Maximum Mortality Research Articles

Spectrum of poisoning in Bundelkhand region

Background: In Bundelkhand region, 15–18% patients who are attended in the emergency setting comprises poisoning and 60–70% of which are agriculture-based poisons due to its easy accessibility. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to see spectrum of poisoning in Bundelkhand region. Materials and Methods: The prospective non-randomized study was done in Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi, between December 2020 and October 2022, including 500 patients applied for treatment of different poisoning. Results: In our study, total 500 cases of poisoning were taken. As per found data, majority of patients were found in 17–30 years of age group 202 (40.4%) followed by 31–40 years of age group 157 (31.4%). Minimum 19 (3.8%) cases were found in 61–70 years of age group and 0 case in >70 years of age group. Majority of patients were found male, i.e., 281 (56.2%) and the rest 219 (43.8%) were females. According to finding of our study, maximum mortality rate was found due to Stone hair dye, i.e., 100% followed byCelphos 35.54%, Insecticidal 26.92%, and Alcoholic intoxication 22.22%. As per our study, major cause of taking poison, maximum number of patients were found in marital discord 108 (21.6%) followed by family problems, i.e., 75 (15%), which is similar to separation/death of family member, that is, 74 (14.8%). Conclusion: Concerned authorities should think about substitute of aluminum phosphide, which would be less toxic for human being and concerned authority should ban availability of aluminum phosphide (Celphos) in market.

Impact of marine debris on coral reef ecosystem of Palk Bay, Indian Ocean

Abstract Coral reef ecosystems are highly sensitive to pollution from marine debris, especially if the regions are noted for tourism and fishing. Palk Bay on the south east coast of India is a famous tourist and fishing region, where the marine debris accumulation poses a great threat to the coastal ecosystem. In this study during 2018–2020, the marine debris distribution and their interactions with coral reefs of Palk Bay were monitored from five stations. Derelict fishing gears (DFGs), including ropes (51 ± 2%) and fishing lines (43 ± 2.5%), were the dominant debris forms recorded. Among the reef‐forming corals, Acropora sp. colonies experienced maximum physical injury and mortality from DFG entanglement. Plastic materials and anchors caused considerable physical damage and tissue loss in Porites sp, without any mortality. Manual debris removal as a potential debris management method was assessed by regularly removing the accumulated debris from the test reef locations of all five stations, whereas the control reef locations were left undisturbed. Test reef locations showed a significant increase in live coral cover and coral recruit density in 2020, against that in 2018, compared with the control locations. Continuous accumulation and interaction of marine debris with the coral colonies of control reef locations resulted in significant reduction of live coral cover and coral recruit density at the control reef locations. This study illustrates the impact of unsustainable fishing and other anthropogenic activities such as tourism and waste disposal on coral reef ecosystems like Palk Bay. The findings of this study demonstrates that manual removal of debris is an important strategy for marine debris management in coral reef ecosystem. Considering the importance of coral reefs in the livelihood of the coastal communities, it is important to tackle the marine debris issue through regular debris removal with stakeholder participation, awareness campaigns and strict legal and management measures.

Efficacy of selected botanicals, phosphine and boric acid against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis under laboratory conditions

Insect pests are a threat to both growing field crops and stored grain commodities during storage. There are different stored pests which affect the mung bean (Vigna radiata) all over the world. Most important destructive pest is Pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis which cause lot of losses during storage of mung bean. Different pesticides are being used to control the Pulse beetle but these pesticides have harmful effect on human health, grain quality and development of insect resistant population. The replacement approaches for pest management in food items is a growing need in the food sector, which should match customer requests for pesticide reduction or eradication. In the present study impact of phosphine, boric acid and botanicals (Neem and Eucalyptus) on adult stage of pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis was evaluated at 65 ±5% RH, 30±1°C. The pulse beetles were exposed to phosphine, boric acid at the different concentrations like phosphine 2g, 1g, & 0.5g, boric acid 0.25g, 0.12g & 0.06g and botanicals leaves 2g, 5g and 10g for 24h, 48h and 72h was evaluated. Maximum mortality (98%) by phosphine at 0.25 g, boric acid (95%) at 0.25 g, neem leaves (96%) at 10g and eucalyptus (95%) at 10g after 72h was observed. This technique is a best and eco-friendly to controlling pulse beetles. This technique has no any adverse or residual effect on the quality of grains.

