to develop after COVID infection as compared to after COVID vaccination (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: This study by exploratory survey highlights heterogeneity of Long COVID sign or symptom that’s seen predominantly in person with co-morbidity and a few of them were mimicking adverse events after COVID vaccinations.

Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndromes (PCOS) in adolescent girls and young women: A questionnaire-based study

One of the most prevalent metabolic disorders among women of reproductive age is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).Menstrual dysfunction and androgen excess symptoms, such as hirsutism and acne, are common in women with PCOS. Additionally, there may be an increased risk of other morbidities such as obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, infertility, cancer, and psychological disorders.This study is an attempt to summarise the prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS) in adolescent girls and young women residing in the National Capital Region belonging to the age group of 11-30 years.The study was questionnaire-based and carried out for a duration of 6 months with 267 participants. The BMI of the participants was calculated using the formula: BMI= weight in kgs/ height in m2. PCOS was diagnosed using a questionnaire with Rotterdam’s criteria.The prevalence of PCOS was found to be 77.1%. The mean age group at which maximum number of participants were diagnosed with PCOS was 18-20 years. The BMI (BMI=kg/m2) of all the participants was calculated and 8% participants came under the obese category. 90% of the participants were aware of PCOS, 79.2% participants agreed PCOS is increasing rapidly while 19.3% participants had no idea about PCOS.The study concludes that respondents were less aware of the actual prevalence of PCOS and also associate the disorder’s manifestation with lifestyle variations. Even at this young age adolescent girls and women are at a high risk of metabolic syndrome because of the increased prevalence of sedentary lifestyles and lack of physical activity. A good diet, regular exercise, early diagnosis, and treatment modalities available are all critical components of raising awareness about PCOS and the risk factors associated with it.

Determinants of Health-Seeking Behavior in Major Depressive Disorder: An Observational Study.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common illnesses in the world anda major cause of years lived with disability.It is necessary to diagnose and treat depression promptly. To identify and compare factors affecting health-seeking behavior in patients suffering from MDD. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted. The study population was divided into two groups: early and late health seekers (cut off: three months). Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ-9) as well as Perceived and Personal Depression Stigma Scores were calculated.Data were analyzed and the chi-square test and z-test were used to calculate statistical significance. There were 102 participants. The majority were female (62.75%) and the maximum number of participants were from the age group of 26-45 years (65.69%). There were more early help seekers (61.76%) than late help seekers (38.24%). The majority of early help seekers were married individuals. Distance played a vital role in help-seeking behavior. A significant association was also found between participants' personal stigma and late treatment seeking. The most common reason for delaying medical attention was that patients thought that they could cure themselves, followed by a lack of awareness. Delay and hesitance observed concerning health-seeking behavior are assumed to be associated with factors such as gender, income, family or marital status, stigma, lack of awareness, beliefs and practices, and deficient health facilitiescausing delays in the diagnosis and management of MDD. The research supported that involving primary health care centers, spreading awareness about the disease, and increasing psychiatric facilities, along with a special emphasis on factors as mentioned like gender, marital status, stigma, and feasibility of reaching facility as distance plays a major role in causing delay, and can help decrease the duration of symptom from the onset, initiating appropriate treatment, and improving prognosis.

Knowledge, attitude and practice about menstrual cup among healthcare professionals

Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice about menstrual cup among health care professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done using structured questionnaire method to collect data among health care professionals in Mangalore. Total sample size of 330 was taken. Results: Out of total 330 participants, 296 (91%) were aware of the menstrual cup and media was their main source of information. Maximum number of participants had a good knowledge about menstrual cups in terms of its various sizes, durability, mechanism of action, material used and mode of sterilization, cost of the cup. 87.6% participants are using sanitary pads currently. Discomfort (54.2%) was the major concern regarding menstrual cup use. A menstruation cup would be used by 137 (42.4%) of the participants if it was made available. Conclusion: Despite of good knowledge about the menstrual cup amongst the health care professionals in the study, practice was found to be poor. Healthcare professionals, who are more open to the idea of eco-friendly products, should be addressed in order to increase the adoption rate of menstruation cups. The government must implement an awareness campaign so that the dream of a

Knowledge, attitude and practice about menstrual cup among healthcare professionals

Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice about menstrual cup among health care professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done using structured questionnaire method to collect data among health care professionals in Mangalore. Total sample size of 330 was taken. Results: Out of total 330 participants, 296 (91%) were aware of the menstrual cup and media was their main source of information. Maximum number of participants had a good knowledge about menstrual cups in terms of its various sizes, durability, mechanism of action, material used and mode of sterilization, cost of the cup. 87.6% participants are using sanitary pads currently. Discomfort (54.2%) was the major concern regarding menstrual cup use. A menstruation cup would be used by 137 (42.4%) of the participants if it was made available. Conclusion: Despite of good knowledge about the menstrual cup amongst the health care professionals in the study, practice was found to be poor. Healthcare professionals, who are more open to the idea of eco-friendly products, should be addressed in order to increase the adoption rate of menstruation cups. The government must implement an awareness campaign so that the dream of a

Comparison of Two Doses of Cisatracurium (0.15mg/Kg and 0.2mg/Kg) in a Single Centre, Prospective, Comparative, Parallel Group of Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia with Endotracheal Intubation by Studying Ease of Intubation

Objective : Study the advantages and pitfalls of both 0.15 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg of Cisatracurium for Intubation. Background: The patients coming to a Tertiary Care Hospital during period 2018-2019 for surgery under General Anaesthesia, who met the Inclusion Criteria were studied in a hundred patients. After giving all components of balanced general anaesthesia, patients randomised into 2 groups either 0.15 mg/kg or 0.2mg/kg of Cisatracurium as a muscle relaxant and Intubation was done at 3 minutes. Measurements and Results: Heart rate, Blood pressure, Systolic, Diastolic, Mean, SpO2, ETCO2, TOF monitoring at the adductor pollicis, and BIS were monitored for 7 minutes and Intubating conditions in both the groups were evaluated, and scored according to the Steyn’s Modification of Helbo-Hansen Scoring system. In haemodynamic changes in Group A [0.15 mg/kg] Heart rate and Blood pressure showed an increasing trend before coming down to baseline by 7 minutes. In Group B [0.2mg/kg] the trend was decreasing from baseline after a minor increase in heart rate at 2 minutes and Mean Blood pressure was lower at all intervals when compared to baseline. Regarding Intubation In Group A maximum number of participants were having good score (56%) followed by poor (30%) and excellent (14%) whereas in Group B excellent score was maximum (62%) followed by good (32%) and poor (6%). With respect to Train of four stimulation Group B showed decreased response to neuromuscular stimulation from 3 minutes onwards compared to Group A. Bispectral index monitoring, in both groups, showed a decreasing trend at every time interval. Conclusion: Cisatracurium is a potent non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent and tracheal intubation can be accomplished with good to excellent intubating conditions according to Steyn’s Modification of Helbo-Hansen Scoring System at 3 minutes following 0.15 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg of Cisatracurium. From the study of 100 patients in 2 groups, we found that Cisatracurium in a dose of 3ED95 (0.15mg/kg) has haemodynamic stability in view of Heart rate and Blood Pressure. Cisatracurium at a dose of 0.2mg/kg was more haemodynamically stable than Cisatracurium at 0.15 mg/kg during intubation.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОЕКТНОГО ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ДЛЯ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ГОТЕЛЬНОГО І РЕСТОРАННОГО БІЗНЕСУ В УМОВАХ ЕВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

The article examines project financing as a separate type of activity of credit institutions involved in the organization of financing hotel investment projects. The systematization of the world experience in the development of project financing made it possible to highlight the fundamental principles of project financing in relation to the hotel business. The principle of increased risk. Any project, the financing of which is carried out based on future cash flows, involves the distribution of risks among the maximum number of participants. The principle of adequate debt coverage. Compliance with this principle by the capital provider is based on the debt coverage ratio, which is determined by the ratio of expected revenues from project implementation to the total amount of debt. The principle of market viability of the project. The market principle requires a credit institution to conduct a detailed analysis of the market situation when concluding a credit agreement. Such market analysis is carried out in order to determine the dynamics of prices and demand for the period of operation of the hotel. The principle of limited liability of the client. According to it, the repayment of the debt occurs from the income from the implementation of the project, and the responsibility of the project initiator is determined by its own contribution. The principle of investment guarantee. A guarantee in project financing means an unconditional obligation to transfer the specified funds to the capital provider (usually a bank) in the event of a guarantee event. The purpose of this type of guarantee is to insure the debt obligations of the hotel project throughout its life cycle. The principle of debt repayment. This principle means that project financing will require unconditional repayment of funds according to the schedule. The principle of high financial leverage. This principle of project financing is based on maintaining a high ratio between own and borrowed funds. Such a scheme allows obtaining a number of advantages in the form of tax benefits, ensures the most effective use of credit instruments at each stage and contributes to the increase in the value of shares of project participants as a result of the completion of each sub-project and the commissioning of new hotels.

