Maximum Deposition Rate Research Articles

A critical review of the effects of fluid dynamics on graphene growth in atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition – CORRIGENDUM

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of graphene has attracted high interest in the electronics industry due to its potential scalability for large-scale production. However, producing a homogeneous thin-film graphene with minimal defects remains a challenge. Studies of processing parameters, such as gas precursors, flow rates, pressures, temperatures, and substrate types, focus on improving the chemical aspect of the deposition. Despite the many reports on such parameters, studies on fluid dynamic aspects also need to be considered since they are crucial factors in scaling up the system for homogenous deposition. Once the deposition kinetics is thoroughly understood, the next vital step is fluid dynamics optimization to design a large-scale system that could deliver the gas uniformly and ensure maximum deposition rate with the desired property. In this review, the influence of fluid dynamics in graphene CVD process was highlighted. The basics and importance of CVD fluid dynamics was introduced. It is understood that the fluid dynamics of gases can be controlled in two ways: via reactor modification and gas composition. This paper begins first with discussions on horizontal tubular reactor modifications. This is followed by mechanical properties of the reactant gasses especially in terms of dimensionless Reynolds number which provides information on gas flow regime for graphene CVD process at atmospheric pressure. Data from the previous literature provide the Reynolds number for various gas compositions and its relation to graphene quality. It has been revealed that hydrogen has a major influence on the fluid dynamic conditions within the CVD, hence affecting the quality of the graphene produced. Focusing on atmospheric pressure CVD, suggestions for up-scaling into larger CVD reactors while maintaining similar fluid properties were also provided.

The Research on the Deposition Regularity of Suspended Particles in Storm Sewer

The deposition process of suspended particles in storm sewer has been simulated to explore the depositional regularity of storm sewer under different conditions of pipelines and suspended particles. The maximum deposition position, maximum deposition rate, and average deposition velocity of suspended particles have been calculated according to the mathematical models. The results show that the different conditions have a great influence on the deposition process in the pipeline. The higher concentration, the larger fullness and particle size or the smaller flow velocity and pipe slope, the more serious the deposition in the front section of the pipeline. The mathematical models show that the five factors have different effects on the maximum deposition position, maximum deposition rate, and average deposition velocity in the pipeline. When the concentration, particle size, and fullness increase, the maximum deposition position of suspended particles is removed forward. When the concentration and flow velocity increases, the maximum deposition rate tends to decrease, while it rises with the increase of particle size. In the case of high concentration or large particle size, the average deposition velocity of the suspended particles is larger, and it rises first and then decreases when flow velocity increases. Under the test conditions, when the flow velocity is in the range of 0.3–0.35 m/s, the average deposition velocity reaches the maximum.

Effects of dietary protein and energy intake on growth, body composition and nutrient utilisation in lambs reared artificially with milk replacers and pellet feeds

A growth simulation model demonstrated that the ratio between crude protein (CP) and metabolisable energy (ME) intake (CP:ME) of lambs reared artificially with milk replacers and pellets feed did not adequately match their requirements and this mismatch would limit their growth in early life. The aim of this study was to test the effect of a modelled ratio between CP and ME intake on growth, body composition and nutrient utilization. A total of 28 Romney twin-born male lambs were allocated to a randomized 2 × 2 factorial design with seven lambs per treatment. Treatments consisted of two protein levels in iso-energetic milk replacer (normal CP:ME milk [NM] and high CP:ME milk [HM]) fed as a proportion of the lamb’s live weight (LW) and two protein levels in iso-energetic pellets (low-CP:ME pellets [LP] and high CP:ME pellets [HP]) fed ad libitum; resulting in four experimental groups (NMLP, NMHP, HMLP, HMHP). This design resulted in lambs having different CP intake to ME intake ratio during the experiment. Lambs were kept indoors in individual pens. Five lambs from each treatment were placed in metabolic cages at 9 kg and 16 kg live weight (LW) for 4 d to allow for total fecal and urine collection. All lambs were slaughtered at 18 kg LW. The weights and chemical composition of the carcass, organs, head and skin were determined. Lambs fed HM had greater (P < 0.01) CP intake, daily gain, gain to feed ratio and greater liver and kidney weights than lambs fed NM. Pellet treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on any of the intake or growth measurements. Pellet intake was low and contributed only to 20% of the CP intake and 18% of the ME intake. Deposition of protein and water in the carcass, organs, and empty bodies were greater (P < 0.01) in HM than in NM lambs. Fat deposition and energy retention in carcass, organs, and empty bodies were greater (P < 0.05) in NM than in HM lambs. Pellet treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on protein, fat and water deposition rates. A maximum protein deposition rate of 43 g per day was measured for lambs having a CP:ME intake ratio in excess of 14.2. In conclusion, increasing the CP:ME ratio of milk replacer is a way of improving lean growth rates in pre-weaned lambs.

