Maximum Number Of Flowers Research Articles

Studies of genetic variability, quantitative, and qualitative traits of Lilium cultivars (Lilium x hybrida) under shade net in North-West Himalayan region of India

Abstract An experiment was conducted to study genetic variability and performance of nine exotic lilium cultivars (Lilium x hybrida) for suitability for commercial cultivation in North Western hilly regions of Uttarakhand at Research Station and KVK, Lohaghat, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Champawat, Uttarakhand India. Bulbs of nine lilium hybrid cultivars viz., Acapulco (Pink), Sorbonne (White), Yelloween (Yellow), Tresor (Orange), Brindisi (Pink), Blackout (Red), Pavia (Yellow), Ercolano (White) and Samur (Pink) were selected as experimental material. There was significant difference in days taken for bud initiation among nine cultivars. It is evident from data that minimum days take for bud initiation in cultivar Blackout (44 days) followed by Tresor (45 days). The maximum number of flowers per plant reported in cultivars Acapulco (10.20) followed by Yelloween (8.20) and Sorbonne (7.80) which is at par with Blackout (7.40) and Pavia (7.20). Maximum vase life was recorded with Acapulco (12.4 days) followed by Sorbonne (11.80 days) which is at par with Yelloween (11.8 days) while Minimum vase life was recorded with Ercolano (8.40 days) and Tresor ( 8.40 days). Mean value was found maximum for flower stem length (87.29) and minimum mean value was exhibited by number of flowers per plant. Heritability value was found maximum for characters like days to flower bud opening followed by length of flower stalk and days taken to bud initiation.

Effect of time and intensity of shoot pruning on fruit size, yield and quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.) under western U.P. conditions

The present study was conducted during 2019-2020 at Horticultural Research Centre, of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut. Experiment was conducted in two seasons (Mid-Feb, Mid-May) of each year with following treatments of pruning intensities i.e. 0% (control), 20%, 30%, 50%. For this experiment the Shweta cultivar was selected. The quality parameters were analyzed to determine the effect of pruning intensity and time of pruning on fruit size, yield and quality of guava. The results revealed that maximum number of flower per tree (302.42), length of sprouted shoot (57.65 cm) are found in second week of February with 50% of pruning intensity. The maximum height of tree (3.87 m), number of fruit per tree (149.36), number of fruit per shoot (8.00), fruit weight (205.00 gm), fruit length (13.01 cm), fruit volume (256.95 ml), fruit yield (30.56 kg/plant), fruit yield (339.55 q/ha), TSS (19.170 Brix), reducing sugars (5.53%), non-reducing sugar (2.32%), total sugars (7.85%), titrable acidity (0.25%) are found in second week of May with 50% of pruning intensity. The minimum are found in control (no pruning). In, general, the pruning of guava trees in the 2nd week of May with 50% pruning intensity level was found beneficial for enhancing fruit size, yield and quality of guava.

Effect of foliar spray of plant growth regulators on growth of potted hibiscus

Investigation was done to study the effect of foliar spray of plant growth regulators on growth and flowering of potted hibiscus plants grown in pot during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Application of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine and salicylic acid at different concentrations found significant in influencing the vegetative growth, flowering parameters and plant pigments of Hibiscus rosa- sinensis plants during both the years as compared to untreated plants (control). Plants sprayed with 100 ppm gibberellic acid resulted in to maximum plant height (24.90, 26.77 and 28.93 cm), plant spread and leaf area (15.55, 16.17 and 16.48 cm2) respectively at 30, 60 and 90 days after spraying (DAS). While, maximum number of branches (4.63, 5.45 and 6.02) and leaves (26.57, 31.33 and 35.65) was recorded in plants sprayed with 50 ppm gibberellic acid, respectively at 30, 60 and 90 days after spraying (DAS). Maximum number of flowers per plant, flowers per branch, flower diameter, flowering period and in situ flower longevity was observed in hibiscus plants sprayed with 100 ppm gibberellic acid. The plants receiving the same treatments also increased chlorophyll content in leaves (19.50, 20.37 and 20.85 mg/g) and anthocynin in flower (17.03, 18.65 and 20.20 mg/g), respectively at 30, 60 and 90 days after spraying (DAS).

