Maximum Number Of Days Research Articles

Evaluation of Dessert Banana (Musa spp.) Cultivars for Growth, Phenological, Yield and Yield Components at Raya Azebo Districts of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia

The experiment was carried out to investigate the performance of dessert banana cultivars at Raya Azebo with the aim of selecting well adaptable and high yield banana cultivar/s. To achieve the goal of the study, the experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and replicated thrice. From the experiment, different growth, phenological, yield, and yield-related data were collected, and analyzed using SAS software version 9.3. Dwarf Cavendish cultivar flowered earlier (549.70 days). The maximum number of days (627.20) from planting to fruit setting was recorded on Ducase Hybrid cultivar. Ducase Hybrid gave significantly the maximum bunch weight for the mother (21.04 kg) and daughter (24.53 kg) tree. The maximum number of hand bunch‑1 was recorded on Ducase Hybrid cultivar on both mother (11.31) and daughter (12.17) tree. Ducase hybrid gave significantly the maximum (357.80 qt/ha) marketable fruit yield hectare‑1on the mother tree. On the daughter tree, Ducase hybrid gave significantly the highest (392.5 qt/ha) marketable fruit yield hectare­-1. The average of mother and daughter tree cropping cycle revealed that Ducase hybrid gave first ranked highest marketable fruit yield (375.15 qt/ha), but sensitive to wind. Williams‑I gave the second ranked highest (334.95 qt/ha) marketable fruit yield hectare‑1. Thus, Williams-I cultivar is recommended for the local area. Further, study on water requirements and biochemical content is crucial.

Effect of Integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi 2016–17 and 2017–18 at Research Farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. It comprised 16 treatment levels of fertilizer in randomized block-design with three replications. Growth parameters of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) crop were significantly affected by the fertilizer treatments. Maximum plants height (16.49, 41.53, 106.13 and 177.00), number of primary branches (1.65, 5.27, 11.50 and 15.34) and number of secondary branches (2.98, 13.18 and 28.97) at 30, 60, 90 days after sowing and at harvest were observed in treatment T11: RDF (100%) + Azotobacter + PSB. Days to 50% flowering ranged from 126.1 (T11) RDF (100%) + Azotobacter + PSB to 119.8 (T16) control. A maximum number of days to maturity were recorded in T11: Recommended dose of fertilizer along with Azotobacter+ PBS (171.6 days) and minimum were under control conditions (T16) i.e. 147.8. Yield attributes like the number of umbels per plant (57.57), umbelets per umbel (33.33), seeds per umbel (613.67), seeds per umbelets (30.52), seed yield per plant (74.93), seed yield (2039.9 kg/ha), biological yield (6965 kg/ha), harvest index (32.08) etc. were highest in treatment T11: RDF (100%) + Azotobacter + PSB per hectare.

Effect of Packaging Materials on Postharvest Characters of Chrysanthemum cv. Birbal Sahni for Local and Nearby Markets

A study was carried out to evaluate the influence of various wrapping materials, (LDPE 100 gauge, PP 100 gauge, Cellophane, and Newspaper) on the storage and vase life of Chrysanthemum for local and nearby markets. Vase life, flower quality, and floret opening were significantly influenced by wrapping material. Among the different wrapping materials, the maximum vase life for both, flowers (12.80 days) and leaves (5.98 days) were observed in LDPE-100 gauge which was significantly at par with PP-100 gauge (12.28 days) for flower and (5.94 days) for leaves. Water uptake per stem (32.50 ml), and floret opening (91.45%) were all highest in flowers wrapped in PP 100 gauge. Besides, flowers wrapped in PP 100 gauge lose minimum weight (13.72 %) after transit, while maintaining a larger flower diameter (4.18 cm) in a vase for a maximum number of days.

АНАЛИЗ ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТИ ОСАДКОВ В ПРОВИНЦИИ ОЛЬГИН (КУБА) ЗА ПЕРИОД 1970–2020 годы

The study of trends in meteorological indicators is an important task that has received much attention at present. The study analyses changes in humidification in the eastern part of the island of Cuba (Holguín) for the period from 1970 to 2020. The study is based on a statistical analysis of climatic data to establish trends in moisture features in the area. Trends in precipitation were determined, coefficients of variation and variability were calculated, and changes in the number of days with precipitation were identified. Moisture changes were studied and it was revealed that moistening in the province is moderate and not uniform. The coefficient and balance of humidification were calculated according to long-term data. Analysis of data of change of the quantity of precipitation and days with precipitation is carried out. The moisture coefficient for the territory was calculated. The wettest (1981-1985) and the driest (1991-1995) periods have been revealed. The number of days with precipitation increased from 39 days (1970) to 150 days (2007). A systematic increase in the number of days with precipitation was detected. The maximum number of days with precipitation is in the period 2006-2010. In 2016-2020, there is a change in the structure of precipitation and a shift of maximum daily precipitation to the beginning of the year.