Genetic Algorithm Based Optimization of the Process Parameters for Manual Metal Arc Welding of Dissimilar Metal Joint

A better quality weld in dissimilar metal welding is obtained by optimizing the process parameters because they play a vital role in deciding the weld strength. Dissimilar metal joint is extensively used in industries for boilers, economizers and pressure vessels. In this research paper influence of process parameters on manual metal arc welded joint on weld strength and weld deposition rate is discuss. The independently controllable process parameters affecting the weld strength and weld deposition rate these process parameters are welding current (I), welding speed, root gap, electrode angle (A). Experimental run are decided by using Response surface Method. Genetic algorithm (GA)-based technique is successfully developed to model, simulate, and optimize the welding process parameters for maximum weld strength and minimum weld deposition rate.

Facile Synthesis of Capacitive Carbon Materials via Electrolyzing Carbonates Eutectic with Varying Metallic Anodes

The protocol of molten salts electrolysis provides a feasible close-loop solution to yield CO2 reduction and mitigate global climate change. In the present study, a typical Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3 eutectic is employed as the electrolyte and the electrolysis is performed in a two-electrode system. Three metallic materials of galvanized iron, nickel and copper are utilized as the counter electrode and assembled with the working electrode of galvanized iron in the molten salts electrolyzer to prepare electrolytic carbons. It is verified here that the hybrid carbonates electrolysis prefers the production of amorphous carbons with varying carbon structures. In particular, the electrochemical performance of the carbon products is studied in aqueous H2SO4 solution, and the carbon materials formed in Ni anode electrolyzer exhibit an ultrahigh specific capacity of 336 F/g at the charge/discharge current density of 1000 mA/g. Besides, current efficiency, reaction kinetics and electricity consumption for per kilogram carbon production are evaluated. The results demonstrate that the Ni anode electrolyzer provides the lowest voltage and electricity consumption, and simultaneously the maximum carbon deposition rate and current efficiency during the galvanostatic electrolysis process.

Dynamic transcriptome and DNA methylome analyses on longissimus dorsi to identify genes underlying intramuscular fat content in pigs

BackgroundThe intramuscular fat content (IMF) refers to the amount of fat within muscles, including the sum of phospholipids mainly found in cell membranes, triglycerides and cholesterol, and is determined both by hyperplasia and hypertrophy of adipocyte during the development of pigs. The IMF content is an important economic trait that is genetically controlled by multiple genes. The Laiwu pig is an indigenous fatty pig breed distributed in North China, characterized by excessively higher level of IMF content (9%~12%), therefore, is suitable for the identification of genes controlling IMF variations. To identify genes underlying IMF deposition, we performed genome-wide transcriptome and methylome analyses on longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle in Laiwu pigs across four developmental stages.ResultsA total of 22,524 expressed genes were detected and 1158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were hierarchically clustered in the LD muscle over four developmental stages from 60 d to 400 d. These genes were significantly clustered into four temporal expression profiles, and genes participating in fat cell differentiation and lipid biosynthesis processes were identified. From 120 d to 240 d, the period with the maximum IMF deposition rate, the lipid biosynthesis related genes (FOSL1, FAM213B and G0S2), transcription factors (TFs) (EGR1, KLF5, SREBF2, TP53 and TWIST1) and enriched pathways (steroid biosynthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis) were revealed; and fat biosynthesis relevant genes showing differences in DNA methylation in gene body or intergenic region were detected, such as FASN, PVALB, ID2, SH3PXD2B and EGR1.ConclusionsThis study provides a comprehensive landscape of transcriptome of the LD muscle in Laiwu pigs ranging from 60 to 400 days old, and methylome of the LD muscle in 120 d and 240 d Laiwu pigs. A set of candidate genes and TFs involved in fat biosynthesis process were identified, which were probably responsible for IMF deposition. The results from this study would provide a reference for the identification of genes controlling IMF variation, and for exploring molecular mechanisms underlying IMF deposition in pigs.