Impulsivity in Alcohol Dependence among Male Patients in Tamil Nadu: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Alcohol is one of the major substances used in our country, affecting people of young age to old age. It has become a significant concern as a public health burden across all of India. Although the consequences of alcohol dependence in terms of impulsivity are widely assessed, the depth of the burden of alcohol dependence changes with respect to place, time, and socio-economic conditions. Aim: To understand the role of impulsivity and Adverse Childhood Events (ACE) in alcohol dependence among male patients. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2020 and December 2020 among 190 male cases of alcohol dependence syndrome based on ICD-10 criteria. These patients visited the outpatient or inpatient psychiatry department at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Potheri, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. During the first visit, socio-demographic and clinical details were collected, along with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and ACE Questionnaire. During the second visit, the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Scale and Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ) scales were used. Pearson’s correlation was used for analysis using statistical software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Results: Out of the 190 patients enrolled in the study, the majority had completed middle school level education (34.2%). Among the alcoholics, 63.7% were married, and approximately 73.2% were from the lower and middle socio-economic class. A family history of alcoholism was found in nearly 78% of the participants. The maximum number of participants had 1-3 months of abstinence. Pearson’s correlation showed a positive correlation between impulsivity and its subscales with alcohol dependence score and ACE (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: This study concludes that both impulsivity and alcohol dependence have a bidirectional relationship. ACE also has a positive relationship with impulsivity and alcohol use.

Visual Function at High Altitude in Nepal

Introduction: Assessment of visual function is important for diagnosing ocular diseases. In the present study we are assessing different components of visual functions like visual acuity, color vision, contrast sensitivity and stereoacuity at high altitude in Nepal. Methods: A cross- sectional quantitative study was conducted in Bargaun village at an altitude of 3330 meters of Humla district of Western Nepal. Detailed eye examination was carried out for the participants consenting for the study who were from Bargaun and Limatang villages of Humla. Visual acuity, color vision, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity and oxygen saturation were measured. Convenience sampling was done. Data were entered in excel, converted to a comma separated values format and supplied for regression analysis in Python 3. T-tests were done and a linear regression model was fitted to the data to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables and obtain coefficients for the relationship. Results: One hundred and sixty four participants completed the study. Among them, 60.37% were 50 years of age and below. Oxygen saturation was 91 - 100% in 64.63%, 81 - 90% in 33.53% and 70-80% in 1.83% participants. Maximum number of participants had visual acuity of 0.48-1 (6/18-6/6). Contrast sensitivity was 10% in 4.88%, 5% in 23.17%, 2.5% in 40.24% and 1.25% in 31.71%. Stereoacuity was &lt; 30 seconds of arc in 78.5%, 30-60 seconds of arc in 12.80% and 9% of participants had decreased stereoacuity. Color vision was decreased in 4.88%. Increase in age was associated with decrease in oxygen saturation, poorer visual acuity, decrease in color vision and poorer contrast sensitivity (p value = 0.00). Increase in oxygen saturation was associated with better visual acuity, better contrast sensitivity and better stereoacuity which was statistically significant (p value = 0.00). Conclusions: Oxygen saturation was reduced in 35%, visual acuity was decreased in 2.44%, contrast sensitivity was reduced in 28.05%, stereoacuity was reduced in 9% and color vision was abnormal in 4.88% of the participants residing at high altitude of Nepal.

A Comparative Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices of Adults Towards use of Latrine Among Rural and Urban Area