Phenological behaviour of gobhi sarson (Brassica napus L.) and thermal indices as influenced by drip irrigation and fertigation schedules under semi-arid subtropical condition of Punjab

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18, at the Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to study the phenological behaviour of gobhi sarson (Brassicanapus L.) and thermal indices as influenced by drip irrigation (60, 80 and 100% of cumulative pan-evaporation, CPE) and fertigation schedules (60, 80 and 100 % recommended dose of fertilizers, RDF) in comparison with conventional flood irrigation and manual application of fertilizers i.e. absolute control. The pooled data revealed that Brassica irrigated through drip at 100 % of CPE took maximum number of days to attain 50% flowering, 50% siliqua formation and physiological maturity, followed by 80 and 60% of CPE. Higher fertigation levels also delayed the number of days taken to attain various phenological stages. Maximum seed yield was observed at 100% of CPE with 100% RDF which was statistically at par with 100% of CPE with 80% RDF and 80% of CPE with 80 or 100% RDF, but significantly higher than absolute control. Maximum accumulation of heat units along with heat use efficiency (1.49 kg grains ha-1 °C day hour-1) was also obtained at 100% of CPE with 100% RDF.

Evaluation of seedling age and nutrient sources on phenology, yield and agrometeorological indices for sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata L.)

The field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2020 at Agronomy farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, SKUAST-K to study the influence of age of seedling and sources of nutrients on phenology, yield and agrometeorological indices for sweet corn. The experiment included two factors viz. age of seedlings (12, 22 and 32 days old seedling) and sources of nutrients (control, RDF, 50 percent RDF + FYM @ 12 t ha−1, 50 percent RDF + vermi-compost @ 4 t ha−1 and 50 percent RDF + poultry manure @ 2 t ha−1) tested in RCBD with three replications. Transplanting 12 days old seedlings required maximum number of days to attain different phenological stages, thereby accumulated maximum heat units followed by 22 days old seedlings. While as transplanting 22 days old seedling recorded significantly highest HUE, HTUE, PTUE and HyTUE and consequently resulted in the highest green cob and biological yield compared to other ages of seedlings. Among various sources of nutrients, application of 50 per cent RDF + poultry manure @ 2 t ha−1 took maximum number of days to attain various phenophases thereby accumulated maximum heat units and registered highest HUE, HTUE, PTUE and HyTUE followed by application of 100 per cent RDF.

Development of waterlogging tolerant lines of pigeonpea for Eastern India

Pigeonpea is very sensitive to waterlogging. At pan India level, approximately 25-30 per cent area of pigeonpea is prone to excess moisture stress. Atotal of 63 germplasms/genotypes were evaluated along with IPAC-79 as the waterlogging tolerant check under controlled partial submergence condition and under waterlogged field condition for selection of waterlogging tolerant pigeonpea lines. Data were recorded for survivability, days to anthesis, per plant seed yield and maturity period. Pigeonpea genotypes ICARPP01, ICARPP02 and ICARPP03 were found promising. ICARPP01 produced highest biomass per plant (746.5g), pods/plant (924.6) and seed yield per plant (151g). The genotype ICARPP01 took minimum number of days for anthesis (124 days) and maturity (197days), whereas the check variety IPAC-79 recorded maximum number of days to anthesis (201 days) and maturity (255 days).

Electronic service for providing users with data of hail suppression activities

Database managed by MS Access is intended for automated access to the data of hail suppression activities carried out by the paramilitary services of Roshydromet. The main function of the database is to store information and provide it to network users for carrying out scientific analysis and obtaining reference information. On the base of the collected and processed hailfall data, it is possible to automatically calculate the annual average and maximum number of days with hail in a year, the annual average of hail damaged area reduced to 100% loss, the annual average percentage of crop losses and annual hail damage. This information will help specialists study hailstorm development more in detail, including in particular categories of seeding targets, number of expended rockets, and evaluate the effectiveness of the cloud seeding operations, taking into account the accumulated operational data.

The Effects of Log-in Behaviors and Web Reviews on Patient Consultation in Online Health Communities: Longitudinal Study.

