Maximum Allowable Force Research Articles

Sulfonated corn stalk enhanced hydrogel adsorption for heavy metal from metal mine gallery effluent

There are various of abandoned metal mines in China, and a considerable amount of heavy metal contaminated water is generated through water–rock interactions and accumulated within metal mine gallery. Therefore, the effective removal of heavy metals from metal mine gallery effluent holds significant importance. In this study, sulfonated corn stalk (SCS) and acrylic acid was used to prepare the double network hydrogel SCS-gel. The maximum allowable compression force for the SCS-gel was about 3 times than that of raw hydrogel. The SCS-gel exhibited a stable adsorption capacity within the pH range from 2.0 to 6.0. The maximal adsorption capacities of Pb2+ and Cu2+ on the SCS-gel were 111.6 and 370.2 mg/g, respectively. The functional groups of –OH, C-O, C = O, COOH, and −SO3- were participated in the adsorption process through coordination and electrostatic interactions. The SCS-gel exhibited promising reusability as the adsorption efficiency for Pb2+ and Cu2+ remained at approximately 100 % within 10 cycles of adsorption–desorption. The SCS-gel had an excellent removal efficiency for Pb2+ (99.8 %), Cu2+ (99.1 %), Mn2+ (97.4 %), Zn2+ (98.8 %), and Al3+ (95.7 %) from actual metal mine gallery effluent by dosage of 5 g/L with the initial concentrations of Pb2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Al3+ were 4.352, 29.20, 13.02, 7.016, and 30.47 mg/L, respectively. In the fixed-bed experiments, the Thomas model has a good description for the breakthrough curves of these heavy metals. These results confirmed the possibility of adopting SCS ethers for hydrogel fabrication and verified its great potential for the practical application for the removal of heavy metals from metal mine gallery effluent.

The performance of Strengthened Lightweight RC Beams with different Techniques upon Exposure to Fire

Introduction: Reinforced concrete beams are used in a wide range of applications. In addition, reducing the weight of the concrete used increases the advantages of the beams. The main objective of this work is to study the performance of structurally strengthened lightweight reinforced concrete beams with different techniques with or without exposure to fire under concentric load and the efficacy of the fire protection system. Methods: The experimental specimens included eight half-scale tested rectangle beams with typical dimensions of 300 mm depth, 1700 mm total length, 150 mm total width, 50 mm cover, and 1500 mm span. The density of the lightweight polystyrene foam concrete was 1820kg/m3. The main parameters were fire resistance, different types of strengthening material for lightweight concrete beams, shape of the ferrocement layer on the lightweight concrete surface, and ferrocement thickness. Results: The results were analyzed in terms of crack patterns, failure modes, load deflection, load-strain behavior, stiffness, ductility, deformability, and absorbed energy. Conclusion: From the analysis of the results, the strength of LWC beams increased the strength and stiffness of the tested beam, and the fire protection system was found effective in protecting CFRP limitation from deterioration. In a theoretical study, the conservatism degree for calculating the maximum allowable flexure force was evaluated according to the ECP203, ACI-318, and BS-8110 codes.

FE-strength evaluation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy dental implant and 3D printing using PLA material

Application of implants in dental patients has increased to a great extent all over the world. Readily available dentures and conventional techniques are being employed for developing such implants which are time-taking as well as not specific to the patient. However, researchers are working on developing alternatives to these. One such technique is 3D printing, an emerging technology. This research focusses on analyzing the load withstanding capability of a customized dental implant made of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using FEA and feasibility to 3D print it using PLA material. A model of patient specific implant is developed using CT scan data of a 38 year old male and finite element analysis is performed on it. Correlation between the fixture strength and mastication force is developed by steady increase of load so that the maximum allowable mastication force is identified through von-Mises stress. Critical areas in the implant are investigated utilizing finite element analysis. Stress concentration is seen at one key area in implant. Ti-6Al-4V implant can readily tolerate loads of up to 160 N. Results obtained are helpful in advising patients about their food intake. 3D printing of the PLA mandible and unique oral maxillofacial implant using Fused Deposition Modeling would assist in surgical planning and visualization.

