Maximum Incidence Research Articles

Epidemiological Features of HPV-Associated Cancer in situ of Various Localization

Relevance. In Russia and abroad, the incidence of cancer in situ (CIS) of the breast and cervix is most widely represented, the epidemiological features of this neoplasia of other localizations have not been studied sufficiently. Among them, a significant place is occupied by a group of malignant neoplasms in situ associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV), which have common etiopathogenetic mechanisms of development.The aim of the study was to determine the structure, as well as the incidence and mortality rates from HPV-associated cancer in situ among the population of St. Petersburg.Material and methods. The research materials included cases of cancer in situ of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, anal canal, vulva, vagina, cervix and penis in St. Petersburg in the period 2001 –2023. The calculation of the indicators was carried out according to the data of form No. 7 «Information on malignant neoplasms» and archival materials of the Population Cancer Registry of St. Petersburg. The analysis included 1952 cases of the disease and 50 deaths from malignant neoplasms, initially registered as cancer in situ. Research methods: retrospective epidemiological analysis and statistical methods.The results of the study. In the structure of in situ cancer associated with HPV, among the male population, the largest proportion was occupied by CIS of the larynx and penis (36.4% each), among the female population – cervix (94.9%). The average long-term incidence of cancer in situ of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, anal canal, vagina and penis was less than 0.1 per 100 thousand of the population with the maximum incidence in the age group of 50-69 years. From 2001 to 2023 in St. Petersburg, the incidence of cervical CIS decreased significantly from 6.86 to 1.17 per 100 thousand. the female population (p = 0.001), while since 2004, the highest incidence rate has been recorded annually in the 30 –39 age group. From 2001 to 2023, 11 cases (31.4% of all CIS localities) among males and 39 cases (27.7% of all CIS cases) among the female population became the cause of death from HPV-associated ZNO, initially registered as cancer in situ of the corresponding localizations.Conclusion. As a result of the study, epidemiological features of morbidity and mortality from HPVassociated cancer in situ of various localization in the conditions of St. Petersburg were established.

Prevalence of okra fruit rot caused by <i>Choanephora </i>in North Eastern Region of India Particular to Arunachal Pradesh

Choanephora fruit rot of vegetables is an emerging threat to vegetable growers in India. During the survey of disease incidence, okra fruit rot caused by Choanephora was noticed in Sika Tode Village, East Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh, and reported for the first time in the Northeast region. The pathogen attacks young fruits causing water soaked lesions and disintegrating the infected lesion. With the progression of infestation, the entire surface is covered with dense whitish cottony growth and turns brownish to blackish thus forming a black pinhead, the superficial sporangia. The morphological study revealed that sporangia are sub-globose in shape and brown in colour. The minimum disease incidence of 22.4% was noticed in the initiation of fruiting stage (June) and gradually reached the maximum incidence of 73.3% (August) with the growth of fruiting formation. Increase in the exposure periods of fruit rot infestation, percent disease incidence (PDI) increases resulting in great losses of okra yield. The correlation coefficient of PDI with weather parameters revealed a significant positive relationship with the maximum temperature at 5% probability (P=0.05) and a non-significant negative relationship with the relative humidity and total rainfall indicating favouring in the occurrence and spreading of the plant disease. Timely caution of the incidence of Choanephora causing fruit rot to okra and other economically important vegetable crops is the need of the hour for its judicious protection and management against this disease.

Catching a wave: On the suitability of traveling-wave solutions in epidemiological modeling.

Ordinary differential equation models such as the classical SIR model are widely used in epidemiology to study and predict infectious disease dynamics. However, these models typically assume that populations are homogeneously mixed, ignoring possible variations in disease prevalence due to spatial heterogeneity. To address this issue, reaction-diffusion models have been proposed as an alternative approach to modeling spatially continuous populations in which individuals move in a diffusive manner. In this study, we explore the conditions under which such spatial structure must be explicitly considered to accurately predict disease spread, and when the assumption of homogeneous mixing remains adequate. In particular, we derive a critical threshold for the diffusion coefficient below which disease transmission dynamics exhibit spatial heterogeneity. We validate our analytical results with individual-based simulations of disease transmission across a two-dimensional continuous landscape. Using this framework, we further explore how key epidemiological parameters such as the probability of disease establishment, its maximum incidence, and its final epidemic size are affected by incorporating spatial structure into SI, SIS, and SIR models. We discuss the implications of our findings for epidemiological modeling and identify design considerations and limitations for spatial simulation models of disease dynamics.