Sedimentary laminae in muddy inner continental shelf sediments of the East China Sea: Formation and implications for geochronology

The sedimentary rhythm is well developed in the environment which is controlled by strong seasonal climate changing condition. This rhythm is important for sediment core dating purpose. In this study, we examine muddy sediments on the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea that are influenced under seasonal change of the East Asian monsoon. We use Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) method to process sediment grain size and X-radiograph negatives grayscale value data in three sediment cores from this area and use the results to analyze the patterns of sedimentary variability and the causes of cyclic variability of the sedimentary process. The variability in the grain size and grayscale values of the core sediments has three components: the high-frequency variability, low-frequency variability and a secular trend. Among these components, the high-frequency component reflects variability on annual time scale can be well recognized, we suggest that the annual variability is derived from seasonal variation in the sediment flux from the Yangtze River to the sea, as well as the East Asian monsoon's impact on the sedimentary dynamics of the East China Sea's inner continental shelf. However, the other variability is hard to identify which cycles there are. This variability may reflect decadal winter monsoon oscillation and human activity of dam construction in the Yangtze River. Each annual variability presents a varve in the sediment sequence, which can be used to determine the sediment deposition rate and accurately date the core sediment. We found that the average deposition rates of the three cores from north to south on the inner shelf were 3.1 cm/yr, 1.0 cm/yr, 0.9 cm/yr, indicating that the Yangtze-derived sediment decreased with the increasing distance from the Yangtze estuary to the shelf. The deposition rate of each core varies over time, and the maximum deposition rate can be 3–5 times greater than the minimum rate. The sediment ages obtained from varve chronology and radiometric dating are fairly consistent on a centennial scale, differing only by 2–5 years. Thus, varve counting is a useful supplementary approach to radiometric age dating for constructing chronologies for core sediment in shelf seas influenced by monsoons.

Properties of chromium thin films deposited in a hollow cathode magnetron powered by pulsed DC or HiPIMS

Pure chromium coatings have been deposited within a hollow cathode powered by means of a pulsed DC or a High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) supply. The discharge characterization by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) has permitted to highlight that more Cr+ are obtained with the HiPIMS mode. A deposition rate of 28μm/h has been reached in pulsed DC mode and, in this case, the films present a columnar morphology whereas, in HiPIMS mode, a maximum deposition rate of 3μm/h is obtained and the films have a compact morphology. X-ray diffraction (XRD) has shown a transition between {211} to random texture with pulsed DC mode when discharge current increases and a {110} texture for coatings deposited in the HiPIMS mode. The hardness is higher for the films deposited in the HiPIMS mode than for those obtained in the pulsed DC mode (1200HV0.025 and 400HV0.025 respectively). Oxidation resistance investigations show a barrier effect for all coatings.

Enhancement of the deposition rate in reactive mid-frequency ac magnetron sputtering of hard and optically transparent ZrO2 films

Reactive mid-frequency ac magnetron sputtering with a pulsed reactive gas (oxygen) flow control was used for high-rate depositions of defect-free, hard and highly optically transparent stoichiometric ZrO2 films onto floating substrates. The depositions were performed using two strongly unbalanced magnetrons in a closed-field configuration. We used planar Zr targets of 100mm diameter in argon‑oxygen gas mixtures at the argon pressure of 1Pa. The repetition frequency was close to 85kHz at the deposition-averaged target power density, which is the same for both magnetrons, from 5.6Wcm−2 to 15.7Wcm−2. The target-to-substrate distance was approximately 100mm and the substrate temperatures were <100°C. For the deposition-averaged target power density of approximately 15.5Wcm−2, we achieved very high deposition rates (up to 100nm/min), being up to 3 times higher than the corresponding maximum deposition rate achieved in the oxide mode, usually used for the ZrO2 films in industry. The high-quality, defect-free ZrO2 films with smooth surfaces (the root-mean-square roughness Rrms=2.5–2.7nm) were crystalline with a dominant monoclinic phase. They exhibited a hardness of 16GPa, a refractive index of 2.20–2.21 and an extinction coefficient between 2×10−4 and 6×10−4 (both quantities at the wavelength of 550nm).