RF design and frequency sensitivity analysis of a 1500 MHz passive third harmonic superconducting cavity for the SILF

To reduce Touschek scattering in the beam and extend the lifetime of the beam in the Shenzhen Innovation Light-source Facility (a fourth-generation light source), a 1500 MHz passive third harmonic system will be used. The present work is devoted to the RF design and frequency sensitivity analysis of the 1500 MHz passive third harmonic superconducting cavity, optimizing the RF parameters of the cavity, and giving a frequency scheme for the cavity in fabrication. The reliability of the cavity during operation is taken as the main goal for the optimization of the geometrical parameters, and its structural and RF parameters are obtained with E peak/E acc of 2.17, B peak/E acc of 5.12 mT/(MV/m) and G · R/Q of 25052 at 2 K. A pair of fluted beam pipes are used to propagate the higher order modes (HOMs) of the harmonic cavity, allowing a smooth transition of the first dipole mode to the absorber located at room temperature area. For the frequency sensitivity analysis, the frequency variations of the cavity in fabrication are obtained by multi-physics coupling simulation in the paper, which gives the target frequency of the cavity between welding and preloading. After electron beam welding (EBW), the resonant frequency of the cavity should be maintained at 1500.096 MHz, and the pre-tuning target frequency is 1497.456 MHz. The slow tuning range is ±400 kHz, the fast-tuning range is 600 Hz, and the maximum allowable tuning force is 15 kN.

Research of the dynamics of the process of excavating the soil with the additional slope board of the bulldozer on the caterpillar track

The purpose of the research is to determine the conditions for maintaining the course stability of the bulldozer on the caterpillar track (hereinafter referred to as the term "caterpillar") in the process of excavating the soil with the slope board. The paper presents mathematical model of the process of operation of the caterpillar bulldozer with the slope board, taking into account its main parameters: 1) parameters of the slope board and its installation angles; 2) parameters of the base machine; 3) dynamic parameters of the bulldozer with the slope board; 4) parameters of the soil. Based on the developed model, using the computer modelling method in Mathcad Prime 3.0 program, a hodograph of the maximum force applied on the slope board of the caterpillar bulldozer was built, which made it possible to determine the maximum allowable force applied on the slope board, taking into account the retention of the course stability.

Prediction of internal mechanical damage in pineapple compression using finite element method based on Hooke's and Hertz's laws

Fruits are susceptible to damage from external loads during harvesting, transport and storage. Fruit damage is determined by its tissue mechanical properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate two theories (Hooke's and Hertz's Laws) on the apparent elastic modulus of pineapple and predict the internal mechanical damage of pineapple under compression. Two multi-scale finite element models (FEMs) were developed to predict the pineapple internal damage. One model, based on Hooke's Law contained three layers, including peel, pulp, and core. Another model, based on Hertz's Law, was a two layers model, including peel and pulp (containing core). The difference of these two FEMs was evaluated in terms of different compression displacements. The results showed that, when the compression displacement ≤10 mm, the Hooke three-layer model was closer to reality. But when the compression displacement >10 mm, the Hertz two-layer model was better in reflecting real pineapple compression. Simulated data confirmed the experimental results and predicted the internal mechanical damage of pineapple. Finite element results indicated that, when a force was applied to the fruit, pulp tissue suffered mechanical damage before peel and core tissue. When the compression level was ≤5% (5.5 mm; 86 N), there was no damage to pulp, core, and peel. But, if compression level >5%, the fruit was damaged. These results indicated that pineapple placed horizontally with an allowable numbers of stackable pineapples must be less than eight. Otherwise, the maximum allowable force of stacked fruit on the lowest one will reach the pulp failure force.

Physical factors that differentiate body kinematics between treadmill and overground walking.

Treadmills are widely used in rehabilitation and gait analysis. However, previous studies have reported differences in terms of kinematics and kinetics between treadmill and overground walking due to physical and psychological factors. The aim of this study was to analyze gait differences due to only the physical factors of treadmill walking. Walking motions of a male participant were captured at 0.63, 1.05, 1.33, and 3.91 m/s. A gait controller of a virtual subject (63 kg) was trained for ground walking at each walking speed via a reinforcement learning method. Additionally, the gait controllers of virtual subjects with different body masses of 47, 79, and 94 kg were trained for ground walking at 1.05 m/s. The gait controllers and virtual subjects were tested for treadmill walking, and their lower-limb joint kinematics were compared with those for ground walking. Treadmill conditions of maximum allowable belt force and feedback control frequency of belt speed were set between 100 and 500 N and between 10 and 50 Hz, respectively. The lower-limb kinematics were identical between the two conditions regardless of the body mass and walking speed when the belt could provide a constant speed regardless of external perturbation in the ideal treadmill. However, kinematic differences were observed when simulation was performed on a non-ideal treadmill with a relatively low belt force and control frequency of belt speed. The root-mean-square differences of the hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles between treadmill and overground running at 3.91 m/s increased by 3.76°, 3.73°, and 4.91°, respectively, when the maximum belt force and control frequency decreased from infinity to 100 N and 10 Hz, respectively. At a maximum belt force exceeding 400 N or a control frequency exceeding 25 Hz, the root-mean-square difference of the joint kinematics was less than 3° for all body masses and walking speeds. Virtual subjects walking on non-ideal treadmills showed different joint kinematics from ground walking. The study identified physical factors that differentiate treadmill walking from overground walking, and suggested the belt forces and control frequencies of a treadmill to achieve the desired limit of kinematic differences.