Growth and yield performance of okra genotypes in acidic soil at Sylhet Region, Bangladesh

A field experiment was conducted at the field laboratory of Department of Crop Botany and Tea Production Technology, Sylhet Agricultural University from August 2016 to January 2017 to select the best suited okra genotype(s) considering growth and yield performance among eleven genotypes viz. BARI Dherosh−1 (control) and 10 exotic (Japanese okra) cultivable in acidic soil conditions. All okra genotypes were evaluated in relation to morphological characteristics and yield performance at defined area of study. The treatment combinations were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. In almost all parameters, significant variations were observed. Experimental findings revealed that BARI Dherosh−1, JO−2, JO−6 and JO−10 showed excellent performance in germination capacity. The high yielding genotype BARI Dherosh−1 exhibited taller plant at final harvest. Early flowers, individual fruit weight with maximum number of flowers and fruits plant-1 was observed in JO−6. The genotype JO−3 produced the highest number of branches, internodes and leaves at final harvest. The flowering duration was long in the genotype JO−2. The highest fruit setting (%) was observed in JO−1. The longest fruit length and the lowest number of aborted fruits were observed in JO−5 whereas BARI Dherosh−1 showed the largest fruit diameter at 9 DAF and heaviest hundred seed weight. The highest fruit fresh weight observed in JO−4 and the highest fruit dry weight observed in JO−5 at 9 DAF. Regarding fruit yield, the genotype JO−6, JO−10 and JO−3 performed better. The genotypes JO−6 and JO−10 were found to be promising genotypes in acid soil considering the morphological features and yield attributes. Since the variety of our research is suitable for Sylhet region acid soil, if our variety is combined with Sylhet’s cropping pattern cropping intensity will be increase, which will benefit the farmer financially and meet the nutritional needs.

Influence of different soilless substrates and jeevamrit on flowering and fruiting behaviour of strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) cv. Chandler

Strawberry cultivation in Himachal Pradesh is based mainly on outdoor planting using soil as a growing media which invariably leads to many problems related to soil borne pests, diseases, nematodes and other soil limiting factors resulting in poor yield and poor quality fruits. As such, in an effort to make the crop remunerative, a polyhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the response of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) to different soilless substrates along with jeevamrit. The experiment comprised of six treatments viz. cocopeat (50%) + FYM (50%) + jeevamrit, perlite (50%) + FYM (50%) + jeevamrit, cocopeat (50%) + perlite (50%) + jeevamrit, perlite (75%) + cocopeat 25%)+ jeevamrit, soil (50%) + FYM (50%)+ jeevamrit and soil + FYM as control with four replications. The results revealed that perlite (75%) + cocopeat (25%) + jeevamrit resulted in the maximum number of flowers, berry set, berry yield, berry size, berry weight and total soluble solids as compared to control. The number of days to first flowers was minimum while duration of flowers was maximum under perlite (50%) + FYM (50%) + jeevamrit. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that perlite (75%) + cocopeat (25%) + jeevamrit can be successfully used for better production of good quality strawberry under polyhouse.

Effect of foliar spray of zinc and iron on floral characters expression and yield attributing parameters of guava cv. L-49 in vertisols of Subhumid plains of South Eastern Rajasthan

A field experiment was conducted at Fruit Instructional Farm of College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar during June 2019 to December 2019 to study the effect of foliar spray of zinc and iron on yield attributes of guava cv. L-49. The experiment comprising 16 different treatments of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replications. The results revealed that foliar application of zinc and iron under T15 treatment (ZnSO4@ 0.60 % + FeSO4@ 0.60%) resulted in outcome of maximum number of flowers per shoot (12.00), fruit set (77.88%), fruit retention (80.47%), fruit : leaf ratio (0.33), number of fruits per plant (215.00), fruit length (7.69 cm), fruit diameter (7.89 cm), fruit weight (260.60 g), fruit volume (230.25 cc), estimated yield per plant (55.91 kg), estimated yield qt./ha. (155.42 qt.) as compared with rest of the treatments.

