Maximum Electrical Output Research Articles

Analysis of the Influence of Variation in Medical Waste Heating Value on the Electrical Energy Output of Generator in Medical Waste Cogeneration Incinerator System using Gatecycle Solver

Abstract Medical waste incinerator is a technology capable of processing and exterminating hazardous medical waste through combustion at temperatures exceeding 800°C. Medical waste exhibits a range of heating values depending on its material composition. The heating value represents the potential heat energy released when a substance undergoes complete combustion. A cogeneration incinerator is designed to treat medical waste while also harnessing the heat of the flue gas that emanates from the combustion process. The flue gas acts as a hot fluid that transfers its heat, causing the water temperature inside the boiler to increase and transform into high-temperature steam. This steam drives a steam turbine connected to a generator to generate electrical energy. The amount of electrical energy generated is influenced by the steam quality produced through the boiler’s water-heating process. This study aims to investigate the influence of variation in the heating value in medical waste on the electrical energy output of the generator in a medical waste cogeneration incinerator system. The range of heating value variations used in the testing varies from 25 MJ/kg to 35 MJ/kg. The variation is tested through thorough simulations using GateCycle software to obtain data on the electrical energy generated. To achieve a maximum electrical energy output of 200 kW, fuel with a total heating value of 32.25 MJ/kg is required. This study is beneficial to be implemented as renewable energy sources based on biomass powerplant systems.

Optimization of Turbine Blade Pitch Angle of a Home-built Wind Turbine for Maximum Power Output

Wind energy greatly reduces the world’s dependence on fossil fuels (oil and natural gas), and is environmentally friendly. One of the most cost-effective alternatives of energy sources is wind power. This study used a horizontal axis wind turbine to investigate the optimal blade pitch angle that can give maximum electrical output. A proportional integral derivative pitch controller was used to establish blade pitch angles. Wind speeds of 3, 4, 5 and 6 m/s were run at every pitch angle respectively, and a maximum electrical power output was 1124.7W at a blade pitch angle of 16.80 when a wind speed of 6 m/s was used. Every wind speed was run for 100 seconds. A simulation, using Visual Basic 6 software, was done at the respective blade pitch angles, and a wind speed of 6 m/s. The electricity produced was recorded. The simulated electrical power produced yielded a relationship that predicted the electrical power output with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9752; this shows a very close agreement with actual electric output values.

Aurivillius-Type SrBi4Ti4O15/PGA Composite Film-Based Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting/Storage and Multipurpose Tap-Indication Transducer Applications.

Recent advancements in flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have widely focused on converting mechanical energy into electrical energy to power small wearable electronic gadgets and sensors. To effectively achieve this, an efficient energy-converted power management circuit is required. Herein, we report on Aurivillius-type strontium bismuth titanate (SrBi4Ti4O15) nanoparticles (SBT NPs)-loaded polyglucosamine (PGA) composite film-based flexible TENG to be used for energy harvesting/storage and biomechanical applications. Initially, SBT NPs were synthesized and then, different weight concentrations were loaded into PGA. The TENG devices were fabricated using different wt % composite films (SBT/PGA) and polydimethylsiloxane as positive and negative triboelectric layers, respectively, and aluminum was used as a conductive electrode attached to two tribo films. To evaluate the electrical output from the device, contact-separation operation mode was used. An optimized TENG consisting of 2 wt % SBT/PGA composite film produced the maximum electrical output voltage and current of approximately ∼239 V and ∼7.5 μA, respectively. Efficient TENG energy harvesting and storage circuits have been proposed for storing charges in capacitors and for operating electronic gadgets. The optimized TENG was employed to generate electrical energy from various biomechanical movements. Thereafter, the biodegradability of the composite film was also tested. The fabricated films were completely biodegraded within a few hours. Furthermore, the TENG was utilized as a tap-indication transducer for multipurpose switching applications.