Analysis and design of a macro-mini robotic system for physical human-robot interaction

The macro-mini architecture has been studied in the past to help with physical human-robot interaction. This paper focuses on the investigation of an active macro/active mini robotic system for the manipulation of large payloads with the objective of designing collaborative robotic systems that provide human users with a natural, effective and intuitive interface. More precisely, an analysis of the system is presented with the goal of determining the range of motion necessary for the active mini robot to ensure a favourable user perception, considering several limitations. To this end, the kinematic and dynamic models of the system are described. The different limitations, such as safety standards, kinematic and dynamic capabilities of both robots (macro and mini), human maximum allowable force and others, and their impact on the interaction bandwidth are stated. A simple controller used for simulations is introduced. Finally, simulation results are presented and the phase shift between the macro robot and the mini robot is observed, for a simple harmonic motion of the payload. Along with the phase shift, the mathematical models derived are used to obtain the behaviour of the mini robot's amplitude as a function of the frequency. For the chosen limitations (based on realistic values), it is shown that reducing the payload's maximum allowed velocity by half (from 1ms−1 to0.5ms−1) reduces the necessary motion range of the mini by a factor of approximately 4.

FEASIBILITY OF LOW-CARBON PERMEABLE PAVEMENT SYSTEMS (PPS) FOR STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

The sharp increase in the utilisation and demand of construction materials across the world, especially in road, pavements and transportation sectors has resulted in an unsustainable surge in the amount of carbon emissions. This study investigated the use of low-carbon materials in permeable pavements systems (PPS) and the effects of various low-carbon engineered materials on the mechanical, absorption and infiltration performance of PPS according to relevant standards. This was achieved by the critical analysis of four (4) different materials (recycled grit, recycled glass, recycled rubber) and comparing their performance with normal materials used in conventional pavements. The four materials were implemented into concrete mixes of the permeable pavers and embedded in various layers and sub-sections making up the permeable pavement structure. As a result, the outcome required of this research is to find which mix of concrete blocks (permeable pavers) perform the best when tested for absorption and compression and which permeable pavement works best when tested for infiltration. Compression test was utilised to establish the maximum allowable compressive force, while the absorption test identified the concrete mix that could hold the least amount of water when soaked in water for 24 hours. This was expected to reduce the possibility of breakage of the concrete blocks. Finally, the infiltration test was employed to establish the best performing pavement material based on the rate and amount of infiltration of a fixed volume of effluent. The results obtained from the laboratory tests shows improved performances of the pavements embedded with recycled materials. Therefore, it can be recommended that the use of recycled materials in the development of low-carbon permeable pavements, possesses the ability to perform efficiently in comparison with conventional PPS in the construction and built environment sectors.

Large Curvic Coupling Gear for Ultraprecision Angle Division Using FEM

Curvic coupling is an important component used for ultraprecision machine tools in the machinery and aerospace industry. It plays an important role in accurate positioning of materials on the turret so that they can be precisely machined. However, all ultraprecision-360 T cube couplings used in Korea are imported from Japan. This study aims to examine how to use the FEM (Finite Element Method) for large curvic coupling gears for ultraprecision angle division. Commercial software CATIA is used for design, and ANSYS is used to analyze the large curvic coupling gear. In this study, a new type of large curvic coupling gear combining a large gear with curvic coupling is designed on the basis of the fitting equation as the allowable weight depends on the component size. Stress and friction were analyzed in consideration of external forces of the multi-purpose precision angle division gear of the machine tool, and the maximum allowable external forces of the large curvic coupling gear for ultraprecision angle division were inspected. In general, numerical simulation can significantly reduce the time and cost for pilot production, and be used for various applications, as well as curvic coupling