BackgroundWith the rapid development of information technology and web-based communities, a growing number of patients choose to consult physicians in online health communities (OHCs) for information and treatment. Although extant research has primarily discussed factors that influence the consulting choices of OHC patients, there is still a lack of research on the effects of log-in behaviors and web reviews on patient consultation.ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the impact of physicians’ log-in behavior and web reviews on patient consultation.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal study to examine the effects of physicians’ log-in behaviors and web reviews on patient consultation by analyzing short-panel data from 911 physicians over five periods in a Chinese OHC.ResultsThe results showed that the physician’s log-in behavior had a positive effect on patient consultation. The maximum number of days with no log-ins for a physician should be 20. The two web signals (log-in behavior and web reviews) had no complementary relationship. Moreover, the offline signal (ie, offline status) has different moderating effects on the two web signals, positively moderating the relationship between web reviews and patient consultation.ConclusionsOur study contributes to the eHealth literature and advances the understanding of physicians’ web-based behaviors. This study also provides practical implications, showing that physicians’ log-in behavior alone can affect patient consultation rather than complementing web reviews.

Prediction of COVID-19 cases during Tokyo's Olympic and Paralympic Games.

Tokyo's Olympic and Paralympic Games set to begin in late July 2021 without spectators from abroad, but vaccine rollout has been slow in Japan compared with other developed countries. In this study, COVID‐19 epidemic curve in Tokyo is developed based on weekly reported data from January 23, 2020, until April 16, 2021. The maximum daily number of infected cases in Tokyo in August 2021 would be 7,991 if the current pace of vaccinations would be used (1/1,000 per day). This daily number is greater than the highest daily cases (2,447) recorded on January 7, 2021. However, if the rollout pace could be doubled (1/500 per day), the peak daily new cases would be 4,470 in August. If it could be quadrupled (1/250 per day), the peak would be noted at 2,128 in July and the highest number in August would be 1,977. If vaccine rollout could not be enhanced, the cancellation might be an acceptable decision, since health is the most precious to local people and our Olympians.

Quantifying the Fleet Composition at Full Adoption of Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles: An Agent-based Approach

Aims: Exploring the impact of full adoption of fit-for-demand shared and autonomous electric vehicles on the passenger vehicle fleet of a society. Background: Shared Eutonomous Electric Vehicles (SAEVs) are expected to have a disruptive impact on the mobility sector. Reduced cost for mobility and increased accessibility will induce new mobility demand and the vehicles that provide it will be fit-for-demand vehicles. Both these aspects have been qualitatively covered in recent research, but there have not yet been attempts to quantify fleet compositions in scenarios where passenger transport is dominated by fit-for-demand, one-person autonomous vehicles. Objective: To quantify the composition of the future vehicle fleet when all passenger vehicles are autonomous, shared and fit-for-demand and where cheap and accessible mobility has significantly increased the mobility demand. Methods: An agent-based model is developed to model detailed travel dynamics of a large population. Numerical data is used to mimic actual driving motions in the Netherlands. Next, passenger vehicle trips are changed to trips with fit-for-demand vehicles, and new mobility demand is added in the form of longer tips, more frequent trips, modal shifts from public transport, redistribution of shared vehicles, and new user groups. Two scenarios are defined for the induced mobility demand from SAEVs, one scenario with limited increased mobility demand, and one scenario with more than double the current mobility demand. Three categories of fit-for-demand vehicles are stochastically mapped to all vehicle trips based on each trip's characteristics. The vehicle categories contain two one-person vehicle types and one multi-person vehicle type. Results: The simulations show that at full adoption of SAEVs, the maximum daily number of passenger vehicles on the road increases by 60% to 180%. However, the total fleet size could shrink by up to 90% if the increase in mobility demand is limited. An 80% reduction in fleet size is possible at more than doubling the current mobility demand. Additionally, about three-quarters of the SAEVs can be small one-person vehicles. Conclusion: Full adoption of fit-for-demand SAEVs is expected to induce new mobility demand. However, the results of this research indicate that there would be 80% to 90% less vehicles required in such a situation, and the vast majority would be one-person vehicles. Such vehicles are less resource-intense and, because of their size and electric drivetrains, are significantly more energy-efficient than the average current-day vehicle. This research indicates the massive potential of SAEVs to lower both the cost and the environmental impact of the mobility sector. Quantification of these environmental benefits and reduced mobility costs are proposed for further research.