Fast deposition of thick diamond-like carbon films by ion-beam technique

A diamond-like carbon film doped with TiC nanocrystallites (TiC–DLC) with a thickness of 35.8 μm was successfully prepared on a stainless steel substrate by employing a combination of metal vapor vacuum arc and filtered cathode vacuum arc techniques. A maximum deposition rate of 0.25 μm/min was achieved for TiC–DLC films. The structure and properties of the TiC–DLC films were systematically analyzed using different methods such as transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and friction and wear tests. The results indicated that typical a-C:H films containing nano-sized TiC grains were deposited which exhibit improved mechanical properties such as high cohesive strength, Vickers hardness, and capacity against high temperature. Parameter windows for C2H2 flow rate and solenoid current were also provided for the deposition of TiC–DLC films to meet the requirements for using the material for specific commercial applications.

Fabrication of columnar structured lanthanum zirconate films by laser CVD

AbstractColumnar lanthanum zirconate (LZ) films were deposited by laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD). The effects of deposition conditions, preheat temperature and laser power, on crystal structure, morphology, and deposition rate were investigated. A large region in the terms of preheat temperature and laser power for the formation of cubic pyrochlore‐structured LZ films was mapped under a fixed total pressure of 950 Pa. The morphology of LZ films without laser irradiation showed a dense and glass‐like structure with a flat cauliflower surface. It was changed into a columnar structure with an unflat cauliflower surface by low‐power laser irradiation during deposition process. The transformation occurred once a critical laser power beyond 16 W/cm2. Thus, the effect of laser on the deposition of LZ films was a result of double‐side action including both pyrolytic effect and photolytic effect. Plasma gas around the substrate resulted in significant increases in deposition temperature and deposition rate due to self‐propagating high‐temperature reactions between the precursors and O2. The maximum deposition rate can reach 250 μm/h by LCVD.

Influence of deposition temperature on crystalline structure and morphologies of Co3O4 films prepared by a direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition

A direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition was utilized to prepare Co3O4 films with a high deposition rate. All the Co3O4 films showed spinel crystalline structures of CoIICo2IIIO4. A (111)-orientation preferred Co3O4 film with scattered triangular grains and elongated nano-wall surface morphology was prepared at the deposition temperature (Tdep) of 773K, while randomly grown Co3O4 films with porous structures were found with lower or higher Tdep. The maximum deposition rate (Rdep) of Co3O4 films reached 3.6μmh−1, which was around 10 times higher than those previously reported by metal organic CVD method. With increasing Tdep, the color of Co3O4 films changed from light to black brown owing to the thickness difference.

Structural study of β‐SiC(001) films on Si(001) by laser chemical vapor deposition

Abstractβ‐SiC thin films have been epitaxially grown on Si(001) substrates by laser chemical vapor deposition. The epitaxial relationship was β‐SiC(001){111}//Si(001){111}, and multiple twins {111} planes were identified. The maximum deposition rate was 23.6 μm/h, which is 5‐200 times higher than that of conventional chemical vapor deposition methods. The density of twins increased with increasing β‐SiC thickness. The cross section of the films exhibited a columnar structure, containing twins at {111} planes that were tilted 15.8° to the surface of substrate. The growth mechanism of the films was discussed.