A smart passive MR damper with a hybrid powering system for impact mitigation: An experimental study

This paper presents a smart passive MR damper with fast-responsive characteristics for impact mitigation. The hybrid powering system of the MR damper, composed of batteries and self-powering component, enables the damping of the MR damper to be negatively proportional to the impact velocity, which is called rate-dependent softening effect. This effect can keep the damping force as the maximum allowable constant force under different impact speed and thus improve the efficiency of the shock energy mitigation. The structure, prototype and working principle of the new MR damper are presented firstly. Then a vibration platform was used to characterize the dynamic property and the self-powering capability of the new MR damper. The impact mitigation performance of the new MR damper was evaluated using a drop hammer and compared with a passive damper. The comparison results demonstrate that the damping force generated by the new MR damper can be constant over a large range of impact velocity while the passive damper cannot. The special characteristics of the new MR damper can improve its energy dissipation efficiency over a wide range of impact speed and keep occupants and mechanical structures safe.

Оценка функциональной пригодности тормозных систем легковых автомобилей по изменению пути торможения в процессе эксплуатации

The article discusses a methodology for assessing the functional suitability of brake systems to change the braking path of passenger cars, taking into account various operating conditions. The goal is achieved by using the method of mathematical modeling of the emergency braking process, taking into account the possible operating conditions of cars performing emergency braking at certain initial speeds, in particular, exceeding 100 km / h. Based on the analysis of scientific sources, it has been established that the determination of the braking efficiency of a vehicle classically occurs on the verge of blocking all wheels with known methods of distributing braking forces between the axles of the vehicle. In this case, the standards set the maximum value of the minimum deceleration and braking distance. In addition, the jump in the maximum possible value of the braking force between the wheels of each axle makes it possible to compare it with the requirements of DSTU 3649: 2010, and the assessment of the magnitude of this jump for each braking of the car is to establish its functional suitability. As a result, according to the magnitude of the jump in the maximum possible value of the braking distance, the change in the maximum allowable braking force of the car sets, and according to the magnitude of its jump, it is possible to assess the functional suitability of its braking system. As a result, the use of expert information on the value of jumps in the maximum possible value of the braking force of a car, affecting the braking torques and braking coefficient, can reduce the amount of experimental research and significantly reduce the time to reach an objective decision on the functional suitability of the brake systems of operated cars. The paper presents the results of theoretical studies of passenger cars Chevrolet Aveo, Lada Priora and Forza with different loads, performing emergency braking at an initial speed of 40-150 km / h on a road with dry asphalt concrete. The boundaries of the coefficient of the relative change in the braking distance of the tested passenger car, at which it is possible to make a conclusion about the functional suitability of its braking system, have been established.

HapFIC: An Adaptive Force/Position Controller for Safe Environment Interaction in Articulated Systems.

Haptic interaction is essential for the dynamic dexterity of animals, which seamlessly switch from an impedance to an admittance behaviour using the force feedback from their proprioception. However, this ability is extremely challenging to reproduce in robots, especially when dealing with complex interaction dynamics, distributed contacts, and contact switching. Current model-based controllers require accurate interaction modelling to account for contacts and stabilise the interaction. In this manuscript, we propose an adaptive force/position controller that exploits the fractal impedance controller's passivity and non-linearity to execute a finite search algorithm using the force feedback signal from the sensor at the end-effector. The method is computationally inexpensive, opening the possibility to deal with distributed contacts in the future. We evaluated the architecture in physics simulation and showed that the controller can robustly control the interaction with objects of different dynamics without violating the maximum allowable target forces or causing numerical instability even for very rigid objects. The proposed controller can also autonomously deal with contact switching and may find application in multiple fields such as legged locomotion, rehabilitation and assistive robotics.