Modeling and estimation of solar panel tilting angles and orientations in the Gambia: a case study of Brikama, West Coast Region

Propelled by worries about climate change and global warming Photovoltaic panels installation has gain prominence in recent times worldwide due to its affordability and cleaner nature when compared to other renewable energy sources. Many people have switched to solar PV installations as a result of this. A thorough understanding of the orientation and tilt angles of the solar panel in relation to the sun radiation it receives is essential for optimizing the design of any PV system for best performance. In Brikama, West Coast Region of The Gambia, this work ascertains the solar ideal tilt angle and panel orientation. This was accomplished by contrasting the outcomes of the mathematical model with experimental data gathered at the same location and during the same months of the year using a PV module (Model AP-120) made by Astro Power, Inc., Delaware, USA, using a single-axis tracker technology. While the mathematical model approach yielded a tilt angle within the range of 9.10°–22.30° with a mean value of 15.50°, the experimental tilt angles obtained varied from 5.10° to 28.20° with an average angle of 14.80°. According to the generated power study, the solar panel's maximum power was measured at a 30° South angle, and the PV panel's orientation resulted in a mean power gain of 3.6–48.1W. The mean power result indicates that the solar gathering efficiency is better at the ideal tilt angle compared to a horizontal position. To maximize solar energy collection from photovoltaic systems, these findings are vital. PV module systems should be installed carefully since they generate a lot of power when the sun's rays are at a 90° angle, with the PV module pointed directly toward the sun. Solar engineers or workers are advised to install PV panels at a 15° angle facing the south. The method and model described in this study can be used to predict the maximum solar radiation incidence on a PV panel and the ideal tilt angle deployed at another place.

The problem of the formation of a new indicator pathology in children during the implementation of the "digital school"

Introduction. An innovative digital educational environment is one of the significant factors in the school. The purpose is to study the trend in newly identified morbidity in certain classes of diseases and nosological forms during the total implementation of distance learning in schoolchildren. Materials and methods. The incidence rates of indicator diseases in 5–9, 10–14 and 15–17 years children per 1000 people for 2016–2022 were calculated. Linear regression and comparative (Fisher’s exact test) analyzes were used. Relative risk of incidence (RR with 95% confidence interval (CI) and S score error) was calculated for the distance learning period. Results. The maximum incidence was noted for the musculoskeletal system (5–9 – 164.5 ‰, 10–14 – 212.0‰ and 15–17 – 108.3‰). Trends in increasing incidence were established in 5–9 and 10–14 years children for disorders of the autonomic nervous system and lesions of the synovial membranes and tendons (R² > 0.7). The RR of obesity ranged from 1.077 to 1.772; lesions of synovial membranes – 1.352–1.845 for children in all age groups in 2021–2022. RR myopia is registered in 15–17 and 5–9 years children. Limitations are related to the lack of information on the use of electronic devices during education over 2016–2017 and the intensity of their use of electronic devices in the process of leisure activities. Conclusion. With the widespread introduction of digital technologies and distance learning into educational activities, pathomorphism of school indicator diseases is observed, which determines the need to develop new medical and pedagogical approaches to the prevention of children’s health disorders.