Experimental Investigation of Different Additives used for Surface Modification of EN31 Steel by EDM Process

The present work describes an advance method of surface modification by electric discharge machining. In this work, additive mixed powder metallurgy copper tungsten electrode has been used for the surface modification of En-31 die steel. Three additives zinc stearate, calcium stearate and nickel were used in P/M composite electrode and their effect was analysed. The effect of compaction pressure, peak current, pulse on time and pulse off time on surface deposition rate, surface roughness and micro hardness of the deposited layer has been investigated. During pilot experimentation surface modification process was carried out with three different additives viz. zinc stearate, calcium stearate and nickel. The performance parameters predicted that calcium stearate is the best additive. Therefore further experimentation were carried out by using calcium stearate as additive in the manufacturing P/M electrode and its effect on surface modification of En-31 steel has been investigated. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) technique was used for design of experiments and subsequent results have been analysed. Analysis of variance had been performed to check the adequacy of the developed mathematical models as well as significance of each term comprising the models. The maximum surface deposition rate achieved was 1.4mg/min at 7.5 Amps peak current, 20 µsec pulse on-time, 100 µsec pulse off-time and 700 MPa compaction pressure. The best value of surface finish obtained was 5.24 µm at 4.5 Amp peak current, 10 µsec pulse on-time, 200 µsec pulse off-time and 1100 MPa powder compaction pressure. The maximum value of micro hardness observed was 78.3 HRC at 7.5 Amps peak current, 10 µsec pulse on-time, 100 µsec pulse off-time and 700 MPa compaction pressure.

Study of the Influence of Temperature on the Deposition of SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Films from Reaction of Silicone Oil Vapor and Ozone Gas

This work reports the influence of deposition temperature on the deposition of SiO2 films on silicon substrate by using chemical reaction of silicone oil vapor andozone gas at low temperature. An organic solution as a catalyst at atmospheric pressure has been used to enhance the deposition rate of SiO2. The deposition rate of SiO2 films was found to vary with the variation of the concentration of the catalyst and deposition temperature (160°C ~ 260°C). The deposited SiO2 films were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The thickness and refractive index of the as-deposited films were measured by the laser ellipsometry. FT-IR spectra of the as-deposited films were very much similar to those of SiO2 films found in literature. The deposition temperature was found to influence the deposition rate of SiO2 strongly. The maximum deposition rate was found to 17.2 nm per minute for the case of 220°C. The deposition temperature also influenced the refractive index of the films. Experimental results showed that the deposition temperature could be a major parameter for the enhancement of the deposition rate.

Pulsed external magnetic fields increase the deposition rate in reactive HiPIMS while preserving stoichiometry: An application to amorphous HfO2

We compare the use of externally applied pulsed and steady magnetic fields for the enhancement of deposition rate in reactive High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS), using the deposition of amorphous hafnium oxide (a-HfO2) on Si as an example. The external magnetic fields were applied by a solenoidal coil, placed above the magnetron target. In the case of a steady magnetic field, a higher voltage was required to initiate the HiPIMS discharge, a longer delay time was observed for current onset, and the films became substoichiometric. For the pulsed magnetic field, film stoichiometry was maintained under all applied external magnetic field strengths. Varying the duration and delay times of the magnetic field after the application of HiPIMS voltage pulse revealed that the afterglow of the plasma between HiPIMS pulses was actively quenched by the presence of the magnetic field. Therefore, the optimum operation with the highest plasma density was obtained by applying the external magnetic field only when the plasma was established and removing it at the end of the HiPIMS pulse. A model to explain the findings is presented in which the target poisoning by oxide formation is determined by the conditions in the afterglow. We describe an approach to achieve maximum deposition rate while maintaining film stoichiometry and high film quality. Amorphous HfO2 films with leakage current through the film of less than 5 × 10−5 A/cm2 at 0.1 MV/cm were obtained at the maximum deposition rate. The refractive index, at a wavelength of 500 nm, of the film prepared with pulsed magnetic field was 2.05 with a very low extinction coefficient of 8 × 10−5.

Numerical study of monodispersed particle deposition rates in variable-section ducts with different expanding or contracting ratios