One of the biggest challenges in making the country Open Defecation Free is triggering behavioral changes in the population to accept the need for building and using toilets, in reality toilets mean health and economic benefits, and improvements to human dignity, but we need the perception of toilets to match this reality. Keeping clean and disposing of human waste (feces and urine) are necessary for good health. If they are not taken care of in a safe way, our feces and urine can pollute the environment and cause serious health problems, Illnesses caused by germs and worms in feces are a constant source of discomfort for millions of people. More than reducing levels of infection and disease, however, the sanitary importance of toilets offers an increased sense of dignity. To make India open defecation-free, we need to shift the prevailing mindset and attitude about toilet use and change behavior by repositioning the toilet — from a dark, dirty and smelly room to a “happy room,” with perceived status, social and convenience benefits. Both male and female person, adults, who are responsible or decision maker as the head of the family, irrespective of their age, play an important role to improve the sanitation in the family, it will be better in improving health and other conditions of their family members which leads to develop the state as well as country. Materials and Methods: A comparative descriptive research design to find out knowledge and practice of adults towards use of latrine among rural and urban area with a view to develops an .The study conducted on 50samples each from rural and urban area. Data was collected in the month of January to June 2022. Data was collected using structured questionnaire to find out knowledge and practice of adults towards use of latrine among rural and urban area. Results: The data revealed that, the number of adults of rural area was between 20-25 years of age group (28%),26-30(28%),36-40 (28%),and 31-35 yrs. of age group was (14%). and in urban area 31-35 yrs. of age group was(28 %),20-25 &amp;26-30 was (26%) and 36-40 was (20%). More than half of the participants from rural area were female (72%) and from urban area were 54%. Maximum participants from rural area, their educational qualification in between 1-9th class was (50%) and from urban area was higher education (84%). Maximum number of participants from both rural (94%) and urban (82%) having own house land Majority of samples are Housewife (31.66%). Majority of samples from both rural (78%) and urban (90%) were belongs to Hindu religion. Majority of samples from rural area having monthly income between 1001-4000 rupees was (60%) and from urban area was above 7000(66%). Most of the participants were included in other occupation. In rural (52%) and urban (44%). Participants of rural area got majority of health information from health personals (38%) and of urban area from mass media (60%). Statistical Analysis showed that mean of rural adults knowledge regarding use of latrine is (12.24) less than urban adults knowledge regarding use of latrine (20). Mean % of rural adults knowledge regarding use of latrine is (51%) is less than adults residing in urban area (93.18) and mean difference is 32.33%.Standard deviation of rural adults is (4.28) and urban adults is (2.46). Z value is (2.48).Statistical Analysis also showed that mean of rural adults practices regarding use of latrine is (32.78) less than urban adults practices regarding use of latrine (50.32). Mean % of rural adults practices regarding use of latrine is (60.70) is less than adults residing in urban area (93.18) and mean difference is 32.48 .Standard deviation of rural adults is (9.90) and urban adults is (2.48). Z value is (0.95). Conclusion: After the detailed analysis of the study findings showed that knowledge of rural adults is less than knowledge of urban adults regarding use of latrine. The practices of rural adults is less than the practices of urban adults regarding use of latrine. There is a significant association between demographic variables and knowledge and practices of adults towards use of latrine among rural and urban area.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO ESTIMATE THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN URBAN FIELD PRACTICE AREA OF MEDICAL COLLEGE IN METROPOLITAN CITY OF INDIA

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of hypertension in people above 35 years and to study the sociodemographic profile of the study subjects. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study conducted in urban field practice area of medical college. Five chawls were selected by simple random sampling out of 42 chawls. Males and females above 35 years of age living in study area formed a sample frame. Sample size was calculated and it was 667. As per the protocol, informed written consent and demographic details with clinical data were obtained from the patients. Results: A total of 667 participants were included from five chawls. Maximum number of participants, that is, 37%; were from the age group of 35 to 44, consisting of 41% males and 59% females. Around 67% of study respondents belonged to the age group of 35–54 years. Around 3/4th of study respondents had studied up to primary school and secondary and high school. Out of 263 males, 37%, that is, 98 respondents were hypertensive, and out of 404 females, 152, that is, 38% were hypertensive. Hence, the total prevalence of hypertension in this study was 37.5%. Conclusion: Hypertension is the new era pandemic which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and is ranked third as a cause of disability-adjusted life years. To control hypertension, it is imperative to identify and modify its risk factors.

Analysis of smile pattern at a tertiary care centre

Background: The treatment of the aesthetic region of mouth is complicated. Knowledge of the smile pattern which includes smile line, smile curvature, smile arc, labiodental relation, and tooth exposed determines the success of treatment. This is helpful in the diagnosis and treatment planning phases of aesthetic dentistry. Objectives: To determine the smile pattern in aesthetic region and to compare the different smile patterns. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was done in the department of Prosthodontics and Maxillofacial Prosthesis, Universal College of Medical Sciences, Nepal from 15th October 2021 to 15th March 2022. A total number of 355 samples were taken by convenience sampling technique. After receiving participant’s consent, study was carried out using a digital camera. The camera was set to primarily capture the area between nose and chin, with lens parallel to the apparent occlusal plane of the participants. For study purpose, individuals were told to sit and hold head normally with their head in level with Frankfort horizontal plane. Results: The total number of participants were 355 out of which 153 (43.09%) were male and 202 (56.91%) were female. In the smile line pattern, the “Average” smile line was prevalent in a maximum number of participants (223, 62.8%) followed by the high and low smile lines. There was a significant relationship between the smile arc, labiodental relationship, and the tooth displayed. Conclusion: The findings of this study determines the smile pattern of this region, thus this will be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment planning during the treatment.