Optimizing micro power generation with blended fuels and porous media for H2-fueled combustion

To enhance the combustion stability and thermal performance of micro-thermophotovoltaic system, a combustor inserted porous media and varying channel heights for premixed H2/CH4/Air burning is proposed. The experimental and numerical methods are conducted to investigate the effects of CH4 addition, equivalence ratio, porous media, and chamber setting on combustion characteristics, heat transfer, and flame stability. The results indicate that a small fraction of CH4 addition and porous media insertion both enhance heat release and transfer of H2-fueled combustion, and the optimal CH4 blending ratio is influenced by chemical energy input. Appropriately increasing the equivalence ratio under high flow rates contributes to stabilize the flame and improve the combustor thermal performance. Furthermore, porous media effectively promotes flame stability and heat transfer efficiency, with longer porous media enhancing heat conduction and convection processes, thereby increasing the radiation temperature. Besides, increasing the channel height of the porous media combustor appropriately enhances the electrical power output of the power system. Besides, the maximum electrical output of 9.7 W is obtained in the porous media combustor with a channel height of 11 mm at mc = 20 %, Ф = 1.0 and mf = 9.448 × 10−5 kg/s, which is 7.2 W higher than the free flame combustor with h = 7 mm.

Generalized utilization of energy harvesting ability of TENG for concurrent energy storage and motion sensing application with effective external circuitry

Utilizing triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for simultaneous mechanical energy harvesting and sensing applications is a crucial and challenging endeavor that can improve TENG-based self-powered sensing systems. However, this issue remains relatively underexplored and thus, it is the primary focus here. We propose a simple and generalizable external circuitry achieving simultaneous energy storage and sensing from the TENGs. Commonly available polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) triboelectric film is dielectrically modified by loading synthesized sodium tantalate filler particles with high dielectricity. The fabricated films and aluminum tape are utilized as negative and positive triboelectric films. The electrical performance of the TENG operated in contact-separation mode is optimized based on the filler concentration in the PDMS film and the maximum electrical output of ∼ 195 V, ∼ 6.27 µA, and ∼ 44 µC/m2 is observed. Completely analyzed TENG with highly efficient and stable electrical output (for more than 10,000 operational cycles) is utilized for further experiments. Various fundamental voltage divider (VD) (capacitive, resistive, and inductive) electrical circuits are fabricated and their successful utilization for dividing the electrical output from the TENG is demonstrated. After a comprehensive analysis of the compatibility between the VD and TENG, it is determined that inductive and resistive VDs are the optimal choice. Owing to its simplicity, the resistive VD is further utilized to construct real-time vehicle speed sensing and approaching direction-finding applications. The proposed simple and generalized state-of-the-art process for simultaneous energy storage and sensing through the TENG could be revolutionary, potentially expanding its applicative scope significantly.

Synergistic effects of rGO functionalization in nanocomposite-based triboelectric nanogenerators for enhanced energy harvesting

Enhancing the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) by integrating advanced energy materials is crucial for broadening their applications. In this study, the tribo-positivity of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is physically tailored by doping with functionalized reduced graphene oxide (FrGO) into the polymer matrix, aiming to design high-performance TENGs. The pristine PVA and -OH, -COOH, and -NH2 FrGO nanocomposite with varying filler quantities (0–2 wt/wt%) are subjected to various characterizations for elucidating structural, surface and electrical properties. Further, electrical measurements of as-fabricated FrGO-TENGs revealed a notable increase in both voltage and current with increasing filler quantities. Interestingly, the NH2 FrGO-TENG shows maximum electrical output compared to –OH and –COOH FrGO-TENGs. Also, the open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current (ISC) of NH2 FrGO-TENG are about 10 and 17 times more than that of pristine PVA-TENG. This substantial improvement is attributed to the extensive hydrogen bonding between the PVA-NH2 FrGO. Furthermore, the practical utility of the optimized device is demonstrated by showcasing its ability to power LEDs, digital timers, and commercial capacitors through a rectifier bridge. Thus, the results proved the potential of incorporating -NH2 FrGO into PVA as a synergistic material for sustainable and improvised energy harvesting, owing to opening new avenues for self-powered applications.