IJCM_407A: Mortality pattern among adults at a tertiary care centre, Tamil Nadu -a retrospective observational study

Background: Records of vital events like death constitute an important component of the Health Information System. Therefore, these hospital-based death records maintained by Medical Records Department (MRD) can provide information regarding the causes and distribution of deaths, pattern of major illness which are of immense importance in planning health care services. But obtaining meaningful statistics from these records is considerably lacking. Hence, the need of present study. Objective: 1. To identify the mortality pattern among 18-45 years in tertiary care hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu from January to December 2022 2. To evaluate socio-demographic distribution and causes of deaths during that period. Methodology: It was an Institution based retrospective observational study. From MRD, Complete enumeration of hospital records of all medically certified deaths of in-patients of 18-45 years who died during January 1st to December 31st 2022 was carried out from May 2023 to August 2023 (n=2038). Data was checked for completeness, entered into Excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS software. Necessary permission was sought from hospital administrative authority to access the hospital records. Results: Among 2038 deaths, 72.52% were males, 26.60% belonged to 41 to 45 years of age. After categorization of all deaths, Road Traffic Accident (RTA) constituted the leading cause of death (28.26%; n=576) followed by Respiratory System (RS)(11.68%), CVS(9.22%) and others. Coronary Artery Disease constituted 39.36% deaths among CVS, 63.12% by Cerebrovascular Accidents among CNS and 23.95% by pneumonia among RS and 77.70% by CKD among renal. In all age groups, RTA constitute the major cause of death with maximum mortality among 18 to 25 years. RS and RTA constituted the major cause of mortality among females and males respectively. Significant association observed between age, gender and causes of mortality(P<0.05) Conclusion: More stringent measures needed to combat RTA deaths

Biopesticidal Potential of Indigenous Plant Extracts against Rice Weevil in Stored Wheat

Stored products are significantly affected by certain well-known stored grain pests, with Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) being one of the most destructive pests of stored products. It is a primary pest that causes substantial quantitative and qualitative losses. The present study was conducted to investigate the insecticidal efficacy of different plant extracts from four commonly grown plants in Pakistan: ginger (Zingiber officinale), neem (Azadirachta indica), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) against S. oryzae infesting stored wheat. Crude extracts from these plants were applied to stored wheat at various dose rates (20, 40, 60, 80 mg). Adults of S. oryzae were introduced to the treated wheat and observed for mortality, repellency, and grain damage. The results of the study indicated that the maximum mortality of S. oryzae (99.17%) was recorded due to the application of crude extract of Z. officinale, while the minimum mortality of S. oryzae (67.50%) was recorded due to the crude extract of N. tabacum at an 80 mg dose rate after a 10-day exposure interval. The maximum grain damage due to S. oryzae (0.19%) was observed in N. tabacum treated crude extract at an 80 mg dose rate, while the minimum grain damage due to S. oryzae (0.04%) was observed in Z. officinale treated crude extract at an 80 mg dose rate. Z. officinale also exhibited the maximum repellent effect on S. oryzae (95.77%). This study concluded that Z. officinale emerged as a potent, readily available biopesticide against S. oryzae, surpassing current alternatives with near-eradication efficacy, minimal grain damage, and a proactive repellent effect, paving the way for sustainable and eco-friendly pest management. Further research is needed to optimize extraction methods, dosage recommendations, and assess long-term effects on grain quality and storage stability.