To find out the knowledge and effectiveness of physical therapy among covid patient

The purpose of this study is to find out the knowledge and effectiveness of physical therapy among covid patient. As we all know that Covid is a novel illness declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020.1 It has severely impacted the lives of people across the world. In India, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been worse due to underlying issues of fragmented health infrastructure in semi-urban and rural parts of the country and due to weak public health governance. In the present COVID-19 induced pandemic, patients who need medical treatment for chronic illnesses or need supervision and consultation for therapy treatments have been affected severely. Physiotherapy being a domain of health care practice dealing with rehabilitation of musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, neurological conditions have an objective to improve patients' muscle and joint functions, enhancing functional mobility and overall conditioning. So, we coined 100 participants and send them self-design questionnaire containing demographic and questions related to knowledge and effectiveness of physiotherapy by the help of social media like Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp, etc. by the end of decided date we get total 100 responses out of 100 participants. After analyze the data we found that most of the participants are male, in between the age 21-25. Maximum number of participants get physiotherapy by direct contact, five days a week, and able to follow the instruction for exercises, and found physiotherapy treatment useful and fully satisfied. So, the conclusion of this study shows that most of the participants know about physiotherapy and its effectiveness. In this way null hypothesis is rejected.

RHEUMATIC MANIFESTATIONS IN HIV PATIENTS IN TERTIARY HOSPITAL

Background: HIV infection is a common disease in India. Rheumatological manifestations ( RM) are very common in HIV infected patients. Rheumatological manifestations are signicant cause of morbidity in these patients. Aim &amp; Objective: To study the clinical spectrum of rheumatic diseases in HIV positive patients and correlate the above with CD4+ counts. Method &amp; Materials: This study was a cross-sectional study carried out in Motilal Nehru Medical College and associated hospitals, Prayagraj. This study was carried out on 104 patients with HIV. After obtaining informed consent, demographic characteristics and details of the diagnosis of HIV will be ascertained. Patients with self-reported history of previous diagnosis of HIV and those on treatment with anti-retroviral agents will be consider to have HIV would need to have further testing of HIV. After this the patients will go through needed investigations to fulll aims and objective of the study. Statistical analysis and interpretation of the data was done by using SPSS Software version 23. Result: This study was carried out on 104 patients with HIV. The mean (SD) of age (Years) of participant in my study was 38.95 (8.93). The maximum number of participants was in age group of 31 -40 years that were 36.5% of total case. The 54.8% of the participants were Male and 45.2% were Female. Patients with rheumatic manifestation, 6 (5.8%) of the participants had Arthritis/Arthralgia and 1 (1.0%) of the participants had Septic Arthritis and 1 (1.0%) of the participants had Osteomyelitis and 1 (1.0%) of the participants had Avascular Necrosis. 0 (0.0%) of the participants had Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and 2 (1.9%) of the participants had Rheumatoid Arthritis and 0 (0.0%) of the participants had Psoriatic Arthritis. Conclusion: The clinical spectrum of rheumatic disease in HIV patients was that, Arthritis/Arthralgia was most common rheumatic manifestation followed by Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis. Study showed that with increase in duration of ART regimen the incidence of rheumatic manifestation was decreases.

Video Occulography-Assisted Diagnosis of BPPV and Comparison of Pre- and Post-Intervention Dizziness Handicap Inventory Score

