Maximum Extent Research Articles

A dual‐excitation inductive power transfer system with decoupled transformer for high misalignment tolerance

AbstractThis study delves into the design and optimization of a 4 kW dual‐excitation inductive power transfer system designed to accommodate large misalignments. The system utilizes a bipolar‐solenoid inductive coupled transformer as its coupling mechanism. Detailed simulation and analysis of this coupling mechanism are conducted. Additionally, the system employs a control strategy aimed at optimizing the coordination between output power and efficiency. This control strategy dynamically adjusts the power of the two transmitters, aiming to enhance system efficiency to the maximum extent possible under favourable coupling conditions. Moreover, it ensures that the system's output power remains at or above the rated value even when coupling conditions deteriorate. During the experiment, the system can optimize the output power and efficiency at the same time by using a suitable control strategy when the coils are misaligned. Meanwhile, the system can achieve a minimum efficiency of 81.5% even when the misalignment distance reaches 300 mm (60% of per transmitting coil size). The system and control strategy proposed in this paper can effectively overcome the deterioration of the output characteristics of the wireless power transfer system when misalignment occurs.

Healable, Recyclable, and Ultra-Tough Waterborne Polyurethane Elastomer Achieved through High-Density Hydrogen Bonding Cross-Linking Strategy.

With the increasing popularity of elastomers in industry and daily life, their high performance and functionality have attracted widespread attention. However, it is a great challenge for them to possess both high mechanical properties and excellent healing and recovery capabilities due to the limitations of the preparation methods and the intrinsic microstructure of the elastomers. In this study, a strategy of ice-controlled interfacial stepwise cross-linking was proposed to prepare the waterborne polyurethane-based elastomers with ultrahigh-density hydrogen bonding interaction achieved by enhancing the utilization rate of phenol hydroxyl groups of tannic acid to the maximum extent. The elastomers have incredible mechanical properties, including ultrahigh toughness of 1.03 GJ m-3 (which represents the highest level among polyurethane elastomers prepared through common processing techniques to date), extremely high true fracture stress of ∼1.9 GPa, world-record fracture energy of 520 kJ m-2, and exciting multiple functional characteristics, such as highly efficient self-healing ability of 10 min, high resistance to physical damage and chemical corrosion, broad temperature and frequency damping effects, good shape memory effect, and excellent melt-processing recyclability and solvent recyclability. These robust multifunctional elastomers represent considerable potential in various fields, from defense and military industry and civil transportation to precision manufacturing, etc.

Improved MER algorithm for lost circulation detection using transient pressure waves

In order to solve the difficult problem of locating the leakage layer in the bare eye well section during drilling, this study proposes a transient pressure wave well leakage detection method based on the modified energy ratio (MER) analysis. The method makes clever use of the similarity between the transient pressure waveform and the first arrival of the microseismic signal, and accurately captures the sudden change moments of the pressure wave to obtain the time difference of the signal through the MER method, and combines with the wave velocity of the pressure wave to achieve the precise location of the leakage layer. To address the problem of high noise content in transient pressure wave signals, this study proposes an improved variational modal decomposition (VMD) adaptive denoising method, which effectively removes the noise components and retains the key features of the signals to the maximum extent, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal after noise reduction can be up to 15.64. The experimental results show that the leaky layer localisation error of the method ranges from 0.13% to 5.30%. Under the same conditions, the accuracy of the MER localisation method is better than that of the wavelet mode maxima method, the frequency domain method and the short-time averaging/long-time averaging (STA/LTA) method, and the localisation error rate can be as low as 2.11%. The transient pressure wave well leakage detection method based on the improved MER algorithm provides a low-cost, high-precision and efficient solution for well leakage detection during drilling.

Comparison and analysis of denoising method in TBM key tunnelling data

ABSTRACT Environmental vibrations and other factors cause significant random errors in raw data collected during TBM tunnelling. Such errors can reach up to 25% and will severely reduce the performance of data mining and machine learning model. To improve the data quality and find a suitable denoising method for TBM data, this study first proposed two assurance indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of data denoising, such as distortion degree (θ) and denoising magnitude (λ). Then, the effects of the data denoising schemes were compared. The results demonstrate that: (1) The Convlove19 scheme has better performance and is recommended for the denoising processing for TBM data. It can preserve the statistical characteristics of the raw data to the maximum extent possible and can improve the performance of the machine learning model by 15∼25%. (2) “Boring cycle segmentation after denoising strategy” (SAD) has better performance than “Boring cycle segmentation before denoising strategy” (SBD) and is recommended. The findings in this study can help with TBM data cleaning and quality improvement, as well as provide a reference for noise reduction of other data with similar features.