Advanced Design of a Transition Duct for Supersonic Inlet Turbines in Rotating Detonation Engines

Abstract A supersonic inlet turbine can extract substantial energy from the highly fluctuating and transonic flow delivered by a rotating detonation combustor (RDC). However, a transition duct is necessary to achieve the supersonic inlet conditions required by the turbine. In this work, the supersonic transition duct is designed with the method of characteristics (MOC). A generalized implementation of the MOC is proposed for the generation of annular ducts with asymmetric and rotated hub and shroud walls. The model is extended to deal with ideal and non-ideal flows, namely flows characterized by non-ideal thermodynamic effects, and its accuracy has been verified through comparison with results obtained with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. In addition, boundary layer flow equations are combined with the MOC to predict viscous losses on the endwalls and to adjust duct geometry by accounting for the boundary layer thickness. Furthermore, it is essential to predict the effects of the large unsteadiness generated by the detonation combustor for an efficient operation of the turbine. The maximum incidence angle at the turbine inlet is predicted with a one-dimensional annular duct model. Supersonic duct flow behavior to unsteady inlet conditions is characterized through two-dimensional inviscid axisymmetric unsteady CFD simulations. The accuracy of the reduced order models is finally verified with a three-dimensional unsteady viscous simulation assuming inlet flow conditions representative of RDC operation.

The sacred and the wild: Unpacking human-wildlife interaction in Indian part of Kailash Sacred Landscape

The negative interaction between humans and wildlife in the Indian Himalayas has increased in recent decades. Studies on human-wildlife negative interactions have primarily focused on protected areas. However, research on such interactions is limited in regions like the Indian part of Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL), where wildlife and humans share a common space. This study examined the patterns of crop damage, livestock depredation, human fatalities, seasonal and temporal variations, location-specific factors, and critical variables contributing to negative humanwildlife interactions in KSL India. We examined 574 incidences of livestock depredation, 123 incidences of human injury/death between 1984-2016, and 560 crop damage incidences between 2002-2017. Most incidences of human injury/death and livestock depredation were by common leopards, followed by Asiatic black bears. Maize was the highest raided crop (n=202), followed by wheat (n=190) and paddy (n=168). Maximum incidences of crop loss were reported in 2017 (n=76), and the lowest was in 2002 (n=5). The hotspot maps of crop damage and livestock depredation revealed that the negative interaction between humans and wildlife was highest in the southern part of the landscape. The result predicted 195 villages as hotspots in the Indian part of KSL. Villages were identified at the forest range level. We found that 11 villages in Askot, 12 in Munshiyari, 17 in Berinag, 15 in Dharchula, 36 in Didihat, 61 in Gangolihat, and 43 in Pithoragarh forest ranges are severely affected by negative interaction with wildlife.

Gaussian Process Emulation for Modeling Dengue Outbreak Dynamics.

Epidemiological models that aim for a high degree of biological realism by simulating every individual in a population are unavoidably complex, with many free parameters, which makes systematic explorations of their dynamics computationally challenging. This study investigates the potential of Gaussian Process emulation to overcome this obstacle. To simulate disease dynamics, we developed an individual-based model of dengue transmission that includes factors such as social structure, seasonality, and variation in human movement. We trained three Gaussian Process surrogate models on three outcomes: outbreak probability, maximum incidence, and epidemic duration. These models enable the rapid prediction of outcomes at any point in the eight-dimensional parameter space of the original model. Our analysis revealed that average infectivity and average human mobility are key drivers of these epidemiological metrics, while the seasonal timing of the first infection can influence the course of the epidemic outbreak. We use a dataset comprising more than 1,000 dengue epidemics observed over 12 years in Colombia to calibrate our Gaussian Process model and evaluate its predictive power. The calibrated Gaussian Process model identifies a subset of municipalities with consistently higher average infectivity estimates, highlighting them as promising areas for targeted public health interventions. Overall, this work underscores the potential of Gaussian Process emulation to enable the use of more complex individual-based models in epidemiology, allowing a higher degree of realism and accuracy that should increase our ability to control important diseases such as dengue.