A Study of Contact Electrification Process on PVDF–Metal Interface: Effect of β Phase Composition

AbstractRecently, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are getting considerable attention as an energy harvesting tool that can convert random mechanical energy into electricity due to the wide material selection, low cost, and easy fabrication. TENGs work by contact electrification on the interface and electrostatic induction on the electrodes when two surfaces contact and separate. Herein, the study of the contact electrification process on the metal–polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) interface is conducted focusing on the effect of β phase content on the electrical properties of the PVDF films. It is found through the EFM and KPFM surface electrical studies that a higher β phase promotes stronger electrostatic interactions and enhances electron‐cloud overlap with the metal coated cantilever tip that leads to higher amount of charge transfer. Additionally, there is overall enhancement of the TENGs electric output performance for a higher β phase containing PVDF films and the maximum electric output of 8.1 V and 12.2 nA is obtained for the TENG made with 79% β phase PVDF film.

Performance enhancement of photovoltaic system using composite phase change materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming a more feasible energy source. Energy storage devices can increase Photovoltaic (PV) system performance when PV module temperature rises and electrical efficiency declines. This work uses Lauric and Palmitic acid composite phase change material to evaluate polycrystalline solar panels in real-time. The best Lauric and Palmitic acid ratio was 3:1 in experiments. Three other solar panels were fabricated using 7, 10, and 14 composite-filled Al pipes at the bottom, apart from the reference panel. Compared to panels with 7 and 10 Al-pipes, the L + P CPCM 14 Al-pipes panel had the greatest mean electrical output of 38.56 W, a peak average efficiency of 15.23 % while the average temperature was 43.74 °C. The highest temperature reduction of the CPCM was 26.2 % and the energy stored was 28.78 kJ. The CPCM exhibited a maximum power improvement of 39.9 % and an efficiency improvement of 31.1 %. However, the reference panel had the maximum mean electrical output of 27.56W and peak mean efficiency of 12.78 % only if all days of experimentation were considered.

Investigation on the tribological properties and electrification performance of grease-lubricated triboelectric nanogenerators

Compared with lubricating oil, grease can firmly adhere to the lubricated surface without loss even on the vertical surface, which is more conducive to improving the durability of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in practical engineering applications by reducing material wear. However, the correlation between property parameters of grease and triboelectrification is still unclear. In this paper, rotary freestanding TENG with the most severe wear among the working modes of TENGs is taken as the research subject. First, the tribological properties and electrification performance of TENGs lubricated by different greases are studied, and then the effects of the dielectric constant, shear-thinning behavior and cone penetration on the electrical output as well as durability of TENG are explored to reveal the triboelectrification mechanism of the grease-lubricated interface. The results show that, the electrical output of TENG lubricated by the grease with a low dielectric constant can increase by more than 3.5 times compared to dry friction, where the thickener in the grease participates in triboelectrification at the grease-lubricated interface. With increasing sliding distance, the electrical output increases first and then decreases, and the durability is related to the shear-thinning behavior of grease. For greases with similar relative dielectric constant, with increasing cone penetration, the maximum electrical output of TENG decreases, but its durability is improved. This study provides a new approach to improve the electrical output and durability of TENG simultaneously, which further promotes the practical applications of TENGs.

Contact-electrification enabled water-resistant triboelectric nanogenerators as demonstrator educational appliances

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) work on the principle of tribo and contact electrification, which is a common phenomenon observed in daily life. TENGs are moving closer to commercialization, particularly for small scale energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. The toys and games industry has attracted a large audience recently with the introduction of digital toys. In this paper we embedded TENGs to power up a toy and operate during its specific application. We have modified two potential electronic demonstrator applications using TENG for lobster toy (LT-TENG) and stress ball (SB-TENG) device. The LT-TENG device generates a maximum electrical response of 60 V/2 µA, with a power of 55 µW and power density of 0.065 µW m−2 at a load resistance value of 10 MΩ. Similarly, the SB-TENG device made of aluminum and PDMS as the triboelectric layers generates a maximum electrical output response of 800 V and 4 µA peak to peak current with an instantaneous power of 6 mW and a power density of 3.5 mW m−2 respectively at a load resistance of 10 MΩ. In addition, the layers of the TENGs are packed with polyethylene to maintain the performance of the nanogenerator under harsh environmental conditions, especially with humid environments. The water resistance studies proved that the packed SB-TENG is impervious to water. The LT-TENG device is accompanied by four LEDs, and the device lights up upon actuating the handle. The SB is connected with the measuring instrument to record the quantity of force at which the SB is pressed. The adopted approach paves the way to convert these traditional toys into battery-free electronic designs and its commercialization.