On the Growth and Evolution of Nocturnal Ionospheric Irregularities Using HF Radar Observations Along With Digisonde and GNSS Data Over Trivandrum, India

AbstractThe growth and evolution of nocturnal ionospheric plasma irregularities are analyzed over the geomagnetic equatorial station Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77°E, dip latitude 1.9°N) using multi‐instrumental techniques during various seasons of moderate and high solar activity periods. Irregularities are classified into three categories based on their structure and the vertical extent of radar backscattered echoes as Bottom Type, Top Side, and Bottom Type‐Top Side structures. The presence or absence of energy cascading across different scale sizes is identified from the presence of irregularities as Equatorial Spread F (ESF) in digisonde, scintillation in GNSS and backscattered echoes in HF radar with the signals manifesting sequentially or otherwise in these instruments. Threshold values of the duration (2.25 hr) and altitudinal extent (430 km) of ESF irregularities (observed with the digisonde) required for effective energy cascading across scale sizes are identified. The bottom type irregularity layers are observed to form in the equatorial region, Trivandrum, when the post‐sunset F region height varied within the range of 280–370 km which is broader in comparison to those observed at low latitudes. An empirical model is developed using post‐sunset ionospheric height to predict the maximum altitudinal extent of ESF irregularities. This serves as an indicator of the energy cascading process across scale sizes. The altitudinal extent of irregularities predicted by the empirical model also serves as a proxy for the occurrence of plasma bubbles, which has significant adverse implications for communication and navigation systems.

Characterizing interactive compound flood drivers in the Pearl River Estuary: A case study of Typhoon Hato (2017)

Tropical cyclone (TC) induced compound floods involve dynamic interactions among astronomical tides, storm surges, precipitation, and associated river pulses. This study employs a one-way coupled WRF, Delft3D, and HEC-RAS model to investigate the impacts of oceanic, pluvial, and fluvial processes on compound flood dynamics during Typhoon Hato (2017) in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), South China. Total water levels driven by different combinations of flood drivers are modeled and analyzed. Relative contributions of each type of flood driver are quantified and used to categorize flood zones. This study highlights the persistent impacts of storm surges and their nonlinear interactions with other flood drivers. They can modify both the timing and magnitude of maximum water levels, thereby distorting tidal signals and contributing to post-TC landfall water level peaks. Along coastal regions, water levels exhibit three successive peaks, predominantly driven by storm surge, rainfall, and the combined actions of both factors, respectively. In upstream regions and coastal areas sheltered from islands, a singular water level peak arises exclusively from rainfall-runoff processes. Moreover, nonlinear interactions between surge and rainfall-runoff have non-negligible impacts on the relative contribution of individual flood drivers, which underscores the necessity of considering both rainfall and storm surge in modeling compound flood water levels. During the flooding period, peak storm surge and the following peak rainfall resulted in a time-varying distribution of flood zones. Alternating feedback between compounded and ocean-dominant areas manifests in the midsections of the upper PRE. Maximum flooding depth, extent, and duration are mainly influenced by rainfall. Storm surges play a secondary role, causing intense but short-lived flooding in coastal regions. These findings aid in understanding the generation mechanism of compound floods and provide references for hazard mitigation strategies.