Effect of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Ambient Air Quality in Major Cities of Nepal.

Background.The Nepalese government announced a nationwide lockdown beginning on March 24, 2020 as an attempt to restrain the spread of COVID-19. The prohibition in flight operations and movement of vehicles, factory shutdowns and restriction in people's movement due to the lockdown led to a significant reduction in the amounts of pollutants degrading air quality in many countries.Objectives.The present study aimed to analyze changes in particulate matter (PM) emissions and the air quality index (AQI) of six cities in Nepal i.e., Damak, Simara, Kathmandu, Pokhara, Nepalgunj and Surkhet due to the nationwide lockdown in response to the COVID-19 outbreak.Methods.Daily PM concentrations of each of the six study cities from January 24 to September 21, 2020 were obtained from the World Air Quality Index project (https://aqicn.org) and analyzed using R Studio software. The drop percentage was calculated to determine the change in PM2.5 and PM10 concentration during different time periods. Independent sample Mann–Whitney U tests were performed to test the significance of differences in mean concentration for each site during the lockdown period (24 March–24 July 2020) and its corresponding period in 2019. Similarly, the significance of differences in mean concentrations between the lockdown period and the period immediately before lockdown (23 January–23 March) was also examined using the same test.Results.During the lockdown period, in overall Nepal, AQIPM2.5 and AQIPM10 were within the moderate zone for the maximum number of days. As a result of the lockdown, the highest immediate and final drop of PM2.5 was observed in Damak (26.37%) and Nepalgunj (80.86%), respectively. Similarly, the highest immediate drop of PM10 was observed in Surkhet (37.22%) and finally in Nepalgunj (81.14%). Analysis with the Mann–Whitney U test indicated that for both PM types, all sites showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference in mean concentrations during lockdown and the corresponding period in 2019.Conclusions.The present study explored the positive association between vehicular movement and PM emissions, highlighting the need for alternative fuel sources to improve air quality and human health.Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Grafting in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.): a sustainable way of increasing the yield

The grafting success of commercial brinjal F1 hybrids on disease-resistant varieties and wild Solanum species has enumerated the effect of rootstock combinations with scions on the fruit yield of brinjal. The Galine F1 (4.25, 35.75) hybrid took significantly lesser days, and it was at par with Mahy-11 F1 hybrid (4.75, 37.50), whereas varieties and wild species recorded maximum number of days for germination and reaching to the grafting stage, thus synchronization of grafting stage of scions and rootstocks could be achieved by staggered sowing. The significantly highest graft success noted Galine F1 (96.67%) and Mahy-11 (94.44%) grafting on Solanum torvum rootstock, thus these combinations were highly suitable for grafting. The highest number of branches (15.29), fruits per plant (30.18), yield per plant (4.40 kg) and yield per hectare (61.11 t) were found by scion Mahy-11 grafting on Solanum torvum rootstock and differed significantly from the other scion and rootstock graft combinations. For the grafting characteristics, growth and yield traits were found to be superior and were influenced by the grafts i.e. Mahy-11 and Galine F1 scion grafted on rootstock Solanum torvum. Thus, Solanum torvum rootstock is highly suitable for brinjal grafting compared to other rootstocks.

Effect of Different Kinds of Substrates on the Growth and Yield Performance of Pleurotus sapidus (Oyster Mushroom)

Cultivation of edible fungi (mushrooms) is a useful method for bio-conservation in the agriculture industry. For the better production of mushrooms, we used the agricultural waste material as a substrate for the cultivation of mushrooms. After mushroom harvesting, these substrates are available as an excellent source of soil conditioner. In this study, we used the sawdust of a simbal tree (Bombax ceiba L.), office scrap paper, and poultry manure as a substrate to cultivate the Pleurotus sapidus (oyster mushroom). Data recorded from the inoculation of spawn to the harvesting of fruiting bodies by using different parameters. The results revealed that the Treatment-T4 (sawdust of simbal tree 50% + poultry manure 50%) required the least number of days (16 days) for 100% spawn-running, development of pinhead (6.5 days), and fruiting bodies (5.5 days), produced the maximum number of fruiting bodies (24.25), maximum yield (388.40 g), and highest biological efficacy (77.68%). The Treatment-T5 (office scrap paper 50% + poultry manure 50%) took the maximum number of days (32 days) for 100% spawn-running, development of pinhead (18 days) and fruiting bodies (17 days), produced least number of fruiting bodies (9.5), minimum yield (224.50 g), and lowest biological efficacy (44.90%). Therefore, the cultivation of oyster mushrooms is an excellent or environment-friendly technique because the substrate used for mushroom cultivation is economical and readily available.