Fabrication of amino and fluorine functionalized graphene-based polymer composites to enhance the electromechanical conversion efficiency of TENGs for energy-harvesting applications

The two main factors hindering the practical utilization of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are low power density and high internal impedance. To address this issue, TENGs with high electromechanical conversion efficiency must be developed. Several techniques have been investigated to improve the TENGs output performance, including surface modifications (physical or chemical) and embedded charge-trap nanomaterials (dielectric or conductive). Herein, we introduce the novel amino-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (AFGO) and graphite-fluorinated polymer (FG) pillars to enhance the tribo-positivity and tribo-negativity of polyurethane (PU) and Ecoflex (EC), respectively. The surface positive-potential of PU is increased almost 2.2 times (from 201 V to 480 V) and negative-potential of Ecoflex is increased 2.1 times (from −848 V to −1813 V) with incorporating AFGO and FG pillars. Functionalized graphene and graphite-based pillars synergistically enhance surface charges (owing to the presence of –NH2 and -F terminating groups) and minimize triboelectric loss (owing to their conductive nature). The effects of the AFGO and FG contents on the electrical performance were studied systematically. The optimized PUAFGO2/EC15FG-TENG exhibited the maximum electrical output performance with an open-circuit potential of 434 V, a short-circuit current of 11. 2 µA, a power density of 1.18 Wm−2 at a load of 40 MΩ, and a charge density of 17.5 µCm−2. The PUAFGO2/EC15FG-TENG showed a mechanical conversion efficiency of 95% and successfully operated 33 LEDs and a stopwatch. Owing to this effectivity, even under low pressures, with a high sensitivity of 9.5 VPa−1 and high mechanical stability, the proposed TENG device could be used as a biomechanical energy harvester in the near future.

Triboelectric charge modulation to understand the electrification process in nanogenerators combined with an efficient power management system for IoT applications

Mechanical energy harvesting from ambient environment has been considered one of the promising technologies for developing autonomous self-powering units, sensors, and various other electronic applications. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are one of the recent technologies gaining tremendous interest because of their ability to efficiently harvest ambient energy and convert it into electricity. The phenomenon of the triboelectrification effect in TENGs is not fully understood, along with extracting a maximum electrical output. Herein, we studied the electrification process between two triboelectric films by modulating their charge polarity. The charge polarity in the triboelectric film was modulated without any surface chemical functionalization. A TENG was fabricated to experimentally study the electrification process. Initially, the accepting/donating electrons of a triboelectric film were modulated using fluorine and oxygen atoms contained in polymers and operated against an oppositely charged triboelectric film. After optimizing the electrical output and conducting various stability investigations, the electrical output from the TENG was enhanced. Ultra-low power management integrated circuit (PMIC) implemented in a 180 nm high-voltage BCD (Bipolar CMOS DMOS) process was used. While matching the effective impedance of the TENGs, the PMIC achieves a total energy transfer efficiency of 81.5% utilizing a relatively low input power of 6.5 µW, showing state-of-the-art performance.

Power Generation by Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and Solar Energy

Abstract: Wind and solar energies are the types of non-conventional forms of energy and those are available in affluence. Electricity can be generated with the help of vertical axis wind turbine and solar panel. The main objective is to utilize these wind energy and solar energy in most efficient manner to get maximum electrical output. These are useful in producing electricity in Indian highways roads. Where we can take advantage of moving vehicles on the road and solar energy from sun. The turbine is fabricated as per specifications the blades are semi -circular shape and are connected to the disc which is connected to the shaft. The shaft is connected to the discs with the help of bearing and then the gears will be fixed to the shaft. The dc motor will mesh to the gear. When wind strikes the blades the dc motor generates the power.The power is developed so that is stored in battery. on the other side the solar energy is generated with the help of sun to the panel, and it converts into electrical energy. Hybrid energy system using wind turbine and solar energy gives continuous power without any interruption. That electricity is stored in battery which it can be used to domestic purposes, streetlamps andhighways. So, the power is generated using VAWT and solar energy

Theoretical study of a downdraft gasifier, microturbine, and organic Rankine cycle fuelled by date molasses waste for distributed generation applications in Iraq