AbstractBenign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a commonly recognized vestibular disorder which is characterized by brief periods of vertigo and a characteristic nystagmus. The nystagmus is often difficult to appreciate with naked eyes and hence video oculography is a helpful tool. Dizziness Handicap Inventory is an objective way to assess the impact of vertigo on quality of life. Objective Our study here aims at diagnosing undiagnosed, difficult and missed cases of BPPV using video-oculography and managing it with repositioning manoeuvre. This study also aims at measuring Dizziness Handicap Inventory Scores pre and post repositioning manoeuvre. We also observed the association between Vitamin D levels and the occurrence of BPPV. Methods and Materials One hundred and twenty-six patients were enrolled in the age group of 18-70 years. After recognizing patients with BPPV, vertigo evaluation was performed. Those patients with suggestive history and suspicion of multiple canal involvement were taken for video-oculography. Results Forty-four patients were in age group of 50-60 years, having female predominance. 35.71% cases which were missed on clinical examination were correctly diagnosed using video-oculography. The mean pre-intervention DHI was 41.29 ± 15.90 which lowered down to 14.84 ± 11.52 in post-intervention period. The highest DHI scores were seen in multi-canal BPPV involving lateral and posterior semi-circular canals. Conclusion With the help of vide-oculography we could diagnose more cases of anterior and multi canal BPPV which are often missed. Maximum number of participants had insufficient levels of Vitamin-D and in our opinion correcting it would reduce the occurrence and recurrence rate..

Malnutrition and Anemia: A Health Burden among Tea Garden Workers in West Tripura District, Tripura, India

Introduction: The tea garden workers are an underestimated group of our society and are considered to be the most nutritionally vulnerable community. This study was undertaken to study the nutritional status of the male and female tea garden workers of West Tripura district, Tripura, India. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 409 tea garden workers including both sexes (males: 197; females: 212) of age group 18–60 years were selected. A questionnaire for on-ground data collection was administered along with the assessment of dietary intake and dietary quality, anthropometric data measurements, physiological measurements, hematological and biochemical estimation. Results: Most of the workers were vegetarian, and about two-thirds of the participants consumed two meals per day. None of the subjects was in the habit of taking packed lunch in routine, and maximum respondents (males: 84.26%; female: 83.96%) were in the habit of keeping fast. Skipping meals was also common in a vast number of the participants (males: 83.24%; females: 84.90%). A maximum number of participants complained of anorexia, headache, breathlessness on exertion, lethargic feeling, pale conjunctiva, pale skin, and flat nails. A very high prevalence of anemia (males: 94.91%; females: 99.04%) was observed among the workers. The present study also revealed dietary inadequacies, particularly regarding protein, energy, calcium, and all micronutrients (iron, β-carotene, folic acid) except vitamin C. A positive significant (P &lt; 0.05) correlation was observed between hemoglobin and various daily dietary intakes of blood-forming nutrients. Conclusion: The present study reveals the prevalence of anemia among tea garden workers, especially female workers. Nutritional insufficiency might be one of the important factors in this process. This study suggests that a comprehensive public health policy should be developed so that the tea garden workers’ health and nutritional needs can be addressed.

Application of Berlin questionnaire in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome through soft palate morphology types

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder characterized by intermittent complete and partial airway collapse, resulting in frequent episodes of apnea and hypopnea. The Berlin questionnaire (BQ) is a simple, inexpensive instrument used to screen for OSA, which is about risk factors for sleep apnea, namely, snoring behavior, daytime sleepiness or fatigue, and the presence of obesity or hypertension. This 10-question test has since then become well known for its accuracy in predicting the presence of sleep apnea in patients. Cephalometry is a relatively inexpensive method and it permits a good assessment of the soft tissue elements that define the soft palate and its surrounding structures. Therefore, the present study aims to study the morphology of the soft palate using lateral cephalometry and classify it into various types. And to identify the individuals with OSA syndrome through a particular type of soft palate and correlate it with the BQ. This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology of D.Y.Patil Dental College, Pune. About 150 subjects for the study were selected by random sampling from the outpatient department of Oral Medicine and Radiology and the patients were referred from the orthodontics department. Lateral cephalograms were assessed for soft palate morphology types, and all participants filled the BQ. A Chi-square test was applied. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Among six types of the soft palate, the maximum number of participants had type 2 (rat-tail type) of the soft palate (26.0%). A highly significant association was found between the BQ (positive and negative response) and soft palate morphology types (i.e., P < 0.01). A maximum number of participants who responded to the BQ had type 5 (S type) of the soft palate (76.47%). The type 2 (rat-tail) soft palate was the most frequent type, while the type 4 (straight-line) shape was the least common among all the six types. The persons with type 5 (S-shape) soft palate responded more positively to the BQ as compared to other types of soft palate. This shows that a particular type of soft palate could be responsible for causing OSA syndrome. Lateral cephalogram and BQ, which are relatively inexpensive and widely available, can be used in resource-limited and thickly populated countries like India to correctly identify patients with OSA syndrome.