Cálculo de la capacidad de carga y capacidad de acogida turística multicriterio para la reserva biológica El Encenillo, Guasca, Cundinamarca, Colombia

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal realizar una comparación entre dos metodologías para calcular el número máximo de visitantes que pueden ingresar diariamente a un área natural en donde se realiza turismo, para establecer las fortalezas y debilidades de cada una. Como caso de estudio se seleccionó la reserva Biológica El Encenillo ubicada en el municipio de Guasca, departamento de Cundinamarca – Colombia. Las metodologías utilizadas fueron la Capacidad De Carga Turística (CCT), ampliamente utilizada, pero que en la actualidad ha ido cayendo en desuso y se le tacha de subjetiva y el Cálculo de Acogida Turística Multicriterio – CATUM, que sigue un método basado en la ponderación de los factores de corrección mediante el Proceso Analítico Jerárquico (Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP), aplicado en 3 niveles de consulta: Sui validatio, Scientatis validatio y Societatis validatio, como mecanismo para reducir la subjetividad.

Data Mining Prediction Models for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) using Machine Learning

Novel coronavirus (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV) pandemic has neither clinically proven vaccine nor drugs; however, its patients are recovering with the aid of antibiotic medications, anti-viral drugs, and chloroquine as well as vitamin C supplementation. It is now evident that the world needs a speedy and quicker solution to contain and tackle the further spread of COVID-19 across the world with the aid of non-clinical approaches such as data mining approaches, augmented intelligence and other artificial intelligence techniques so as to mitigate the huge burden on the healthcare system while providing the best possible means for patients’ diagnosis and prognosis of the 2019-nCoV pandemic effectively. In this study, data mining models were developed for the prediction of COVID-19 infected patients’ recovery using epidemiological dataset of COVID-19 patients of South Korea. The decision tree, support vector machine, naïve Bayes, logistic regression, random forest, and K-nearest neighbor algorithms were applied directly on the dataset using python programming language to develop the models. The model predicted a minimum and maximum number of days for COVID-19 patients to recover from the virus, the age group of patients who are of high risk not to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, those who are likely to recover and those who might be likely to recover quickly from COVID-19 pandemic. The result of Present study shown the prediction of the coronavirus patient. For that Machine learning and Artificial Intelligence technology ARIMA utilized. KNN based Clustering used for the clustering.

On-farm Performance Evaluation of Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana) Cultivars Under Rain-fed Condition at Babile District of East Hararghe, Oromia, Ethiopia

The experiment was executed by Fedis Agricultural Research Center (FARC) for two consecutive years (2017/18 and 2018/19). It was conducted on-farm at Babile district of Bishan Babile and Ifa kebeles with 5 Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) cultivars namely; ILRI-7384, CV-massaba-13329, ILRI-6633, DZ-253 and local check. Experimental plots were laid out in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications with the objective of selecting/recommending high biomass yielding and adaptable Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) cultivars to the study area and other districts having the same agro-ecologies. The over year and over location statistically analysis result showed there is a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) observed among the mean values of days to emergence, days to 50% flowering, dry Biomass yield and seed yield parameters. Maximum number of days required for first emergence was 10.42, 10.25 and 10.33 for cultivars of Rhodes DZ-253, ILRI-6633 and ILRI-7384; whereas the minimum days to emergency recorded was 8.83 and 9.08 for, local check and CV-massaba-13329 respectively. The mean numbers of days to 50% flowering for cultivar DZ-253 was 110.67 days followed by ILRI-6633 (109.83 days) and local check (109.33 days).The minimum days to 50% flowering obtained were 108.83 days and 108.92 days for ILRI-7384 and CV-massaba-13329 respectively. The maximum dry biomass yield of Rhodes grass was recorded by DZ-253 (9.42 ton ha -1 ) followed by local check (8.5 ton ha -1 ).Whereas, the minimum aboveground dry biomass yields obtained were 7.53, 7.79 and 7.95 (ton ha -1 ) for CV-massaba-13329, ILRI-7384 and ILRI-6633 respectively. In general DZ-253 and local check give higher aboveground dry matter yield than the rest cultivars. It is concluded that DZ-253 and local check are more desirable and recommended to demonstrate in the study area and districts having similar agro ecologies. Keywords: Chloris Gayana, Dry Biomass Yield, Fodder Grass. DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-3-03 Publication date: February 28 th 2021