Control of Shrinkage Porosity and Spot Segregation in Ø195 mm Continuously Cast Round Bloom of Oil Pipe Steel by Soft Reduction

Based on the Ø195 mm round bloom continuous casting of oil pipe steel, a two dimensional thermal-mechanical coupled model has been developed to investigate the deformation behavior of round bloom during soft reduction (SR) in the reduction force mode. Good agreement was achieved in surface temperature, shell thickness and contact zone width from modeling and measurement. Under the same reduction force, the reduction amount of round bloom at the front unit is much larger than back unit. Moreover, due to its higher temperature and lower center solid fraction, the deformation penetration before solidification is much stronger than that after solidification. Considering the limitation of the round bloom ovality, the maximum allowable force in reduction unit is calculated. According to the simulation results, a multi-unit soft reduction plan was proposed and carried out on the Ø195 mm round bloom. After the reduction process of No.1 to No.3 withdrawal units, the shrinkage porosity in the center of the round bloom was almost vanished, while the number and size of spot segregation were significantly reduced. Moreover, the oil pipe produced by the round bloom with SR got a better resistance to sulfide stress corrosion (SSC). It indicates that SR is an effective technology for the round bloom to control the shrinkage porosity and spot segregation in the continuous casting.

Fabrication, Mechanical Modeling, and Experiments of a 3D-Motion Soft Actuator for Flexible Sensing

This paper introduces the modular design and manufacturing method, mechanical model, and test verification of a new type of soft actuator driven by fluid. First, the modular design scheme and driving principle of omnidirectional bending and elongation of the soft actuator are described. Three print-based elastic air cavities constrained by fire lines are distributed radially inside the actuator. The actuator can complete the 3 DOF motions of omnidirectional bending and elongation. From the basic principle of material mechanics, a novel mechanical model of the soft elastomer actuator is established. By numerically solving the nonlinear model, the relationship between actuator elongation/bending angle and driving pressure is obtained. The theoretical prediction and test results show that the deformation of the actuator exhibits a linear relationship with pressure when the chambers are charged. Additionally, the maximum allowable load force on the actuator terminal also exhibits good linearity when the driving pressure increases. Furthermore, the established mechanical model, which considers gravity effects can more accurately describe the features of bend and elongation of the actuator. The results shows that the proposed model is more convenient than the FEM models. This study provides theoretical support for accurate control of a soft actuator.

Theoretical and experimental study on the producible rolling thickness in ultra-thin strip rolling

Abstract The cold rolling process of a thin strip is difficult to continue when the strip has been thinned to a certain thickness. A limit thickness, which is referred to as the limiting producible rolling thickness below which plastic deformation does not occur, exists even if the rolling force and the number of rolling passes are increased. The Stone formula is the most common approach for predicting this limit, but its results are inaccurate in experiments or in ultra-thin strip-rolling production. In this study, the variation laws of the contact profile and rolling pressure of ultra-thin strips with different thickness specifications at different reductions were obtained by finite element simulations, indicating that the Stone minimum thickness can be regarded as the critical thickness that exists when a neutral zone is present under a minimal reduction. A theoretical calculation model of producible rolling thickness for an ultra-thin strip based on Fleck theory was established and verified by experiments. When this model is used, the single-pass reduction can be obtained in accordance with the given unit width rolling force, the technical parameters of the rolling mill, the yield strength of the material, and the initial thickness of the strip. The formula for the conditional limiting producible thickness considering the restriction of rolling force was corrected. The relationship between single-pass reduction and the ratio of the initial thickness of the strip to the theoretical limiting producible thickness under the condition of the maximum allowable rolling force of the rolling mill was discussed. This study provides theoretical guidance for practical production by defining the product specification ranges and rolling regulations for existing rolling mills and determining the roller diameters and force and energy parameters for the design of rolling mills.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Two Equal-Sized Holes Lying at Different Angles in a CFRP Plate under Bending

A bending test method was designed to investigate the failure characteristics of drilling carbon-fiber reinforced composite (CFRP) plates. The CFRP plates were fabricated and drilled to join other parts for use in aircraft structures (riveting or bolting). Each sample had two equal-sized holes at 0, θ, or -θ degrees at a fixed distance of 36 mm in the longitudinal direction. The sample dimensions were identified following a study on tensile testing singleholed samples based on the ASTM D5961 standard. The tensile test focused on three cases of laminate: [0]14, [22.5]14, and [45]14. The maximum mean forces for [0]14, [22.5]14, and [45]14 laminate configurations were 6.32, 6.59, and 7.12 kN respectively. These results were implemented into a bending test which included two configurations of laminate: [0]14 and [45]14 and two equal-sized holes with a variable distance of 0 and 9 mm in the transverse direction of the plate. The bending test configuration is presented in this paper. The results revealed different load-bearing capabilities in each of the three types of specimen configuration. Samples with two holes lying at ±9 degree affected the overall strength in the [45]14 case, and as in [0]14 there was no difference between the eccentricity and the aligned holes. In [45]14, the eccentricity decreased the maximum allowable force by 1.57 percent in the normal eccentricity case and by 15.94 percent in the alternate eccentricity case compared to the aligned case.