The Effect of 24-Epibrassinolide Treatments at Different Concentrations on Some Growth Parameters and Crocin Level in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid phyotohormones that play roles in plant growth, secondary metabolite accumulation, stress response, and adaptation. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is an important plant with significant pharmacological effects due to its rich phytochemical content. Crocin, the main pigment of the saffron stigma, is a natural food colorant and has anti-cancer activity. In this study, the effects of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) at different concentrations (10-6, 10-7, 10-8 and 10-9 M) on corm (mother corm) and aerial part related parameters as well as the level of crocin in saffron were investigated. The experiment was conducted in a plant growth cabinet as randomized plots design with 3 replications. 24-Epibrassinolide treatments did not affect the rates of shoot emergence from saffron corms, while 10-8 and 10-9 M EBL treatments increased the number of active nodium and cormlet (daughter corm) as compared to control. All the applied EBL concentrations significantly increased the root and shoot lengths of saffron plants. The maximum number of flowers per plant was observed as a result of the 10-8 M EBL treatment. Exogenous treatment of 10-9 M EBL enhanced the crocin level by 96.0% compared to the control. This is the first study to evaluate the effects of BRs in saffron.

The possibility of improving saffron (Crocus sativus L.) flower and corm yield through the irrigation and soil texture managements

In order to study the effect of soil texture and irrigation management on flower and corm yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), an experiment was conducted at research field of Agricultural Faculty of Sarayan, University of Birjand during two growing seasons (2013–2015). The study was performed as factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design. Experimental factors were irrigation intervals (every one and two weeks equal to 3000 and 1600 m3. ha−1 as normal and deficit irrigation, respectively) and soil texture (100 % soil, 75 % soil+25 % sand, 50 % soil+50 % sand, 25 % soil+75 % sand and 100 % sand). Results of the first flowering season showed that maximum number of flowers (74.33 No. m-2) and yield of dry stigma (3.216 kg.ha-1) obtained in one week irrigation interval with 50 % sand+50 % soil. The maximum values of these traits (308.2 flower per m2 and 9.37 kg.ha-1 dry stigma) during the second year were gained in one week irrigation interval with 75 % sand+25 % soil. The highest amounts of large (≥9 g) replacement corms number (111 and 200 No.m-2) and yield (11,289 and 21,582 kg.ha-1) were obtained by one week irrigation interval and 25 % sand+75 % soil and 75 % sand+25 % soil at the end of first and second growing seasons, respectively. Furthermore, one week irrigation interval increased replacement corms yield by 20 % compared with two weeks irrigation intervals in both growing seasons. Therefore, it was concluded that selection of moderate and light soil texture and shorter irrigation intervals (equal to 3000 m3. ha-1) are important factors for improving flower and corm yield of saffron.

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on flowering and yield of gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) CV. Local yellow under Jhalawar condition

The studies were carried out to study the effect of nitrogen and Phosphorus on flowering and yield of Gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) cv. Local Yellow under Jhalawar condition. The experiment consisting 16 treatments combination with two factors i.e. nitrogen with four levels (control, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1 and 300 kg ha-1) and phosphorus with four levels (control, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1 and 300 kg ha-1) in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The individual application of nitrogen treatment N3 (N 300 kg ha-1) Earliest first flower opening (60.93 days), Earliest 50% flowering (91.26 days), maximum flower diameter (6.67 cm), maximum number of flower per plant (111.67), maximum weight of flower per plant (0.437 kg), number of flower per plot maximum (2615.83), maximum weight of flower per plot (11.53 kg), maximum flower yield (121.25 q/ha). The individual application of phosphorus treatment P3 (P 300 kg ha-1) recorded minimum (63.25 days) to first flower opening, earliest (95.25 days) 50% flowering, maximum flower diameter (6.56 cm), flowers per plant (108.83), weight of flower per plant (0.446 kg), number of flower per plot (2574.83), flower weight per plot (10.78 kg) and flower yield (115.08 q/ha).