Current Situation of Breast Cancer in Pakistan and the Dire Need of Early Diagnosis

Globocan statistics underscore Pakistan’s noticeable position in terms of the breast cancer burden, highlighting a concerning and escalating trajectory in its daily progression. Breast cancer stands as the most predominant and fatal malignancy in Pakistan, reporting 25,928 cases in the year 2020, accounting for 14% of all cancer diagnosis. The country is reported to have the maximum incidence and mortality rates in Asia, a dire result of the lack of national cancer registry. Late diagnosis, often determined by sociocultural factors, considerably contributes to the high mortality rate. Several risk factors, such as reproductive factors, age, dietary habits, further complicate the situation. Moreover, economic obstacles deter many from receiving the required treatment. The current review features the dire need for inclusive policies and improved affordability to battle breast cancer’s escalating influence in Pakistan.

Unlocking the potential of oncology biomarkers: advancements in clinical theranostics.

Cancer biomarkers have revolutionized the field of oncology by providing valuable insights into tumor changes and aiding in screening, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment prediction, and risk assessment. The emergence of "omic" technologies has enabled biomarkers to become reliable and accurate predictors of outcomes during cancer treatment. In this review, we highlight the clinical utility of biomarkers in cancer identification and motivate researchers to establish a personalized/precision approach in oncology. By extending a multidisciplinary technology-based approach, biomarkers offer an alternative to traditional techniques, fulfilling the goal of cancer therapeutics to find a needle in a haystack. We target different forms of cancer to establish a dynamic role of biomarkers in understanding the spectrum of malignancies and their biochemical and molecular characterization, emphasizing their prospective contribution to cancer screening. Biomarkers offer a promising avenue for the early detection of human cancers and the exploration of novel technologies to predict disease severity, facilitating maximum survival and minimum mortality rates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of biomarkers in oncology and highlights their prospects in advancing cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Laboratory Bioassays to Study the Efficacy of Diamides against Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) of Brinjal

This study was undertaken with the objectives to investigate the toxicity of insecticides against larval stage of L. orbonalis in the laboratory. Management stratagies of the pest requires frequent spraying of chemical insecticides. Due to continuous spraying of insecticides L. orbonalis had developed a resistance to different insecticides that are urgently needed to test new molecules. In this bioassay, seven insecticides such as Cyantraniliprole 10OD, chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC, flubendiamide 480SC thiodicarb 75WP, methomyl 40SP, cartap hydrochloride and profenophos 50EC belonging to different insecticides groups were tested against L. orbonalis in the laboratory. In this bioassay larval mortality showed increasing trend with maximum percent mortality observed at 72HAT. All the treatments were found significantly superior over UTC. Among the seven insecticides tested against L. orbonalis, three diamides were found to be significantly superior. Cyantraniliprole 10OD recorded significantly highest percent larval mortality (97.26%), followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC (94.14%) flubendiamide 480SC (88.45%), thiodicarb 75WP (77.53%), methomyl 40SP (71.50%), cartap hydrochloride 50SP (68.04%) and profenophos 50EC (65.88%). It is suggested that diamides may be used for the control of L. orbonalis.

Plant mediated biosynthesis of Mn3O4 nanostructures and their biomedical applications

Nanomaterials have drawn significant attention for their biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. In the present study, manganese tetra oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles were prepared greenly, and their physicochemical properties were studied. Taxus baccata acetone extract was used as a safely novel precursor for reducing and stabilizing nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cytotoxicity of Mn3O4 (hausmannite) nanostructures was evaluated against murine macrophage cell line J774-A1 and U87 glioblastoma cancer cells for approximately 72 h. Spherical Mn3O4 nanoparticles with tetragonal spinel structures demonstrated minimal toxicity against normal body cells with CC50 around 876.38 μg mL−1. Moreover, Mn3O4 nanoparticles as well as the combination of antimoniate meglumine and Mn3O4 nanoparticles exhibited maximum mortality in Leishmania major. The synthesized nanominerals displayed a significant inhibitory effect against glioblastoma cancer cells at 100 μg mL−1. The selective cytotoxicity of Mn3O4 nanoparticles indicates that these biogenic agents can be employed simultaneously for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medical applications.