AbstractThe main objective of this work is the modeling of a combined heat and power (CHP) system that transforms waste from manufacturing date molasses in the Babylon province in central Iraq into electrical and thermal energy. A compact CHP facility that uses date waste (pomace and pits) as a feedstock is the subject of theoretical modeling and simulation research. The planned power plant consists of a downdraft gasifier, a microturbine (MT), and an organic Rankine cycle engine (ORC) as a bottom unit to maximize electric generation by recovering the MT exhaust gas heat and achieving a maximum electric output. The net electric production is 361.68 kW (280 kW from the MT unit and 81.68 kW from the ORC unit). To determine the best‐working fluid for the ORC system as a whole, three working fluids, including isopentane, benzene, and R113, were investigated. The temperature difference between the heat source and the fluid's boiling point is a key factor in choosing a more appropriate ORC working fluid. Isopentane is the most suitable working fluid for CHP applications, according to the findings of the simulation. The electric efficiency achieved is 30%, and the overall efficiency of the CHP plant was 56.87% from the gasification of date pits. The simulation results showed a satisfactory producer gas lower calorific value of 3.92 MJ k‐g‐1 for date pomace and 4.65 MJ k‐g‐1 for date pits, and cold gasification efficiencies of 73% and 76% for pomace and pits, respectively. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE COEFFICIENTS IN MAXIMUM ELECTRICAL POWER EXTRACTION FROM STAND-ALONE WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

Increasing performance and improving efficiency in maximum power extraction from Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) is a quite important research topic. Today, in the large-scale WECS, it is widely aimed to extract the maximum mechanical power from the wind turbine using the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) unit. Similarly, it can also be targeted to achieve maximum mechanical power in small-scale WECS applications. However, losses occur in structural subsystems and electrical subunits located in WECS. Due to these losses, the overall system efficiency decreases and the characteristic of the system is also affected. The operation of these systems can also be performed via maximum electrical output power extraction, which is one of the most up-to-date ideas. Thus, the overall WECS rather than the wind turbine can be optimally controlled. Eventually, maximum electrical power tracking (MEPT) based designs can provide higher power extraction with higher efficiency than MPPT-based ones. In this paper, considering the system operating concepts with MPPT and MEPT for a stand-alone Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) based WECS, the changes in performance coefficients at defined focus points in terms of system efficiency are evaluated. Technical and theoretical comparative analyzes are also made for each specific wind speed between 8m/s and 12m/s.

Numerical Investigation of a Solar PV/T Air Collector Under the Climatic Conditions of Zarqa, Jordan

The use of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) and low concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (LCPV/T) systems can significantly enhance the overall solar energy conversion efficiency by delivering electricity and thermal energy. This paper presents a case study using a standing PV system's theoretical and modeling approach that can be modified to adapt to the hybrid technology. Firstly, a single-pass conventional PV/T air-cooled collector is investigated based on heat transfer and electrical models under the climatic conditions of Zarqa, Jordan. The performance parameters are evaluated using thermal and electrical properties of the considered PV installation and measured meteorological data. Results show that the total energy produced varies between a maximum of 134.6 kWh/m2 in July and a minimum of 81.7 kWh/m2 in January. The annual average hourly variation of overall energy efficiency ranges between 79.2% and 88.4%. Moreover, the dissipated thermal energy can meet 63.6% of the total energy required to ventilate the Hashemite University Presidency Building during the winter months. Finally, the performance of the modeled PV/T system air system coupled with flat boosters to provide a low irradiation concentration ratio (CR) is explored. The maximum electric output of the resulting LCPV/T system is compared with the uncooled system. It is found that the percentage improvement due to air cooling ranges between 0.72% at CR=1 and 2.77% at CR=2.5

High output power density owing to enhanced charge transfer in ZnO-based triboelectric nanogenerator