Correlation Between Feeding Pattern and Duration of Hospital Stay in Pneumonia of Infants Below 6 Months of Age

<i>Introduction</i>: Pneumonia is the most common respiratory disorder among infants and one of the leading causes of hospital admission. Various feeding patterns have multiple impacts on pneumonia and recovery from it. Breast milk provides some protective properties against respiratory tract and gastrointestinal illness to protect infants during the first year of life. This study aimed to find an association between feeding patterns and duration of hospital stay due to pneumonia in infants below 6 months of age. <i>Methodology</i>: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from February, 2019 to August, 2020. In our study, 200 infants below 6 months of age admitted with pneumonia in the Department of Paediatrics in Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital, Dhaka were enrolled according to selection criteria. <i>Result</i>: Maximum incidence was seen in the 3 to 4 months of age, e.g.40.0% & 36.30% in girls and boys respectively, mean age of the pneumonia patient was 2.9±1.5 months. Out of 200 cases, 55.0% cases were male and 45.0% were female. Among all infants 93.75% of exclusively breastfed infants needed ≤10 days, and 27.88% of non-exclusive breastfed infants needed>10 days in the hospital for recovery from pneumonia. In both cases, the p-value was 0.001. <i>Conclusion</i>: Exclusive breastfed infants have shorter and non-exclusive breastfed infants have longer hospital stays due to pneumonia below 6 months of age.

The Effect of Variety and Fungicide Application on Yellow Rust (<i>Pucciniastriiformis</i>f.sp<i>tritici</i>) Disease of Bread Wheat (<i>Triticumaestivum</i>L.) in East <i>Gojjam</i>, Ethiopia

The study was conducted to evaluate effects of bread wheat variety and fungicide application on yellow rust epidemics under natural field conditions at Debre Markos University research site, East Gojjam Zone in the main cropping season of 2021/2022 year. Three different fungicides (Tilt (25EC), Natura (250 EW), and Takeoff (293 SC) including fungicide unsprayed combined with five improved wheat varieties (Honkolo, Wane, Liben, Lemu and Kakaba) were used in the experiment and the experiment was laid out in RCBD design with factorial arrangement and replicated three time. Disease data’s (severity, AUDPC, incidence and grain yield were recorded. The maximum disease incidence (100 %), initial and final disease severity (39.75 at 57 DAP and 66.66% at 78 DAP) and AUDPC (1770.71 %-day) recorded from fungicide unsprayed plot on Honkolo variety. But the lowest disease incidence (1.50 %), initial and final severity (1.89 % at 57 DAP and 2.36 % at 78 DAP) and AUDPC (78.93 % - day) were recorded from the combination of Liben variety with Natura (250% EW) fungicide treatment. Moreover, the maximum grain yield (6.00 t/ha) was obtained from combination of Kakaba variety and Natura (250 EW) fungicide treatment plot. While the minimum yield (3.00 t/ha) was recorded from fungicide unsprayed Honkolo variety. Natura (250 EW) fungicide sprayed varieties were effective to against yellow rust and gave the highest values of yield over unsprayed plots and other fungicides application. However, Combination of Kakaba variety and Natura (250 EW) fungicide application was more feasible than other treatments.

A real-world evidence study of interhospital variability in the surgical treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: the REVALURO study.

Lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) is a growing condition in males associated with a high clinical, economic and humanistic burden. Several surgical techniques are available for the treatment of LUTS/BPH; thus, the aim of this study was to describe and explore the variability in the use of surgical procedures among Spanish hospitals. The REVALURO was a retrospective, observational study conducted by collecting data from the clinical records of patients with LUTS/BPH aged ≥ 35years, from 5 national reference hospitals, who were surgically treated between 2018 and 2022. Among the 3038 patients who underwent 3084 surgeries, 66% were invasive (2018: 57.5%, 2022: 71.5%), 22% were minimally invasive (MISTs) (2018: 20.7%, 2022: 20.2%) and 12% were highly invasive (2018: 21.8%, 2022: 8.4%). A total of 22.4% of patients' complications, with a maximum incidence of 28.6% (open prostatectomy) and a minimum 0.8% (water vapor thermal therapy (WVTT)] (p < 0.001). The reintervention rate was 1.5% over the study period. The median length of hospital stay after surgery increased from 0days (interquartile range [IQR]: 0) with WVTT to 5days (IQR: 4-8) with open prostatectomy (p < 0.001). Trends in surgical treatment showed that the use of invasive techniques increased, while the use of highly invasive techniques decreased, and the use of MISTs remained constant. However, given the heterogeneity among hospitals, national clinical guidelines and recommendations are needed to guide the decision on which technique should be used and to homogenize the criteria.