Scaling laws of compliant elements for high energy storage capacity in robotics

The key component in compliant actuators is the elastic element, typically a spring. Nevertheless, different types of springs have different characteristics in terms of size, weight, maximum allowable force, maximum allowable torque and maximum allowable deflection. It is however very important to compare them on these requirements, since each application has other demands. In this paper, the energy storage capacity of different types of compliant elements are calculated using scaling laws in order to easily derive the maximum achievable energy capacity for a certain arrangement. These scaling laws are given as a function of the structural parameters and are validated with catalog data of spring manufacturers and distributors such as Alcomex, Lesjöfors and Century Spring. As such, different types of compliant elements can be compared in an easy way. To fully exploit the capabilities of compliant elements, these scaling laws are used to verify the effect of spring parallelization on mass and/or enclosed volume, which is interesting regarding redundant compliant actuation. From theoretical calculations and a case study, it follows that parallelization is beneficial, especially for mass reduction.

Design and simulation of a lab-scale down-hole drilling system

As global energy demand rises, so does the need for resources and the means to extract them safely and efficiently by means of, for example, down-hole drilling. These large mechanical rigs often encounter lateral, axial, and torsional vibrations which can cause serious equipment damage and possibly failure. To minimize malignant effects, control algorithms are developed and tested on lab-scale models before implementation on large-scale rig systems. Many previous lab-scale systems artificially reproduce vibrations via inertial masses, shakers, braking systems, etc. However, they do not attempt to match the physical properties or natural response of the drill string. The goal of this research is to naturally reproduce a drilling system’s physical behaviors at lab scale through systematic analysis and design. First, a lumped parameter model is used to model the system dynamics. Through nondimensional stiffness ratios, which dictate the drill string material and geometric selection, the drill string’s elastic nature is reproduced. From this selection, the system parameters are further defined by the maximum allowable forces, derived from a bit–rock interaction model and chosen failure criteria. After development of a dynamics model and outline of design constraints, a systematic method of design and simulation of a customizable lab-scale drilling system is proposed.

Force measurement metrics for simulated elbow arthroscopy training

BackgroundElbow arthroscopy is a difficult surgical technique. Objective metrics can be used to improve safe and effective training in elbow arthroscopy. Force exerted on the elbow tissue during arthroscopy can be a measure of safe tissue manipulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the force magnitude and force direction used by experts during arthroscopic elbow navigation in cadaveric specimens and assess their applicability in elbow arthroscopy training.MethodsTwo cadaveric elbows were mounted on a Force Measurement Table (FMT) that allowed 3-dimensional measurements (x-, y-, and z-plane) of the forces exerted on the elbow. Five experts in elbow arthroscopy performed arthroscopic navigation once in each of two cadaveric elbows, navigating through the posterior, posterolateral and anterior compartment in a standardized fashion with visualization of three to four anatomic landmarks per compartment. The total absolute force (Fabs) and force direction exerted (α and β) on the elbow during arthroscopy were recorded. α being the angle in the horizontal plane and β being the angle in the vertical plane. The 10th–90th percentiles of the data were used to set threshold levels for training.ResultsThe median Fabs was 24 N (19 N – 30 N), 27 N (20 N – 33 N) and 29 N (23 N – 32 N) for the posterior, posterolateral and anterior compartment, respectively. The median α was - 29° (- 55° – 5°), - 23° (- 56° – -1°) and 4° (- 22° – -18°) for the posterior, posterolateral and anterior compartment, respectively. The median β was - 71° (- 80° – -65°), - 76° (- 86° – -69°) and - 75° (- 81° – -71°) for the posterior, posterolateral and anterior compartment, respectively.ConclusionExpert data on force magnitude and force direction exerted on the elbow during arthroscopic navigation in cadaveric specimens were collected. The proposed maximum allowable force of 30 N (smallest 90th percentile of Fabs) exerted on the elbow tissue, and the 10th–90th percentile range of the force directions (α and β) for each compartment may be used to provide objective feedback during arthroscopic skills training.