We have fabricated triboelectric nanogenerarators (TENGs) using ZnO and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in which ZnO growth temperature was varied in the range from 450 °Ct 750 °C. The output voltage/current of TENGs increases with increase of ZnO growth temperature up to 600 °C and then decreases with further increase of growth temperature up to 750 °C. TENG fabricated with ZnO grown at 600 °C exhibits maximum electrical output with peak to peak voltage of ∼210 V, current ∼95 μA and power density ∼8.8 mW/cm2 upon application of a periodic force of ∼30 N @ 6 Hz, which is higher than the power densities reported till date in the case of ZnO-based TENGs. This enhanced output power density can be mainly attributed to the large effective work function difference obtained between ZnO and PDMS. Electrical, photoluminescence and ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements clearly suggest the dominant role of electron transport in the charge transfer between ZnO and PDMS. Practical applications of TENGs have been demonstrated by powering 38 LEDs and a stopwatch display. This study not only deepens the understanding of contact electrification between ZnO and PDMS, but opens up the immense potential of ZnO-based TENGs for possible vibration energy harvesting applications.

Enhanced energy harvesting performances of flexible piezoelectric nanocomposite based on CNTs@PZT nanofibers network

Flexible organic/inorganic piezoelectric nanocomposites are highly demanded for flexible wearable electronic devices due to their excellent mechanical flexibility and high piezoelectric performance. However, the output performance of ceramic-polymer-based piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) is restricted by the poor electrical conductivity of the organic matrix and the distinct discrepancy in mechanical strength between inorganic filler and organic matrix. Herein, we propose a flexible piezoelectric polymer nanocomposite based on CNTs@PZT nanofibers (NFs) network where the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were introduced into the piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) NFs to simultaneously improve the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of nanocomposites. When subjected to a periodical bending deformation, the CNTs@PZT NFs network-based PENG with optimal addition of CNTs (0.6 wt%) generates a maximum electrical output up to ∼12.5 V and ∼80 nA cm−2 which is four times higher than that of PENGs without CNTs doping. An ultrahigh power density of 91.7 nW cm−2 is obtained with an external load resistance of 40 MΩ when pressed via a 10 N compressive force, and furthermore, the generated power could charge a capacitor and further light a commercial LED. This work may pave a new way for the development of high-output nanocomposite-type PENGs.

Design and Fabrication Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

This project aim of utilizing this wind energy in most effective manner to get the maximum electric output, and therefore we selected highway as our installation site where we can take the advantage of the moving vehicles on both the sides of the road. In the present work, turbine is design and fabricated as per the specifications, the blades used are semi-circular shape and are connected to the disc which is connected to shaft. Shaft is then coupled with pulley with the help of bearing, and then pulley is connected to the alternator, which generates the power. The power developed is stored in battery and then can be used for street light, signal or toll. In this project a small model has been created for testing purpose. This project also aims for maximum output with minimum cost indulges, so that the government can think over this project and can implement this type of vertical axis wind turbine on highways at low cost

Investigation of two-stage concentrating splitting photovoltaic/thermal system with a flexible heat-electricity ratio based on nanofluid

As an emerging technology, the photovoltaic/thermal system adopting spectral beam splitting has been a promising field of solar energy research. This study proposes a two-stage concentrating splitting photovoltaic/thermal system based on nanofluid, which realizes the thinner splitting layer and the effective thermal management of the optical nanofluid. At first, the optical characteristics of the proposed system are simulated by the Monte Carlo ray-tracing method. Otherwise, the thermal and electrical performance differences of four photovoltaic/thermal systems are analyzed comparatively by the energy balance method. The results show that when the mounting height and the relative focus length of the secondary reflector increases, the illumination distribution on the photovoltaic module presents a “M-Λ-M” variation, while it presents a widening M distribution on the secondary reflector. On the other hand, the two-stage concentrating splitting photovoltaic/thermal system without a cooling channel outperforms the traditional splitting photovoltaic/thermal system by a maximum of 1.4% and 2.9% in terms of thermal and electrical efficiency, respectively. Furthermore, it realizes the high-temperature protection of the nanofluid. Ultimately, a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal system with a flexible heat-electricity ratio is proposed under two basic operating strategies: maximum electrical output and maximum thermal output. The electrical output of the flexible hybrid system is 14.3% and 10.0% higher than that of traditional photovoltaic/thermal and two-stage concentrating splitting photovoltaic/thermal systems without the cooling channel, respectively. The proposed two-stage concentrating splitting photovoltaic/thermal system also has potential for further development at high concentrations.