Response of Nepalese Rice Landraces to Brown Spot [Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker] at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

Brown spot disease, caused by the fungus Bipolaris oryzae, is a common foliar affliction in rice plants, impacting agricultural yields worldwide. A field experiment was conducted to identify brown spot resistant landraces at Rampur, Chitwan during June to November, 2018. A set of 54 rice genotypes comprising of 52 landraces and two checks (resistant and susceptible) were evaluated for resistance to the disease under field condition in alpha lattice design with three replicates. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values varied significantly among the genotypes. Of the tested 54 genotypes, nine genotypes were found moderately resistant, 38 genotypes susceptible and seven genotypes were found highly susceptible. The maximum incidence (64.9%) of pathogen was found in seed of Hodbachhi followed by Sankharika (64.15%). The minimum average incidence of pathogen was found in check Sabitri (4.05%), which was as par with other 28 genotypes. The yield attributing characters were highly significant among the genotypes. Highest grain yield (1.55 t ha-1) was obtained from Ghusara (1.51 t ha-1) followed by Lalbachhi. Lowest grain yield was obtained from Ghuyeni Saro (0.21 t ha-1) followed by Jaguli Mansuli (0.25 t ha-1). All the yield and yield attributing characters were negatively correlated with AUDPC. Seed-borne infection after harvest was highly significant among the genotypes. The results revealed that among the screened genotypes most of the landraces of rice are susceptible to brown spot.

Epidemiological Study of Downy Mildew Disease of Opium Poppy

The downy mildew caused by Peronosporaspp is a major disastrous disease of many plant species. The symptoms of downy mildew disease incidence on opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) were collected in three years from 2019-20 to 2021-22 for prediction of weather parameters on the progression of downy mildew disease. The downy mildew disease initiation was recorded in the 52nd SMW (10.0%DMI) when the maximum temperature was 19.430C. At 3rd SMW, the maximum temperature dropped 17.330C and DMI reached up to 20.00 percent depicting the progression and spread of downy mildew disease in opium poppy with the decrease of maximum temperature. The maximum disease incidence was recorded 92.53 percent in 10th SMW when maximum and minimum temperature were 29.030C and 13.530C. Regression analysis between dependent variable downy mildew disease incidence Vs. independent variables (viz., rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity) showed that all the weather parameters contributed more than 85 percent variation (R2 = 0.869, 0.957, 0.859) in the downy mildew incidence of opium poppy. One unit change of maximum temperature, minimum temperature (1.00c), maximum and minimum relative humidity (1.0%) might cause to change 0.128, 0.70, 0.117 0.130 units in downy mildew incidence, respectively.

Congenital laryngeal anomalies in childhood

Background. Diagnosis of congenital malformations of the larynx in children is a difficult task for otorhinolaryngologists. The development and implementation of video endoscopic techniques has made a significant contribution to the understanding of anatomical changes in the larynx during CPR. Aim. To study the clinical manifestations of congenital malformations in children over 6 years of age. Materials and methods. Eighty three (100%) children with laryngeal malformations aged 6 to 18 years (10.1±0.6) were examined, who applied to the phoniatric department of the Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech from 2002 to 2023. The number of boys is 39 (47%) people, girls – 44 (53%) people. The maximum incidence of children of both sexes was observed at the age of 8–12 years. Results. It should be noted that in all patients, this pathology was detected for the first time when contacting a phoniatrist. Dysphonia is expressed from birth in 30 (36%) patients. Three children also complained of difficulty breathing from birth. In 15 (18%) children, the voice remained normal. The purpose of their visit is a preventive examination. Dysphonia in the remaining 38 (46%) children appeared during increased vocal load. The structures of the congenital malformations are presented as follows: tissue defects 36 (43%) people, organ defects 34 (41%) people, combined organ-tissue defects 10 (12%) people, neurogenic defects 3 (4%). None of the examined patients had congenital tumors. Hypoplasia or grooves of the vocal folds were diagnosed in 20 (23%) cases in the group of tissue VPR. Nine (11%) patients suffered from arytenoid cartilage dyschronia, and 7 (8%) patients suffered from dysplasia. Organ defects were represented by dystopia or “crossing” of the arytenoid cartilages in 29 (35%) and epiglottis dysgenesis in 5 (6%). Based on the clinical and endoscopic picture of the larynx, we have identified two degrees of dystopia. The first degree was diagnosed in 18 (21%), and the second in 11 (13%) children. Conclusion. Patients with both tissue and organ cysts are characterized by the formation of nodules, cysts, mucosal hyperplasia, fusiform thickened edge of the vocal cord, chronic laryngitis, hypertrophy of vestibular folds. These changes should be considered as a compensatory and adaptive mechanism in conditions of forced vocalization due to anatomical changes in the larynx.