Late pleistocene glacial history of Mount Karadağ, SW Türkiye

Glacial landforms in the southwestern part of the Anatolian Peninsula are found at lower elevations than the rest, suggesting that glaciers were present during the Late Pleistocene. Karadağ, located west of the Western Taurus Mountains, provides evidence of the climatic conditions that facilitated this extensive glaciation. It is characterized by numerous peaks exceeding 2300 m above sea level (asl), with the highest peak reaching 2418 m, making it the region's largest glaciation area. This high mountain mass is composed mainly of limestone and dolomite. This study focuses on the glacial landforms in Karadağ to reconstruct the Late Pleistocene glacial chronology and palaeoclimate of the Western Taurus Mountains. We employed detailed UAV photogrammetry, extensive fieldwork and mapping, surface exposure dating with cosmogenic 36Cl, meteorological measurements, palaeoglacier reconstruction, and palaeo-equilibrium line altitude (pELA) calculations. Karadağ, a topographic barrier to humid air masses from the Mediterranean Sea, ranks as the second wettest area in the Western Taurus Mountains. At a meteorological station we installed in Karadağ, an annual precipitation of 1700 mm or more was recorded, highlighting its significant precipitation. In Karadağ, we have identified two glacial valleys with a maximum length of 4.5 km and six cirques. The glaciers reached their maximum extent around 22.4 ± 2.8 ka during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), facilitated by the lowering of the pELA to 2090 m. During the LGM, the glaciers covered an area of approximately 3.5 km2 and reached a maximum thickness of about 140 m. Sample TRKR 10 at 2015 m probably belongs to the LGM period. Although a single sample does not conclude definitive conclusions, the presence of the moraine at its highest position indicates the maximum thickness of the glacier. Following the LGM, two more significant glacier advances occurred during the Lateglacial (15.5 ± 2.7 ka) and the Younger Dryas (12.4 ± 1.1 ka). During the late Pleistocene glaciations, and especially during the LGM, Karadağ probably received more precipitation than today, leading to the formation of glaciers at relatively lower elevations than on the Anatolian Peninsula.

Mechanical equipment fault diagnosis method based on improved deep residual shrinkage network.

Fault diagnosis of mechanical equipment can effectively reduce property losses and casualties. Bearing vibration signals, as one of the effective sources of diagnostic information, are often overwhelmed by substantial environmental noise. To address this issue, we present a fault diagnosis method, CCSDRSN, which exhibits strong noise resistance. This method enhances the soft threshold function in the traditional deep residual shrinkage network, allowing it to extract useful information from the fault signal to the maximum extent, thus significantly improving diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, we have developed a novel activation function that can nonlinearly transform the time frequency map across multiple dimensions and the entire region. In pursuit of network optimization and parameter reduction, we have strategically incorporated depthwise separable convolutions, effectively replacing conventional convolutional layers. This architectural innovation streamlines the network. By verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method using Case Western Reserve University datasets, the results demonstrate that the proposed method not only possesses strong noise resistance in high noise environments but also achieves high diagnostic accuracy and good generalization performance under different load conditions.

Perancangan UI/UX Aplikasi Perpustakaan Digital Berbasis Web dengan Pendekatan Metode Design Thinking

Today's library management increasingly demands quality and professionalism so that the resultscan be utilized to the maximum extent possible by its users. The library on the Dirgantara MarsekalSuryadarma University campus already has a website-based digital library service. This serviceis aimed at students, lecturers and the general public who need book references. However, theservices provided have limitations ranging from performance to user interface appearance. Thisresearch aims to develop a professional digital library at Dirgantara Marshal SuryadarmaUniversity. Designing the User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) using the Figmaapplication with a good and intuitive Design Thinking method and can meet the expectations ofthe needs of Dirgantara Marsekal Suryadarma University library users. Testing using the SingleEase Question (SEQ) method to see the level of effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction withthe UI/UX design prototype of the Digital Library Application that will be built. The test resultsshow a value of 6.7 on a scale of 7, indicating that the UI/UX design of the application that hasbeen designed is considered good and in accordance with user needs

Enhancing biodiesel engine performance and emission reduction using Fe and Zn coated zeolite catalytic converters

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the performance and emission characteristics of diesel, fish biodiesel (comprising 20% fish oil and 80% diesel), and fish biodiesel using Fe and Zn-coated zeolite catalytic converters. The research aims to mitigate environmental challenges associated with diesel engines by exploring the efficacy of metal-doped zeolite catalysts in reducing harmful emissions. Fish biodiesel was derived from fish waste via transesterification and tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Key performance metrics, including Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, Brake Thermal Efficiency, Exhaust Gas Temperature, cylinder pressure, Heat Release Rate, and ignition delay, were measured. Emission characteristics such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide, and smoke opacity were also analyzed. Results showed diesel had the lowest Specific fuel consumption, ranging from 730 g/kWh at 25% load to 320 g/kWh at full load. Fish biodiesel exhibited higher Specific fuel consumption, from 770 g/kWh to 350 g/kWh. Regarding emissions, the NOx of the biodiesel increased significantly compared to diesel; the use of a catalytic converter has reduced the NOx emission to a maximum extent of 37.5% at full load for a Fe-coated converter. The Zn-coated converter also improved emissions by up to 33% for NO but was slightly less effective than the Fe-coated converter. The study concludes that Fe-coated zeolite catalytic converters significantly enhance biodiesel-fueled diesel engines’ performance and emission characteristics. Both catalytic converters reduced the smoke emission significantly. These findings highlight the potential for developing more efficient and eco-friendly emission control technologies and promoting using renewable transportation fuels.