Analysis of Heat and Associated Health Risks in Delhi, India

Climate change has added significant challenges to nation’s worldwide, particularly in Asian countries due to their heavy reliance on climate-sensitive industries like forestry, fisheries, and tourism, Asian countries struggle economically and are slow to seize development opportunities. It has a significant impact on human health, with extreme heat and air pollution leading to thermal discomfort and health problems for city dwellers. Amplified heat waves, elevated levels of air pollution, and extreme weather occurrences are some of the issues faced by city dwellers. Climate change has aggravated health issues in Delhi, India, that includes respiratory and heat-related illness. The present study explores a link between temperature variations, land surface temperatures, and health outcomes to assess climate change risks with heat as the prime focus area in Delhi. It investigates the relationship between average maximum temperature and mortality and find strong positive correlations. It explores yearly land surface temperature variations and the hospital visits and strong correlation exists with temperature for health outcomes like stroke and diabetes. This study analyzes the impact of temperature variations on specific health conditions. Accordingly, the proposals could be framed through understanding of the relationship between heat and health on vulnerable population.

Functional and numerical response and mutual interference of Goniozus legneri (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) on Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Its implications for biological control

AbstractThe functional and numerical response and the potential for mutual interference are key components in the selection of parasitoids for biological control. In this study, functional and numerical responses of Goniozus legneri to different densities of fifth instar Cydia pomonella larvae and mutual interference of this parasitoid were studied under laboratory conditions. Logistic regression was used to find the type of functional response and the result was type II. The attack rate, handling time, the parasitoid searching efficiency and the maximum host mortality rate were estimated by fitting the Holling model to the data. The numerical response of the parasitoid did not vary based on the availability of codling moth larvae. The negative value of the interference coefficient (−0.228) in the mutual interference analysis showed an inverse relationship between parasitoid density and per capita searching efficiency. This suggests that when the density of G. legneri and C. pomonella larvae is equivalent, the parasitoid proves to be more effective in pest control. The findings of this study contribute to increasing the knowledge of G. legneri and its potential as a biocontrol agent.

The Main Compounds of Bio-Fumigant Plants and Their Role in Controlling the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood

Meloidogyne spp. are important parasitic nematodes affecting a variety of plants worldwide. We investigated the nematicidal properties of specific compounds found in bio-fumigant plants, particularly linalool, nonanal, methylene chloride, and 2-Decanal. Laboratory findings revealed that methylene chloride and 2-Decenal effectively reduced populations of second-stage juveniles (J2s). Additionally, the research explored the effects of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) on M. incognita J2s, observing that tomato leaves significantly increased J2 mortality for all time measurements and different temperatures, while the opposite results were observed for root-stems. In the study, leaf treatment resulted in a maximum mortality response (MRmax) and half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of approximately 100% and 4.0 µg/mg, respectively, at a temperature of 35 °C by week 8. In contrast, the root-stems treatment showed an MRmax of 13.5% and an EC50 of 3.0 ± 1.7 µg/mg. GC-MS analysis identified key compounds in tomato leaves and root-stems, such as α-pinene, d-limonene, and linalool. The results suggest that tomato leaves have potential as effective bio-fumigants for controlling root-knot nematodes.