Investigation of stem gall disease prevalence in coriander in Humid South-Eastern plain Zone-V of Rajasthan

Production of coriander is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. Among them, diseases have been identified as significant limiting factors caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Stem gall caused by the fungus Protomyces macrosporus Unger is the most prevalent and damaging disease of coriander. The field survey of stem gall disease of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) caused by Protomyces macrosporus Unger in Humid South Eastern Plain Zone-V of Rajasthan was conducted at five locations in each district viz., Kota, Baran and Jhalawar district for recording incidence and intensity of disease during Rabi 2021-22. The maximum stem gall disease incidence was recorded in Ramganj Mandi (70%) of Kota district, followed by incidence in Kalya Khedi (60%) of Kota and incidence in Shahbad (60%) of Baran district. In contrast, minimum stem gall disease of coriander incidence was observed in Kanwas (25%) of the Kota district, followed by Gopalpura village (35%) of the Baran district. The maximum per cent disease intensity (PDI) of stem gall disease was observed in Ramganj Mandi (47.5%) of Kota district, followed by stem gall disease PDI in Shahbad (37.5%) and Anta (32.5%) of Baran district. The minimum PDI was recorded in Kanwas (10.0%) of Kota district, followed by Nadi Khod village (12.5%) and Jarga village (15.0%) of Jhalawar district and Gopalpura (15.0%) of Baran.

Optimization of vine killing date for maximum seed-tuber yield and minimum exposure to late-season aphid vectors in potato

Short-duration and early-bulking potato varieties are well-suited for commercial cultivation in the subtropical Indo-Gangetic plains of India. To maximize seed tuber yield, prevent late-season exposure to aphid vectors, and facilitate the timely planting of wheat crops during the rabi season, it is essential to cut the haulms (vines) of seed potatoes at the earliest possible time. A study was conducted to standardize the optimal vine-killing date for two popular potato varieties in the north-western plains of India, Kufri Pukhraj and Kufri Jyoti, by examining variations in seed yield across different vine-killing dates and assessing the incidence of aphid vectors transmitting potato viruses. Tubers were planted on 15 October for two consecutive seasons, and haulms were cut at 70, 80, and 90 days after planting (DAP), with continuous monitoring of aphid populations. Results showed that total tuber yield and tuber numbers increased with delayed vine-killing. Similarly, the yield and number of oversized tubers significantly rose as the vine-killing date was extended. However, seed-size and undersized tuber yields were largely unaffected, while the number of undersized tubers decreased between 70 and 90 DAP. Further, the gain in total tuber yield and yield of over-sized tubers occurred mainly during 70–80 DAP for Kufri Pukhraj in contrast to Kufri Jyoti where maximum increase occurred between 80 and 90 DAP. Therefore, it is concluded that the optimum time of vine killing for maximum seed tuber yield is directly linked to the tuber growth cycle of individual variety. The period of maximum incidence of aphid vectors varied between the two years. Based on the incidence of Myzus persicae, the seed crops in north-western plains of India should not be extended beyond last week of December although real time monitoring of the aphid incidence is recommended.