Effect of Different Packaging Materials on Quality of Sapota (Manilkara achras) cv. Kalipatti

This study investigates the effect of packaging materials on physical parameters of sapota Cv. kalipatti. Ten different treatments involving five packaging materials, out of which four packaging materials were of 100 guage each with 1% and 2% ventilations, one gunny bag and control( no packaging) were tried in completely randomized design with three replications. Fruits packed with LDPE 200 guage with 2% ventilation (T7) recorded minimum physiological loss in weight (6.97%), maximum number of days for ripening (8.75 days), firmness (1.65 kg/cm2). While maximum ripening percentage (73.89%) was observed in gunny bag (T1).

Critical levels of the summer season in the mouth areas of the rivers of the Ob-Taz region

Situations in which water levels in summer fall below design (critical) marks for at least 10 days are considered dangerous phenomena. In such situations, navigation is hampered or stopped, resulting in significant economic damage. As our previous studies have shown, the mouth areas of the rivers of the Ob-Taz region that are used for navigation are prone to these dangerous phenomena. The aim of this work is to analyze the duration of the water level standing below the design marks and to estimate its characteristics for the navigation period at the posts Salekhard, Aksarka, Nyda, Nadym, Samburg, Sidorovsk, Tasovsky, Nahodka over an extended series of observations. Of the posts listed, the analysis has not previously covered Aksarka and Nadym data. Project levels have changed for some of the posts over the years, requiring updated estimates. The analysis was carried out on the basis of average daily levels at the posts for the period 1936-2013 published in the annual edition of the Water cadastre. If necessary, information on the water flow was included. Unfortunately, the quality of the data for most of the posts except Salekhard is not satisfactory due to numerous passes. The technique consists in the analysis of continuous level standing relative to the design values by specified intervals of duration. The results show that all the posts experienced levels lower than the design marks. In Nahodka it happened annually, in Nadym, Samburg, Sidorovsk — in 75.6 %, 68.3 %, 54.2 % of all the years of observations, respectively. Of all the cases of standing levels below the design mark, those of continuous standing with a dangerous duration were observed in Sidorovsk 71 %, Nadym 67.3 %, Samburg 41.1 %, Nahodka 40.0 %, Aksarka 26.1 %, Nyda 19.1 %, Salekhard 16.7 %. Only in Tasovsky were there no cases of dangerous duration. The largest number of years with dangerous cases fall on the 10-th anniversary of 1981-1990. In individual navigation seasons, two to four cases of continuous standing levels of dangerous duration were observed. At the same time, minimum average daily levels fell below critical values by a value from 189 cm (Nahodka) to 53 cm (Samburg). The maximum number of days with cases of dangerous duration in one season was in shares from the period of open channel from 91.4 % (Nahodka) to 36.6 % (Salekhard). The sum of days with levels below the design values for the season depends inversely on the amount of river flow.

Opportunities and limitations for existing CHP plants to integrate polygeneration of drop-in biofuels with onsite hydrogen production

Over the past few years, there has been increasing research interest in retrofitting existing combined heat and power (CHP) plants with new technologies to co-produce other products. The focus has been on the design of fixed-sized processes for integration into CHP plants without affecting their performance. The primary objective of this study was to test the limits of a CHP plant with respect to retrofitting flexible thermochemical conversion of waste to drop-in biofuels with properties similar to petroleum fuels. Waste conversion to drop-in biofuels also requires significant amount of hydrogen for drop-in biofuels synthesis — Required hydrogen was also produced onsite in thermochemical processes integrated with CHP plant. The secondary objective was to determine the maximum number of days a flexible retrofitted waste-thermochemical process can run annually using only excess heat from a CHP plant, and whether such processes are profitable when operating flexibly. The results show that the selection of heat extraction points for the utilization of excess heat from the CHP plant for energy-intensive processes is critical for maintaining the flexibility of the integrated thermochemical processes. Thermochemical processes integrated with CHP plants were able to operate on approximately 180 days of the year by utilizing only excess heat from the CHP plant. Integration of pyrolysis showed more flexibility than integration of gasification. Onsite hydrogen production was the main limiting factor for the integration of thermochemical process with the existing CHP plant to produce drop-in biofuels. Hydrogen produced with a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) decreased the overall system efficiency and limited the capacity of the overall process. However, hydrogen production from a water gas shift (WGS) reactor was more expensive. The results also indicated that small changes in the financial parameters have a large impact on the economic performance of the integrated process.