Research on Semantic Driven Urban Pipeline Dataspace Construction Method

Abstract. Urban pipeline data is heterogeneous in multiple sources and rich in data volume, and there are problems such as data conflict and difficult organization and management due to the heterogeneity of multiple sources when accessing the data in large-scale concurrently. To address this problem, this paper proposes a semantics-driven urban pipeline dataspace construction method, which aims to realize the efficient organization of pipeline data. Firstly, this method combines the classification and characteristics of urban pipelines, and expresses the semantic information of pipeline geographic entities from four dimensions: semantic description, spatial location, attribute characteristics and time evolution. Then, the four expression sets are embedded into the dataspace RDF model as predicates, and the associated description mechanism of pipeline geographic entities is established by means of genus classes and so on, so as to construct the pipeline dataspace RDF model. Finally, the model is stored and graphically visualized using neo4j to achieve fast retrieval of data within the pipeline dataspace. The research results show that this method provides a unified expression of pipeline entities, solves the problem of pipeline multi-source heterogeneous data conflict and organization difficulties, and improves the efficiency of multi-source heterogeneous pipeline data organization while ensuring the integrity of pipeline information to the maximum extent.

Antibacterial bio pores as a river flow filter for the development of "Ndeso Park" water tourism

The realization of the full potential of natural resources in each village for the benefit of the local community has been observed as a significant challenge. The national village-owned enterprises program encourages villages to optimize the utilization of their existing natural and human resources with the objective of fostering their economic independence. The program entails the optimization of the national village-owned enterprises program in the tourism sector, specifically in the context of Taman Ndeso. The objective of this community service activity is to provide technological assistance and address the issue of river water filtration as a pool water source. The impetus for this activity is the declining tourism activities at Taman Ndeso due to the presence of turbid water in the pool, which was deemed unsuitable for use. The activity is realized through the construction of a water purification filtration system to produce clean and healthy water. The antibacterial biopores are applied as filtration technology. This technology is designed to capture bacteria from river water that flow into the pond. This research adopted the direct exploration method, which was divided into a number of stages, including planning and preparation, implementation, evaluation, and reporting. The research outcome manifests into the restoration of the Taman Ndeso water tourism pool, which will be capable of attracting tourists and reviving village income to the maximum extent possible, with the management of the village-owned business entity.

Integrating time series Sentinel-2 images and tide height to mapping tidal flats in the Chinese mainland

As a unique and important ecosystem, tidal flats provide a variety of ecosystem functions and services. Mapping tidal flats is essential for the protection and management of coastal ecosystems. However, large-scale tidal flats mapping still faces challenges due to the tidal variation and spectral similarity between tidal flats and inland wetlands. Previous methods rely on the coastlines or maximum seawater extent to exclude inland areas, which is limited by its inability to effectively differentiate tidal flats from spectrally similar inland wetlands. To address these issues, we proposed a new tidal-flat mapping method by integrating Sentinel-2 time series imagery with tide height (TH) data from ground-based tide stations on Google Earth Engine. We first generated images at the lowest and highest tidal stages, established the statistical relationship between the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) of each pixel and TH, and then concatenated them into a Random Forest classifier for further classification. The statistical relationship between NDWI and TH amplified the difference between tidal flats and inland wetlands, thus significantly reducing the influence of spectral similarity. This method could produce a high-precision tidal flats map with an overall accuracy of 97.30% in the coastal zone of the Chinese mainland. By quantitatively comparing with the previous tidal flat maps, we found that the strategies of tidal-level information simulation and inland area exclusion were the two main reasons producing the differences among the maps. The proposed method does not rely on space constraints to exclude inland wetlands and can capture more estuarine tidal flats, so it can be used as a reliable means to monitor the tidal flats in large-scale areas.