Оцінка ліній-відновників фертильності соняшнику за пилкоутворювальною здатністю та автофертильністю

An important link in solving the problems faced before the heterosis selection regarding the accelerated creation of high-yield sunflower hybrids and their introduction into the production is the development of new techniques for the self-pollinated lines selection that will allow purposeful selection of parent pairs for crossbreeding. The evaluation of sunflower lines according to pollen-forming ability will not only facilitate this selection, but also help to avoid the obviously low-yield crossbreeding combinations. The variation level of lines according to the number of flowers in the main sunflower head, the number of pollen grains in the main and lateral flower heads, the number of pollen grains from the central head, the diameter of the pollen grains and the weight of pollen from the main and central heads have been examined in the course of the research. Analysing the data it has been found that the maximum number of flowers in the sunflower head was observed in such lines as 07-13 (4956 pieces ); 07-39 (4680 pieces ); Х-526В (4488 pieces ); Х-134В (4476 pieces ) , and the minimum number of flowers was observed in the lines 07-3 (1188 pieces ); 07-47 (1284 pieces ); 730-07 (1368 pieces ). The following lines had the largest weight of 1000 seeds from the head: Х06129В (62.5 g ); 738-07 and Х-526В (62 g ) and Х06127В (60 g ). The lines Х-526В (27.24 g ); 738-07 (17.26 g ) and Х-135В (33.53 g ) also contained the maximum weight of seeds from the head . The maximum number of seeds from the head was observed in the lines Х-135В (721.14 pieces ); 07-11 (508.4 pieces ); 07-17 (507.32 pieces ); Х06118В (475.67 pieces ), and the minimum number was in the lines 757-07 (122.2 pieces ); Х-144В (135.12 pieces ); 748-07 (136.98 pieces ) and Х06129В (152.2 pieces ). The highest percentage of seed - setting rate was in the lines 07-47 (27.1 %); 07-3 (22.73 %); 07-74 (22.21 %); Х-135В (20.94 %), and the minimum one was in 757-07 (3.33 %); Х-397В (4.0 %); Х06129В (4.26 %) and Х-144В (4.56 %) lines. Thus, the results obtained from the study of self-fertilization and productivity of lines fully confirmed the literary data on the relationship between the yield capacity and the percentage of the seed-setting rate.

The Effect of Two Concentrations and Three Applications of Nitrobenzene on Growth and Yield of Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.)

The experiment was conducted in the Horticultural Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh with aim to assess the influence of two concentrations and three applications of nitrobenzene in relation to control (C0) without nitrobenzene on the growth and yield of bottle gourd. Two concentrations of nitrobenzene applied were: @ 2 ml/L referred as C1 and 3 ml/L referred as C2 in relation to a control (C0) with water instead of nitrobenzene. Further, the above treatments were applied number of times, e.g. One spray (N1), Two spray (N2) and Three spray (N3). In case of different number of concentrations of nitrobenzene the maximum number of male flower (51.06), the maximum number of female flower (40.18), the highest number of fruit harvested per plant (10.95), the highest yield (55.69 t/ha) was found from C1 treatment, whereas the lowest from C0 treatment. For the number of sprays the highest number of flowers (male 49.02 and female 38.05), the maximum number of fruit per plant (10.32), the highest yield (52.94 t/ha) was recorded from N3 treatment, while the minimum from N1 treatment. Due to combined effect, the maximum number of flower (male 57.78 and female 47.12), the maximum number of fruit harvested per plant (12.55), the highest yield (63.38 t/ha) with net income (Tk. 587384.7) and BCR (2.23) was observed from C1N3 treatment combination, while the lowest from C0N1 treatment combination. So, the economic analysis revealed that the C1N3 treatment combination appeared to be the best for achieving the maximum growth, yield and economic benefit of bottle gourd.

Phosphorus restriction influences P efficiency and ornamental quality of poinsettia and chrysanthemum