Study of clinical profile and outcome of children presented with poisoning in tertiary care hospital

Background: Poisoning is a common paediatric emergency. Worldwide estimate suggests that the rate of poisoning in under 20 years is 1.8 per one lakh population and for India it ranges between 0.6 to 11.6%. Methods: The study was conducted at B. J. Medical College Ahmedabad and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad. A prospective analytical study consisting of total 110 patients, admitted in the intensive care unit during the period from June 2018 to November 2018 with inclusion criterion of children <12 years of age, presented with history of consumption of poisonous substances/insect bite irrespective of signs and symptoms excluding cases of food poisoning and idiosyncratic drug reactions. Detailed proforma was filled after taking necessary consent from the parents. Routine investigations and gastric samples for forensic analysis were sent in all irrespective of type or route of poisoning. Specific investigations done wherever required. Analysis of outcomes done using chi square. Results: The most common age group was 3-6 years with male to female ratio of 1.5:1. 99.1% poisoning were accidental with hydrocarbon poisoning being the most common of all (27.2%), followed by household substance poisoning in 20.9%. Snakebite was the most common insect bite (10.9%). The average duration of stay was 3.9 days, 8.1% children died with maximum mortality happened in children presented after 6 hours of intoxication. Conclusions: Management of poisoning requires immediate advice and first aid, followed by a directed treatment. Decontamination, enhanced elimination, antidotes, and supportive care are commonly used to manage poisoning cases.

Efficacy of Natural Products Against Lesser Grain Borer <i>Rhyzopertha dominica</i> (F.) In Stored Paddy

Twelve phyto products and two forms of cow dung were evaluated during 2021- 22 in the Entomology Research Laboratory, M S Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Gajapati District of Odisha for their efficacy against Rhyzopertha dominica (F) in stored paddy. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with each treatment replicated thrice. Individual treatments comprised 20 g disinfested paddy seeds treated with test products @ 5g/ kg seed separately and an untreated check and inoculated with 20 adults /treatment. All the treatments were effective in suppressing the R. dominica, with maximum adult mortality (92.1%) being in black pepper powder followed by custard apple seed powder (88.4%) at 28 days after release. The least population buildup (2 adults), grain damage (3.3%), and weight loss (2.7%) were observed with black pepper powder treated paddy at 120 days after storage.

Phytochemical characterization by HS-SPME-GC-MS and exploration of the antifungal, insecticidal and repellent activity of Ptychotis verticillata essential oil

The objective of this investigation was to assess the chemical makeup of essential oil derived from Ptychotis verticillata (PVEO), and to examine its antifungal, insecticidal, and repellent properties. PVEO was extracted through hydrodistillation, and its volatile constituents were analyzed using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of antifungal activity was carried out using the agar diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test against Candida glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium digitatum. We evaluated the repellent potential, as well as the contact and inhalation toxicity of PVEO against Callosobruchus maculatus. The results of the study indicated that the essential oil of P. verticillata was composed mainly of γ-Terpinen (25.86%), β-Cymene (18.70%) O-Cymen-5-ol (16.78) and α-Pinene (12.13%). PVEO showed potent antifungal activity against all strains tested. The results of insecticidal activity of this essential oil were promising in adult C. maculatus. At a dose of 20 ml · dm–3 of air, EO caused maximum mortality with an LC50 value of 5.64 ml · dm–3 for the inhalation test and 3.4 ml · dm–3 for the contact test. In addition, a significant decrease in the number of eggs laid and adult emergence was observed as EO doses increased, reaching a reduction of around 95% at a dose of 20 ml · dm–3 of air. In terms of repellent activity, PVEO also showed encouraging results. It demonstrated an average repellent activity of around 92 ± 10.95%. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations corroborated the in vitro results and demonstrated that specific p-Menthen-3-one compounds formed more robust hydrogen bonding interactions with the target receptors. These experiments underscore PVEO’s effectiveness as a fungicide against the tested fungal strains, demonstrating its role as a bio-insecticide against C. maculatus adults, and its potential as an appealing repellent. This suggests that PVEO could serve as a valuable alternative within integrated pest management strategies.