A Short-Term Study of 18 Cases of Distal Femur Fractures Managed By Locking Compression Plate [Lcp] Using A Less Invasive Skeletal Stabilisation System [LISS

Distal femur fractures have traditionally been the most challenging to treat. Restoring full motion and function to the knee may be challenging due to these fractures' proximity to the knee joint. Regardless of the treatment method, comminution, damage of soft tissue, fracture extension into the knee joint, and related injury to the quadriceps mechanism frequently concludes in suboptimal outcomes. The early surgical fixation notion, increased implant availability, early postoperative knee joint immobilization, and a better understanding of damage patterns have all significantly improved the patient's functional result. Our study focuses on distal femur fractures managed by LCP [locking compression plate] using a less invasive skeletal stabilization system [LISS]. This is a retrospective research of 18 cases of distal femur fractures in adults who had LCP treatment with the LISS. The operation at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital in Chennai runs from January 2021 to January 2022. All types of intercondylar and supracondylar fractures are included. Children's fractures and pathological fractures were not included. Age distribution, side of injury, sex distribution, anatomy of injury, mechanism of injury, damage grading, subtype of fracture, concomitant injuries, and open fractures were the parameters used to assess the cases. AP and lateral views of the X-ray were taken. A thorough preoperative workup was completed. Every case was scheduled for surgery as soon as feasible. External fixators were used in the initial treatment of complicated cases. Patients underwent locking compression plate (LCP) fixation with the LISS. Radiological examination immediately following surgery, four weeks, six weeks, eight weeks, twelve weeks, four months, and every six months for a maximum of one year.The age range of the patients was 21 to 70 years, with a mean age of 30 years. A maximum incidence of fractures was noted in individuals aged 40 to 60. Males accounted for the majority of the 18 cases, with a female-to-male ratio of 3:5. Our series was predominantly right-sided. The most frequent cause of injury has been traffic accidents. Throughout the research period, no patients were lost to follow-up. Of the eighteen cases, the majority involved distal femur fractures, with intercondylar extension accounting for a higher number of cases, and isolated supracondylar fractures following. A head injury was present in one case, and acetabular fracture in another, a Boxer’s fracturein a third case, and 2 open fractures (1 compound grade III A, the other compound grade II). The fractures took an average of 13.3 weeks to heal. It required an average of 15.3 weeks longer in cases of compound fractures. Less than six degrees of malalignment (varus, valgus) were present. Every patient exhibited optimal articular alignment.Excellent outcomes were obtained with the LISS, which combines appropriate physiotherapy with an LCP (angle stable build). In principle, an LCP implant is the best option for fractured and osteoporotic bones. In summary, the use of LCPs in the LISS appears to yield superior outcomes when managing distal femur fractures.

Epidemiological Features of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Russian Federation