Better synchronization of plant-available phosphorus (P) with crop P requirement is required to reduce P losses to the environment and to improve resource-efficiency of the exploitation of non-renewable phosphate rock. In horticultural plant production, a restricted availability of P may limit stem length and improve compactness, which are desirable characters for many ornamental plants. In the present study, we investigated the effect of reduced availability of P on plant quality, biomass production and phosphorus efficiency of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima cv. ‘Mira Red’) and chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium cv. ‘Breeze Cassis’). Five P concentrations (6, 12, 18, 24 or 48 mg L−1) were applied as starter P in the peat-based potting substrate as well as in the nutrient solution given during the experiment. Stem length of both plant species was strongly restricted at 6 mg P L−1 but was not significantly affected by higher P levels. For poinsettia, the optimum bract diameter was obtained at 18 mg P L−1. For maximum shoot dry biomass, branching and plant diameter, however, 24 mg L−1 was needed. Optimal plant diameter and shoot biomass of chrysanthemum was obtained at 18 mg P L−1 while 24 mg L−1 was required for maximum flower number. Increasing the P supply to 48 mg L-1 did not improve shoot dry matter, branching or flowering of either species, but induced luxury uptake of P. Total shoot P uptake increased linearly over the P fertilizer range tested. For optimal plant biomass combined with optimal ornamental quality, shoot P concentrations at 90 DAP was in the range of 0.30-0.35 % for poinsettia and 0.25-0.30 % for chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum showed a higher phosphorus efficiency than poinsettia at low P levels, mainly related to a higher internal P utilization efficiency. The P acquisition efficiency was in the range of 55–60 % for both species, and was not significantly affected by the total amount of P applied. In conclusion, with the P fertilization strategy used, P restriction could not be used for plant height restriction of poinsettia “Mira Red” or chrysanthemum “Breeze Cassis” without negative effects on plant quality. However, P fertilization could be markedly reduced without negative effects on plant growth and development, improving phosphorus efficiency and recovery.

Studies on the effect of fertigation in greenhouse chrysanthemum

Investigations were carried out to study the effect of levels of fertigation on growth and yield of chrysanthemum cv. Punch. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised of four fertigation levels without micronutrients [75, 100, 125 and 150 percent recommended dose of fertilizers viz., 16:4:16 g NPK / m2 /crop, and four fertigation levels with micronutrients (75, 100, 125 and 150 percent RDF with 0.2 percent micronutrient mixture as foliar spray) along with a check (without fertilizers). Fertigation levels had a significant influence on growth and yield parameters at three stages of growth. T6 recorded highest plant height (60.57cm, 90.34 cm and 138.90 cm), number of leaves (28.70, 36.54 and 38.44), total leaf area (1003.17 cm2, 1253.56 cm2 and 1328.77 cm2), days to harvest (95.74 days), flower stalk length (132.24 cm) and stem yield / m2 (77.68). However, earlier days taken for bud appearance (45.08 days), the maximum number of flowers per stalk (15.55), increased unopened and opened flower bud circumference of 3.56 cm and 8.54 cm was recorded in T7.

Effects of varieties and inorganic fertilizers ongrowth and flowering of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii)

An experiment was conducted at the Landscaping Section of the Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from November 2017 to May 2018 to investigate the effect of varieties and inorganic fertilizers on growth and flowering of gerbera. The experiment consisted of two factors viz., Factor A: varieties (V1= Mini Daisy, V2= Aladin) and Factor B: Different levels of inorganic fertilizers (T0 = 0, T1 = N 300 kg/ha, T2 = P 275 kg/ha, T3 = K 225 kg/ha, T4= N+P+K 300+275+225 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Varieties and different levels of inorganic fertilizers had significant effect on plant height, number of leaves per plant, spread of leaves, days to first flower bud emergence, days to harvest maturity, total number of flowers produced and spread of flowers and field life of gerbera. Total number of flowers per plant (10.89) was recorded from Aladin (V2), which was higher than that of Mini Daisy (V1) (10.16). The highest number of flowers per plant(12.44), while, the lowest number of flowers (9.10) was obtained from T0 (control). Considering the combined effect, the maximum number of flowers per plant (12.87) was obtained from the treatment combination of V2T4 (Aladin+N+P+K), while, the lowest number of flowers per plant (8.67) was recorded from V1T0 (Control). Therefore, combined application of N, P and K fertilizers along with variety Aladin was found to be better in respect of growth and flowering of gerbera.