Physiological mortality of planktonic ciliates: Estimates, causes, and consequences

AbstractContrasting physiological mortality with predator‐induced mortality is of tremendous importance for the population dynamics of many organisms but is difficult to assess. This is especially true for tiny organisms, such as most protists, which do not leave any carcasses behind. I performed a meta‐analysis using planktonic ciliates as model organisms to estimate the maximum physiological mortality rates (δmax) across pelagic ecosystems in relation to environmental and biotic factors. The median δmax of planktonic ciliates was 0.62 d−1 and did not differ between marine and freshwater species. Maximum ciliate mortality rates were species‐specific and affected by their specific growth rates (rmax), cell volume, and ability to encyst. Cyst‐forming species had, on average, higher δmax than species unable to encyst. Maximum mortality rates were positively related to rmax, but, in contrast to the latter, δmax appeared unaffected by temperature. I conclude that (1) in the ocean, physiological mortality is more critical for controlling ciliate population size than ciliate losses imposed by microcrustacean predation, but (2) in many lakes, the opposite holds; (3) cyst formation is an effective ciliate trait to cope with the high mortality of motile cells upon starvation. The lack of a temperature effect on δmax deserves further study; if correct, planktonic ciliates may take advantage of rising ocean and lake temperatures, with important implications for the pelagic food web.

Development of Deltamethrin-Laced Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait to Control Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) Population.

The attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) is a promising strategy for controlling mosquitoes at the adult stage. The strategy is based on the use of a combination of fruit juice, sugar, and a toxin in order to attract and kill the adult mosquitoes. The selection of the components and optimization of their concentrations is significant for the formulation of an effective ATSB. The present study formulated nine ATSBs and evaluated their efficacy against two laboratory strains (AND-Aedes aegypti and AND-Aedes aegypti-DL10) and two wildcaught colonized strains of Aedes aegypti (GVD-Delhi and SHD-Delhi). Initially, nine attractive sugar baits (ASBs) were prepared using a mixture of 100% fermented guava juice (attractant) with 10% sucrose solution (w/v) in 1 : 1 ratio. ATSBs were formulated by mixing each ASB with different concentrations of deltamethrin in the ratio of 9 : 1 to obtain final deltamethrin concentration of 0.003125-0.8 mg/10 mL ATSB. Cage bioassays were conducted with 50 mosquitoes for 24 h in order to evaluate the efficacy of each ATSB against the four strains of Ae. aegypti. The data were statistically analyzed using PASW software 19.0 program and 2-way ANOVA. The ATSB formulations registered 8.33-97.44% mortality against AND-Aedes aegypti and 5.15-96.91% mortality against AND-Aedes aegypti-DL10 strains of Ae. aegypti, while GVD-Delhi strain registered 2.04-95.83% mortality and SHD-Delhi strain showed 5.10-97.96% mortality. The administration of 0.8 mg of deltamethrin within 10 mL of attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) has led to the maximum mortality rate in adult mosquitoes. The ATSBs formulated with guava juice-ASB and deltamethrin (9 : 1) showed toxin dose-dependent toxicity by all the four strains of Ae. aegypti. Most effective dosage was found as 0.8 mg deltamethrin/10 mL ATSB which imparted 96% to 98% mortality in adult mosquitoes. The investigations demonstrated the efficacy of deltamethrin-laced ATSB formulations against Ae. aegypti and highlighted the need for conduct of structured field trials and investigating the impact on disease vectors and nontarget organisms.

ОЦЕНКА ТОКСИЧЕСКОГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ ИНСЕКТИЦИДА БОВЕРИКС, Ж НА МЕДОНОСНЫХ ПЧЕЛ А. MELLIFERA MELLIFERA L.