This paper presents the deposition rates of monodispersed particle in variable-section ducts with different expanding and contracting ratios. The Eulerian-Lagrangian approach based on Reynolds stress model (RSM) with turbulent fluctuation correction and discrete particle model (DPM) was adopted to investigate particle deposition behaviors in ducts. Particle deposition velocity profile in uniform-section duct was first predicted and validated well with the literature data. Then, particle deposition velocities, air flow field structures, particle trajectories and deposition mechanisms in variable-section ducts with different expanding and contracting ratios were investigated and analyzed in details. For expanding duct cases, particle deposition velocity first keeps constant, then greatly increases, finally decreases with the increase of particle size. The maximum particle deposition rate appears for 20–30μm particles. As the growth of expanding ratio, the particle deposition velocities are significantly reduced for dp>5μm while almost not affected for dp<5μm. For contracting duct cases, particle deposition velocity keeps increasing when particle size increases. Moreover, particle deposition velocities are greatly increased for dp<30μm but very closed for dp>30μm, when the contracting ratio increases. The modification of deposition distance, the variation of air velocity along the streamwise direction as well as air flow structures are the main mechanisms to change the particle deposition characteristics, compared with uniform duct case. Besides, the “particle free zone” appears for large particles in expanding duct cases while it doesn’t exist for contracting duct cases.

Numerical investigation of dust pollution on a solar photovoltaic (PV) system mounted on an isolated building

Dust deposition on a solar photovoltaic (PV) system mounted on the windward roof of an isolated building was investigated by CFD simulation. The SST k-ω turbulence model with UDF inlet profiles and the discrete particle model (DPM) were adopted to simulate the wind flow fields and the dust deposition behavior, respectively. The CFD wind flow velocity profiles around the building were in good agreement with experimental results reported in the literature. The effects of various dust particle sizes, differing quantities of released dust particles, and the force of gravity on the rates of dust deposition upon the PV panels were investigated in detail. It was found that the dust deposition rate first rose and then declined with the increase of dust particle size. The maximum deposition rate was about 0.28% for 10μm dust, and the minimum deposition rate was about 0.13% for 50μm dust. Gravity also had a significant effect on the rate of dust deposition for large-particle dust (dp>5μm), and the rate could reach 75% for 50μm dust. However, the effect of gravity on dust deposition was less than 5% for small-particle dust (dp<5μm). The effect of releasing differing quantities of dust particles on the dust deposition rate was less than 8%. Moreover, the mechanisms by which dust was deposited on the PV roof were analyzed and discussed. Finally, a simple empirical model was developed to estimate the PV efficiency reduction ratios in relation to exposure time, as based on this study’s CFD results and the experimental data reported in the literature.

Enhanced Permeability Property of Silicon Oxide Thin Films Deposited by Facing Target Sputtering System for OLED Application

ABSTRACTThe thin silicon oxide (SiOx) films were deposited by using the facing target sputtering(FTS) apparatus for the thin film passivation application of OLEDs. The deposition system was investigated under various process conditions such as the array of cathode magnets, oxygen concentration[O2/(Ar + O2)] during deposition, distance between two targets, and working pressure. The optimum conditions for FTS apparatus for the deposition of thin silicon oxide films are as follows: distances between target and substrate (T-S) as well as two targets (T-T) are 90 mm and 120 mm, respectively. Dense structured SiOx film with maximum deposition rate is obtained under a gas pressure of 2 mTorr with an oxygen concentration of 3.3%. Under the optimum conditions, SiOx thin films were grown with deposition rate of 25 nm/min by rf-power of 4.5 W/cm2, which was remarkably enhanced as compared with a deposition rate(3–4 nm/min) of conventional sputtering system. The SiOx thin film showed a very low water vapor transmission rate(WVTR) less than 3 × 10−2 g/m2/day compared to the conventional sputtering system.

Large-Area Nanoparticle Films by Continuous Automated Langmuir-Blodgett Assembly and Deposition.

The operating parameters and resulting surface morphology of automated Langmuir-Blodgett deposition of monosized micrometer-scale silica colloids from an aqueous suspension are investigated. This apparatus allows continuous roll-to-roll deposition of particles into well-ordered arrays. The reproducible deposition of particle monolayers at low to moderate deposition rates at web speeds of less than 10 mm/s is possible and accurately characterized by a simple mass balance of particles deposited from solution. At faster deposition rates, Landau-Levich flow increases the film thickness such that flow instabilities hinder uniform particle deposition. A simple phase diagram outlines transitions from dispersed to multilayer coatings and from uniform to erratic deposition patterns. While the threshold of maximum deposition rate is well-defined for these conditions, changing operating parameters, particle size, and fluid viscosity and evaporation rate, the maximum speed can be increased significantly.