Морфобиологический анализ представителей рода Lilium (Liliaceae) в северной лесостепи Западной Сибири

Due to anthropogenic load there is a risk of area reduction of Siberian and Far Eastern species of lilies. One of the methods for preserving the native natural gene pool of Lilium is their cultivation ex situ. The research purpose involved analysis of the biomorphological features of the representatives of the genus Lilium L. in the conditions of the northern forest steppe of Western Siberia. The results of morphobiological features evaluation wereobtained for the following species: L. pilosiusculum, L. regale, L. pumilum, L. pensylvanicum, L. callosum. Time of flowering and sum of positive temperatures (above 0 °C), effective temperatures (above +5 °C) and active temperatures (above +10 °C) were determined. They are necessary for the onset of developmental phenophases such as regrowth, budding, flowering and fruiting. The beginning of regrowth of L. pilosiusculum, L. regale, L. pumilum, L. pensylvanicum and L. callosum occurred in the first or second decades of May. Flowering started at different times: from the third decade of June to the third decade of July – L. pumilum; in June – L. pensylvanicum; from the second decade of July to the second decade of August – L. callosum; from the third decade of July to the first decade of August – L. pilosiusculum; from the third decade of July to the second decade of August – L. regale.The criterion for the onset of species flowering is the sum of active temperatures typical for the region. There is a different ability of the species to fruiting, depending on hydrothermal conditions of the vegetation period. The results showed that the local flora species L. pilosiusculum had the maximum height of shoot reached more than 100 cm; while L. callosum, L. рumilum, L. pensylvanicum and L. regale had stunted shoots (less than 60 cm). L. pilosiusculum and L. regale had the maximum number of flowers in inflorescence and indicators of flower productivity. The indicator role of the main pigments of the photosynthetic apparatus (chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids) in the leaves during seasonal development was established for the first time. It was found that the most significant indicators of the physiological state of plants were the content of chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids in the leaves. Their amount depended on the phenological phases of development. During budding, the carotenoid content increased, the concentration of chlorophyll a was greater than the concentration of chlorophyll b at all vegetation phases, the ratio between chlorophyll a and b was within the normal limits and ranged from 2.189 to 3.225 mg/g of raw weight, the value of a+b/carotenoids in species decreased by the time of fruiting. The determined changes in the pigment complex composition can be considered as indicators of the adaptation mechanism of species to environmental conditions. The obtained results are necessary for the rational use of lilies in the reintroduction work, the development of which is especially important in Siberia.For citation: Vronskaya O.O., Sedelnikova L.L. Morphological Analysis of the Genus Lilium (Liliaceae) in the Northern Forest Steppe of Western Siberia. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 4, pp. 74–83. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.4.74 Funding: The research was carried out within the framework of the state assignments of: 1. The Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, SB RAS, АААА-А17-117041410053-1 (project no. 0352-2016-0002) “Status Assessment and Protection of Floristic Diversity under the Influence of Anthropogenic and Technogenic Factors in situ and ex situ” based on the Unique Scientific System “Introduction Fund of KuzBS” USU 508670.2. The Central Siberian Botanical garden, SB RAS, project no. АААА-А17-1170126100053-9 “Revealing the Ways of Plants’ Adaptation to Contrastive Habitat Conditions at the Population and Organismic Levels”.

Performance of Anthurium (Anthurium anderanum Lindl) cultivars under hill zone of Karnataka

An investigation was carried out at experimental block, College of Horticulture, Mudigere. Tropical recorded maximum LAI 2.83, and had maximum plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and Leaf area Index. Cultivar Crinkle Red recorded maximum number of flowers per plant per year (13.14), which was on par with Tropical (11.77), Cheers (10.60) and Fire (10.25). Cultivar Midori recorded maximum vase life (35.00 days) followed by Tropical (33.33 days) and it was on par with Fire (32.22 days). Cultivar Midori recorded maximum vase life (35.00 days), followed by Tropical (33.33 days) and it was on par with Fire (32.22 days) and highest B:C ratio is recorded in cultivar Tropical (1.83) and it was least in Fantacia (1.13) .

Performance of Anthurium (Anthurium anderanum Lindl) cultivars under hill zone of Karnataka

An investigation was carried out at experimental block, College of Horticulture, Mudigere. Tropical recorded maximum LAI 2.83, and had maximum plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and Leaf area Index. Cultivar Crinkle Red recorded maximum number of flowers per plant per year (13.14), which was on par with Tropical (11.77), Cheers (10.60) and Fire (10.25). Cultivar Midori recorded maximum vase life (35.00 days) followed by Tropical (33.33 days) and it was on par with Fire (32.22 days). Cultivar Midori recorded maximum vase life (35.00 days), followed by Tropical (33.33 days) and it was on par with Fire (32.22 days) and highest B:C ratio is recorded in cultivar Tropical (1.83) and it was least in Fantacia (1.13) .