Energy efficiency analysis of ammonia-fueled power systems for vehicles considering residual heat recovery

Ammonia shows great potential as a zero-carbon fuel for vehicles. However, both the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), the currently available vehicle engines, require hydrogen decomposed from ammonia. On-board hydrogen production is an energy-intensive process that significantly reduces system efficiency. Therefore, energy recovery from residual heat is essential to promote overall efficiency, but ICE and FC require different amounts of hydrogen, and produce residual heat of dissimilar quality and quantity. To thoroughly understand the relationships among system configuration, rate of residual heat recovery and system efficiency, this paper takes three typical ammonia-fueled power systems, which employs only ICE, only PEMFC and both ICE and PEMFC as engine(s), respectively, as examples to set up system efficiency model and conduct simulation under various operating conditions. Results show there is a mismatch between the produced residual heat and the heat required for ammonia decomposition for systems using only ICE or PEMFC. For system using both PEMFC and ICE, the residual heat can be recovered to a maximum extent by way of parameters matching and dynamic power management between engines. This system has the highest efficiency and widest high efficiency region among the three analyzed typical configurations.

An adaptive trajectory segmentation and simplification algorithm based on vessel behavioral features

Existing algorithms for trajectory simplification in AIS data processing have issues such as loss of key feature points, high subjectivity in threshold selection, and incomplete consideration of factors. In this paper, an adaptive trajectory segmentation and simplification algorithm based on vessel behavioral features is proposed. The algorithm identifies behavioral feature intervals by extracting vessel behavioral features and constructs an adaptive segmentation threshold function to achieve adaptive segmentation of trajectories and extraction of key feature points. Then, considering the quality, similarity, and spatial variability of trajectory simplification, an adaptive simplification threshold function is constructed to automatically select the best threshold for each sub-trajectory to generate the simplified trajectory. Our experiments demonstrate that the algorithm maintains a high simplification rate while enabling adaptive simplification of the trajectory, and also retains the key feature points and trajectory shapes to the maximum extent. The effectiveness and robustness of the algorithm are verified through comparison with other algorithms, effectively avoiding the distortion of navigational behavior that may be caused by traditional methods. This provides reliable data support for maritime traffic management and decision-making.

The last glacial cycle in southernmost Patagonia: A review

This paper systematically reviews the geomorphological and geochronological evidence of the last glacial cycle (∼115-11.7 ka) south of 52°S in southernmost Patagonia. We review the extent and timing of glaciation, compile geochronometric data from published studies into an open-access database and present an updated empirical reconstruction of ice-sheet evolution. The extent and timing of the local Last Glacial Maximum is ambiguous and we review the data that indicate that the local Last Glacial Maximum occurred during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3/MIS 4 versus during MIS 2 at the time of the global Last Glacial Maximum. These contrasting scenarios differ by ∼100 km in lateral ice extent and 10s of thousands of years in timing, implying drastically different past environmental conditions, and therefore drivers. All of the major ice lobes were extensive until at least 18 ka and the onset of deglaciation occurred at ∼18-17 ka. The southernmost Patagonian Ice Sheet rapidly collapsed to the Fuegian fjords in <1000 years, likely due to the lower altitude of the Andes in this region, lower slopes of the glacier surfaces and through ice calving within the deep fjords into which the ice sheet retreated. During the Antarctic Cold Reversal (∼14.7-13 ka), glaciers readvanced only a few kilometres, restricted to the Fuegian fjords, and not ∼100 km to a ‘Stage E’ moraine, as previously hypothesised. This review highlights the disparity of dating constraints across southernmost Patagonia and suggests possible approaches for further study. More work is required to understand and resolve the discrepancy in the geochronological data and to determine a robust empirical reconstruction for the maximum last glacial extent in southernmost Patagonia, which is imperative for making climate inferences and comparing to numerical ice-sheet models.

Evaluating Effects of Continuous Occlusion on Visual Letter Identification

Visual letter identification refers to humans’ use of a visual system to recognize the 26 letters in the English alphabet. Letters may be partially occluded by nonadjacent small occlusion blocks (called discrete occlusion) or a single occlusion block (called continuous occlusion) in the real world, thereby affecting visual letter identification. The effects caused by discrete occlusion have been investigated in existing research. The results indicate that humans possess the ability to identify partially occluded letters and a large occlusion ratio results in low identification accuracy. However, few studies have explored the effects caused by continuous occlusion and revealed precise reflections on occlusion effects. This study presents an evaluation to explore the effects of continuous occlusion on visual letter identification. A controlled experiment is designed to achieve two research goals: identifying the maximum extent of occlusion ratio (named upper bound) that does not affect visual letter identification and investigating the change patterns of the accuracy of occluded letter identification with the gradual increase in occlusion ratio. The experimental results are analyzed in detail, and three main findings are obtained. First, moderately occluded letters can be accurately identified in a continuous occlusion scene. Second, the precise upper bounds are obtained for each of the 26 letters. Lastly, the change patterns for the 26 letters present three nonlinear decline patterns. The findings could inspire technical advancements in the fields of visualization, computer vision, and healthcare.