The article presents the results of studies on the evaluation of the toxic effect of the biological insecticide Boveriks, G on honey bees A. mellifera mellifera L. Boveriks, G – bioinsecticide developed by research and development enterprise "BashIncom". It includes the entomopathogenic fungus Beaveria bassiana, strain VKPM F-1357. Biological fungicide BioSleep BW was used as a reference substance. The experiment used honey bees Apis mellifera mellifera L. of the Carpathian breed, which were kept in wooden cages. Acute oral toxicity was studied by feeding sugar syrup to bees with the addition of insecticides at concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 ml per 1 liter of syrup. For the test for acute contact toxicity, the anesthetized bees of the experimental groups were treated individually by applying 1 µl of an aqueous solution of insecticides in the same concentrations with a microapplicator to the upper part of the thorax of each bee. At the end of the experiment, 96 hours after feeding the bees with sugar syrup containing the insecticide Boveriks, G in different dosages, the mortality rate of bees in the experimental groups did not reach the level of 50 %. The maximum mortality rate was 16.7 %. There were no significant differences with the control and with the reference substance in terms of mortality in the experimental groups. The analysis of the data obtained allows us to conclude that the studied doses of the bioinsecticide Boveriks, G are not toxic to bees both during oral and contact exposure of the drug. The lethal dose LD50 in determining the acute oral toxicity of the active substance of the drug lies above the value of 1 × 105 CFU/bee; lethal concentration of LK50 – above the value of 100 ml/l, when determining acute contact toxicity LD50 – above the value of 1 × 104 CFU / bee; LK50 – above 100 ml/l.

Impacts of abiotic factors and pesticide on the development, phenology, and reproductive biology of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a serious insect pest of cotton crop. The studies to evaluate the impact of abiotic factors on cotton pests' biology are limited. The current study was undertaken to determine the impact of abiotic factors (temperature, humidity, photoperiod) and an insecticide (lambda-cyhalothrin) on the biological aspects of P. gossypiella. The results revealed that all the treatments showed a significant impact on different life parameters of P. gossypiella. The temperature exposure at 27 °C revealed a total life span of about 33 days. Maximum mortality for larvae (51.11%), pupae (59.04%) and adults (61.92%) were recorded at 33 °C exposure. Both low and high humidity levels caused negative impacts on life parameters of P. gossypiella. The life span was completed in about 30 days at 60% relative humidity (RH). Maximum mortality for larvae (75.00%) and pupae (49.59%) were recorded at 80% RH level exposure, while adult mortality was maximum (63.09%) at 40% RH level followed by 80% RH level (55.52%). The P. gossypiella exhibited a life span of about 32 days at 14:10 light-dark period. The larval mortality was maximum (14.83%) at 12:12 light-dark period while pupal (47.36%) and adult (48.84%) mortality was maximum at 16:08 light-dark period. Lambdacyhalothrin (LC) showed dose dependent negative impacts on biological aspects of P. gossypiella. The P. gossypiella exhibited a life span of about 26 days at 0.5 ppm LC concentration. The P. gossypiella exposure to highest concentration (LC) revealed maximum mortality of larval (80.22%), pupal (64.63%) and adult (70.74%) stages. Conclusively, the best suited abiotic factor ranges were 27 °C (temperature), 60% (RH) and 14:10 (light-dark) which can be used for successful rearing and bioassay activities of P. gossypiella.

Assessing Larval Toxicity of Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn Essential Oil Against Dengue and Filarial Vectors

This study focuses on a crucial objective: eradicating the formidable dengue and filarial vectors through larval toxicity using a novel essential oil derived from Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. The research encompasses several key methodologies, including pest rearing, homology modeling, and molecular docking. The G Power value is taken as 0.8, with two groups and each group carrying 5 sample sizes. Si-CVO is toxic to Aedes aegypti larvae, and it causes dose-dependent mortality in the II, III, and IV instar larvae, respectively. Maximum mortality rates for all instars were 500 ppm: 91.3% (II instar), 87.4% (III instar), and 83.2%. (IV instar). While the lowest dosage of 100 ppm had a lower death rate throughout all larval instars. It is observed that by using the novel essential oil from Sphaeranthus indicus Linn which is a plant derived product the baleful insects are killed and the agriculture efficiency is improved.