Maximum Accommodation Research Articles

Correlation Between Axial Length and Amplitude of Accommodation in Myopia Patients

Background: Myopia is the most common refractive disorder and is a global concern because it can cause more serious eye problems. Excessive prolonged axial growth of the eyeball can lead to myopia. The amplitude of accommodation is the strength of the eye accommodation during the minimum and maximum accommodation conditions. Based on the above data, the researchers wanted to assess the relationship between eyeball length and accommodation amplitude in myopia patients. Method: The research was conducted at the Hospital of Prof CPL University of North Sumatra from November 2023 to March 2024. Data analysis was done analytically and presented in the form of data tabulation. Result: This study included 54 myopia patients, 27 males and 27 females, who visited the eye clinic. The mean age of the subjects was (52%). The mean age of the subjects was 23 years old with the youngest being 22 years old and the oldest being 24 years old. The mean of axial length for mild myopia, moderate myopia and severe myopia were 24.51 cm, 25.75 cm and 28.38 cm respectively. The lowest NPA value was found in severe myopia (27.33 cm) and the highest in mild myopia (43 cm). The lowest NPC value was found in mild myopia (36.61 cm) and the highest in severe myopia (38.56 cm). There was a significant relationship between eyeball length and accommodation amplitude with a Spearman correlation value of -0.685 as well as after cycloplegic administration with a Spearman correlation value of 0.438. NPA values showed an increase when receiving spherical correction, whether accompanied by cycloplegics or not, and a decrease when not receiving spherical correction. NPC values showed a decrease in all treatments. Conclusion: There is a correlation between axial length and amplitude of accomodation values (NPA and NPC) in patients with myopia.

The planning method of new energy distribution network in plateau area based on local accommodation

Abstract The planning method of new energy distribution network in plateau area based on local accommodation is studied to improve the local accommodation capacity of new energy distribution network in plateau area. The framework of new energy distribution network planning in the plateau area is constructed, and the distribution network equipment suitable for the plateau environment is selected based on the harsh environment in the plateau area; in the framework of new energy distribution network planning in plateau area, a bi-level planning model considering multi-flexible resource coordinated scheduling and energy storage is established. The upper level planning model takes the maximum accommodation of new energy as the objective, and the lower level planning model takes the optimal daily operation benefit of energy storage under the given configuration as the optimization objective; the probabilistic power flow method and C-PSO are used to solve the bi-level model. The experiment shows that this method ensures the stability of the new energy distribution network in the plateau area, reduces the amount of abandoned wind energy and the operating cost, and improves the local accommodation capacity of the core higher than the distribution network.

Sex as a risk factor regarding presbyopia in the rhesus monkey.

To determine the effect of sex as a risk factor regarding presbyopia. Maximum accommodation was pharmacologically induced (40% cabachol corneal iontophoresis) in 97 rhesus monkeys (49 males and 48 females) ranging in age from 8 to 36 years old. Accommodation was measured by Hartinger coincidence refractometry. Accommodative amplitude measured refractometrically decreased with age, and the rate of change was not different between males and females (p = 0.827). Presbyopia is essentially sex neutral, and no one is spared. There may be modest variations between different populations for various reasons, but essentially it is monotonously predictable. At present there is no biological therapeutic.

The Barremian–lower Aptian of NE Arabia: The Kharaib and Shu'aiba formations in Wadi Rahabah and Wadi Kebdah, Ras Al Khaimah, U.A.E.

We present a high-resolution record of carbonate depositional facies, biostratigraphy, stable-isotope and elemental geochemistry of the Kharaib and Shu'aiba formations exposed in Ras Al Khaimah, northern UAE. This is the first comprehensive study of these deposits in the northeastern Arabian Peninsula, which have previously been studied extensively in Abu Dhabi, Oman, NE Saudi Arabia, and southwestern Iran, and represents the most detailed biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic record currently available from a continuous outcrop section of the Arabian Plate. The Barremian–Aptian boundary was approximated based on orbitolinid biostratigraphy, while a subdivision of the Barremain was not possible. There is no biostratigraphic evidence that the Shu'aiba Formation in the section studied ranges into the upper Aptian. Previously well-established depositional sequences of the Barremian–lower Aptian of the Arabian Plate are discussed in the context of carbonate textures, siliciclastic influx, and biotic assemblages. There is a general trend of decreasing siliciclastic components during the Barremian and earliest Aptian, and peaks in siliciclastic influx indicate episodes of maximum accommodation. Palaeogeographic implications of our data for the distribution of intrashelf basins and their connection to Neotethys are discussed. The negative carbon-isotope excursion that globally marks the onset of OAE1a is not evident in our dataset, while the positive excursion at the end of OAE1a is present in the late early Aptian. A comparison of carbon-isotope records across the early Aptian of the Arabian Plate highlights issues of correlations that are predominantly based on chemostratography in diagenetically altered platform carbonates.

Anterior Segment Biometry During Accommodation After Posterior Chamber Phakic Implantable Collamer Lens Implantation.