Relevance. Obesity is associated with the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). Over the past 40 years, no country in the world has seen a decrease in the incidence of either obesity or diabetes. The epidemic growth rates of type 2 DM in the world, including in the Russian Federation, emphasize the close relationship of these endocrinopathies and identify obesity as one of the determinants of diabetes development. Aim. To study the intensity, dynamics and features of the formation of primary morbidity of obesity and type 2 DM among various population groups, as well as to identify correlations between the studied parameters in the groups. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the primary incidence of obesity and type 2 DM in Russia in 2010–2021 was carried out. The source of the analyzed information was the statistical collections of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation «Morbidity of the population». To identify the relationship between the studied parameters, a correlation analysis was performed with the calculation of the Pearson coefficient (r). The interpretation of the closeness of the correlation was performed on the Chaddock scale. Results. The number of cases of obesity amounted to 4 428 975, type 2 DM – 3 839 772 in Russia in 2010–2021. The incidence of obesity among the entire population was 253,61 per 100 ths, type 2 DM – 220,47 per 100 ths population. The Siberian FD (377,29 per 100 ths) should be singled out as an epidemiologically significant obesity district, and for type 2 DM – the Southern FD (249,34 per 100 ths). The incidence of type 2 DM among adults was 274,22 per 100 ths, while the leading positions were taken by the Ural FD (313,56 per 100 ths) and the Southern FD (308,94 per 100 ths). In terms of obesity among adults, it should be noted that the Siberian FD is 359,21 per 100 ths (the excess of the incidence rate in Russia is 1,68 times). Among the elderly, the incidence of obesity in Russia was 1,15 times higher than in adults (247,15 per 100 ths), while in the Siberian FD the incidence was 1,23 times higher than in adults (440,9 per 100 ths). In the elderly population group, the maximum incidence of type 2 DM was noted in the Ural FD – 591,11 per 100 ths. The incidence of obesity among the children from 0 to 14 years was 370,99 per 100 ths, while the most unfavorable epidemic situation was noted in the North-Western FD (476,86 per 100 ths – exceeding the level in Russia by 1,29 times). Among the children from 15 to 17, the incidence of obesity was 697,67 per 100 ths, the maximum level was in the North-Western FD (869,1 per 100 ths) and the Southern FD (866,43 per 100 ths). In parallel, the North-Western FD is also leading in terms of type 2 DM (3,16 per 100 ths) among the teenagers 15–17 years old. Positive correlations between obesity and type 2 DM were established among the entire population of Russia in 2020 (r = 0,364 – weak level) and in 2021 (r = 0,260 – very weak level). Conclusion. A close association of obesity with the development of type 2 DM has been confirmed. In Russia, in parallel with the growth of obesity, there is an increase in type 2 DM. Special attention should be paid to the child population, since there is a pronounced trend towards an increase in the incidence of obesity among the children 0–14 years old and 15–17 years old. The level of type 2 DM is also increasing among the teenagers. A statistically significant correlation was obtained between obesity and type 2 DM among the entire population.

Seasonal Patterns and Abiotic Influences on Fall Armyworm Dynamics in Chhattisgarh's Maize Agroecology

The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), an invasive pest in India, exhibits variations in population dynamics and incidence levels compared to its native regions. Understanding these variations is crucial for developing effective management strategies. Given India's diverse agroecosystems and climatic conditions, continuous watch on pest dynamics is essential. In this context a fixed plot experiment for comprehensive analysis of fall armyworm population dynamics, incidence patterns across seasons, and damage potentials in the maize crop ecosystem of the Chhattisgarh plains, India was conducted across three seasons of the year 2022-23. The year-round activity of the pest and its potential to cause huge losses in the early stages of maize was reported. Specifically, the study provided insights into the comparative incidence of fall armyworm in the different maize growing seasons of the area with a maximum incidence in the rainy season (0.58 larvae/plant) followed by winter (0.56 larvae/plant) and summer (0.53 larvae/plant) seasons. Moreover, the incidence trends of fall armyworm in different growing stages of maize were analysed by considering egg laying pattern, leaf damage, larval incidence and plant damage parameters, which highlighted the plant age-dependent response of fall armyworm. The impact of various weather parameters in shaping the damage and population fluctuations was analysed, where the influence of temperature was significant. Results obtained in this study are crucial in devising ETL levels and developing integrated pest management strategies against fall armyworm.

Seroprevalence of HCV infection among Indian patients with hemodialysis.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) exists as the most common hepatotropic disease with a severe complication in significant patients. Maximum incidence of HCV infection occurred specifically in hemodialysis patients and they were related with increased illness and fatality rate. Therefore, it is of interest to know the seroprevalence of HCV infections in hemodialysis patients using anti-HCV and PCR diagnosis. Hence, this study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital for a period of 12 months. 92 blood samples were collected and subjected for the detection of HCV antibodies using ELISA followed by RT-PCR. Out of 92 HD patient samples, 7 were positive for Anti-HCV and 9 samples showed positive for HCV RNA. Thus, ELISA has less sensitivity with false negative rate for identification of HCV infection. Thus, hemodialysis patients should be routinely screened for HCV using RT-PCR for adequate management of the disease.