Effect of Micronutrients and Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Flowering and Yield Attributes of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

An experiment was conducted at the Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University and Coimbatore during 2017-2018 to study the effect of micronutrients and plant growth regulators on growth, flower yield, pigment content and keeping quality of marigold (Tagetes erecta L). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and 16 treatments. The study revealed that application of micronutrients mixture + GA3 100 ppm (T2) showed the highest plant height (86.08 cm), the highest internodal length (6.73 cm) and a maximum number of branches (15.97) at 90 days after transplanting over the absolute control. Among the floral parameters, the earliest days to first flower bud appearance (51.61 days), days to first flowering (66.95 days), the longest duration of flowering (50.50 days), crop duration (144.40 days), maximum number of flowers per plant (69.19), the highest flower diameter (7.00 cm), flower weight (15.19 g), flower stalk length (8.94 cm), flower stalk girth (5.30 mm) as well as highest flower yield per plant (439.33 g) and longest shelf life of flower (6.49 days) were recorded with treatment T2-micronutrients mixture + GA3 100 ppm over the absolute control..

Floral and flushing pattern of baramasi, regular and biennial bearing cultivars of mango in Eastern India

Flowering in mango is a very complex phenomenon. The potentiality to form flower buds depends on the florious condition of the tree that depends up on many factors like genotype, climatic factors, physiological behaviour, agro-techniques, pests and disease management etc. The present study was carried out on flowering and flushing behaviour of Baramasi, regular and biennial bearing cultivars of mango at Bihar (Eastern Indian) condition. Results indicated that Baramasi had more than four times panicle and flush emergence in a year. Time of panicle emergence was the earliest in cv. Alphonso among all the cultivars. The maximum number of panicles per branch was recorded in Langra (725.21) during its ‘on’ year. However, it was the minimum in cv. Baramasi. The maximum number of flowers per panicle was recorded in cv. Langra (1215 and 1132) during both the years of study. The longest panicle was measured in cv. Alphonso (31.72–33.99 cm) while, the shortest panicle was observed in cv. Baramasi (21.30–29.02 cm). Cultivar Alphonso took more time (35.6 and 33.2 days) for bud break to full bloom whereas; Amrapali (23.80 and 22.14 days) took fewer periods during both the years. The shortest duration of flowering was also noticed (17 days) in cv. Amrapali. Cultivar Langra had the maximum number of hermaphrodite flowers (65.0 and 66.2) as well as flowering intensity (4448 and 4143 flowers/ft2) however, it was the minimum in cv. Baramasi (23.8 and 24.4%and 2006.4 and 3235.6 flowers/ft2) during both the consecutive years. Higher incidence of malformation was found in cv. Amrapali but at the same conditions cv. Langra did not show any incidence of malformation. Variation in floral and flushing behaviour among the cultivars might be due to variation in climatic conditions and individual genetic characteristics.

Standardization of growing medium and primary nutrients for anthurium cultivation under greenhouse

The present experiment was carried out for two consecutive years (2013–14 and 2014–15) to standardize the media alongwith primary nutrients for anthurium variety ‘Tropical’ under fan and pad type greenhouse. According to pooled data of two years, among different combinations of growing media and weekly foliar spray of NPK, plants grown in coconut husk + charcoal media (3: 1) with foliar spray of 30: 10: 10 NPK @ 0.2% on anthurium plants performed superior with respect to vegetative growth parameters where maximum plant height (46.77 cm), number of leaves per plant (8.14), leaf area (180.46 cm2) and plant spread (33.08 cm) was recorded. While plants grown in coconut husk and charcoal as growing media with foliar application of 12: 61: 40 NPK @ 0.2 per cent weekly produced significantly maximum flower stalk length (39.12 cm), spathe length (10.87 cm), spathe width (8.53 cm) and maximum number of flowers per plant (8.04). The same treatment had also resulted in advanced flowering (90.00 days).