Evaluation Of The 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation in The Light of Jus Cogens Rules

Shortly after the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus, the events initiated by Makarios’ attempts to amend the constitution, which escalated into internal conflicts and external interventions, culminated in Turkey’s military intervention. The effects of this intervention continue to persist today. Due to this characteristic, it has been the subject of many studies; however, it has not been evaluated in terms of the jus cogens rules, which express the universally accepted principles of international law, and the stages of the just war theory. To address this need, the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation, a long-standing international issue, has been examined within the framework of the jus cogens rules of international law, considering the three phases of just war theory: jus ad bellum, jus in bello, and jus post bellum. This examination aims to determine the level of compliance with jus cogens international law norms in the historical and political context of the Cyprus issue, as well as the developments before, during, and after the 1974 Peace Operation. Consequently, it has been determined that the 1974 Peace Operation adhered to the jus cogens rules of international law to the maximum extent. In the source review, a balanced selection of sources was made to objectively evaluate the assessments of both the Turkish and Greek Cypriot sides on the issue. This study is qualitative in nature, employing both inductive and deductive methods.‎

Correlation of deglutitive striated esophagus motor function and pharyngeal phase swallowing biomechanical events.

The functional relationship of striated esophagus (St.Eso) motor function with pharyngeal deglutitive biomechanical events has not been systematically studied. The aim of this study was to determine the spatio-temporal characteristics of St.Eso function and its correlation with pharyngeal biomechanics and bolus transport. We studied 50 healthy volunteer subjects (age range: 21-82 years, 31 female) by digital videofluoroscopy. All subjects were studied in a seated, upright position. Thirteen of these 50 volunteers also underwent high-resolution manometry (HRM) concurrent with fluoroscopy. We used laryngeal excursion as a surrogate for St.Eso excursion. Median duration of St.Eso excursion was 2.35 [1.93,2.85, 5th and 95th percentile] seconds. Mean maximum extent of St.Eso excursion was 2.84 ± 0.72 cm. We identified four distinct periods in deglutitive St.Eso motor function: P1. Anterosuperior ascent without bolus or peristaltic activity, P2. Non-peristaltic bolus receiving at the apogee of St.Eso excursion concurrent with UES opening and pharyngeal peristalsis P3. Peristaltic bolus transport as St.Eso descends and P4. Continued peristalsis in resting position. 1. St.Eso motor function spans both pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing for receiving and transporting the bolus, 2. Pressure signatures in HRM recordings currently attributed to St.Eso deglutitive motor activity does not represent the entirety of St.Eso peristalsis, only the part that occurs in its resting position. St.Eso peristalsis that occurs during its descent is recorded by pressure sensors initially in the pharynx. This finding needs to be considered when interpreting HRM recordings of the pharynx and proximal esophagus.

Development and Characterization of Novel Green Cutting Fluids with Nano-additives

In this current investigation, novel cutting fluids developed through a unique combination of food grade emulsifiers, plant based additives (EA) and nano particles (NP) as cutting fluid additives in corn oil (CO) based vegetable oil. Five dissimilar corn-based green cutting fluids (CBGC1, CBGC2, CBGC3, CBGC4, CBGC5) were prepared by varying the weight percentages (wt.%) of EAs (5, 10, 15, 20, 25) with CO, and their thermo-physical properties were meticulously analyzed. Among these formulations, CBGC2 demonstrated superior lubrication performance, making it the most promising oil for further investigation. Subsequently, the effect of different NP was investigated by adding alumina (Al2O3), graphene (Gr) and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) NPs in the CBGC2 solution in the ratio of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 in weight percent (wt.%) and the experimental results reveal substantial enhancements in thermophysical properties. Among various samples, the nanofluid containing 0.8 wt.% concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticles in CBGC2 exhibited the highest viscosity. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid enhanced by 24.82% when 1.2 wt.% of Gr nanoparticles added oil compared to CBGC2. Furthermore, in tribological tests, CBGC2 with 0.4% Al2O3 exhibited the lowest frictional force among the prepared cutting fluids. The contact angle reduced to a maximum extent by 11.14% for cutting fluids containing 1.2% alumina nanoparticles. These findings suggest that these innovative green cutting fluid formulations with nano-additives hold great potential for improving machining processes in various industrial applications towards sustainability.