To evaluate the dynamic changes in anterior segment parameters during accommodation following Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) implantation with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Under the accommodation of 0.00 diopters (D), 3.00 D, and maximum amplitude, SS-OCT was used to examine the anterior segment parameters, including ICL vault, ICL depth (the distance between the corneal endothelium and the posterior surface of ICL), crystalline lens thickness, anterior chamber depth, and various parameters of the anterior chamber angle, comprising angle opening distance, angle recess area, trabecular iris space area, and trabecular iris angle. During accommodation, the ICL vault showed a significant decrease from baseline (536 ± 278 μm) to 3.00 D (522 ± 281 μm), followed by an increase from 3.00 D to maximum amplitude (548 ± 306 μm) (analysis of variance [ANOVA], P < .001). Four eyes (2.61%) exhibited a decrease in ICL vault to less than 100 μm (47 ± 32 μm) at maximum accommodation. The ICL depth decreased significantly as accommodation increased (ANOVA, P < .001). Crystalline lens thickness increased, whereas anterior chamber depth decreased during accommodation (ANOVA, P < .001). The anterior chamber angle widened during 3.00 D of accommodation but narrowed at maximum accommodation, leading to significant changes in the angle opening distance, angle recess area, trabecular iris space area, and trabecular iris angle during accommodation (ANOVA, P < .001 for all). The anterior segment, including ICL vault and anterior chamber angle, undergo significant dynamic changes during accommodation. These accommodative changes may require careful monitoring for the surgery design of ICL implantation. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(3):e164-e172.].

Permo-Triassic cyclicity on the western shoulder of Muzaffarabad-Hazara paleo-high, during the oceanisation of Neo-Tethys

The sedimentary record of Permo-Triassic (299 Ma to 201 Ma) is only found on the periphery of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis (HKS), i.e., on the western (central Potwar Sub-basin and its west) and eastern (Zanskar-Spiti Basin) shoulders. During this period, HKS acted as an indentation named as Muzaffarabad-Hazara Paleo-high (MPH), where no sedimentation occurred. Previously, the existence of MHP remained questionable as it has yet to be defined with the help of an integrated sequence stratigraphic model built by using outcrop, petrography, drilled well, regional correlations, seismic and gravity data sets on its western shoulder.Permo-Triassic strata outcrop in the western Salt Range, where stratigraphic surfaces, stratal terminations, and their bounding sequences are designed. Permo-Triassic is a mega sequence comprising of two sequences (Permian and Triassic) bounded by SUs. Non-marine (fluvial) Warchha Sandstone split the Permian sequence into two sub-sequences (siliciclastic/clastic and carbonate sequences). The Triassic sequence has the same depositional architectural features have two sub-sequences. Flooding events (i.e., four MRS/MFSs) influenced every sub-sequence, which developed retrogradational and progradational cyclicity during this period. The defined cyclicity, stratigraphic surfaces, and stratal terminations are validated with the well-log motif cycles and seismic data.Composite unconformities developed towards the MHP; therefore, only flooding events are correlatable on both shoulders. During the Sakmarian (290 Ma) age, a flooding event with maximum accommodation space (15–20 m) deposited the middle shelf facies (Amb Formation), which is correlatable with carbonates of Panjal volcanics and transgressive Gechang Formation of Zanskar-Spiti Basin. The third flooding event of the Ceratite Bed of Lower Triassic is also correlatable. Flooding continued in Zanskar-Spiti Basin in Middle Triassic, but diastem was observed in the western Salt Range. Carbonates younger than Ladinian (242-237 Ma) age are only found in Zanskar-Spiti Basin, but during this phase, SU truncated the Triassic strata in the Salt Range.

Change in three-dimensional choroidal vessel network after AR device assisted 1-hour visual task in 2D/3D mode in young healthy subjects.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the changes of choroidal blood perfusion in different layers and quadrants and its possible related factors after 1 h visual task by augmented reality (AR) device in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) mode, respectively. Thirty healthy subjects aged 22-37 years watched the same video source in 2D and 3D mode separately using AR glasses for 1 h with a one-week interval. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) was performed before and immediately after watching to acquire choroidal thickness (ChT), three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index (CVI) of large- and middle-sized choroidal vessels and choriocapillaris flow voids (FV%) at macular and peripapillary area. Near point of accommodation (NPA) and accommodative facility (AF) were examined to evaluate the accommodative ability. Pupil diameters by infrared-automated pupillometer under scotopic, mesopic and photopic condition were also obtained. Compared with pre-visual task, the subfoveal CVI decreased from 0.406 ± 0.097 to 0.360 ± 0.102 after 2D watching (p < 0.001) and to 0.368 ± 0.102 after 3D watching (p = 0.002). Pupil sizes under different illuminance conditions became smaller after both 2D and 3D watching (all p < 0.001). AF increased after both 2D and 3D watching (both p < 0.05). NPA receded in post-3D watching (p = 0.017) while a not significant tendency was observed in post-2D. A reduction in subfoveal choroidal blood flow accompanied with pupil constriction was observed immediately after 1 h visual task using AR glasses in 2D and 3D mode. Accommodative facility improved after 2D and 3D watching with AR glasses, whereas decrease in the maximum accommodation power was only found in 3D mode.

Establishment of Personalized Finite Element Model of Crystalline Lens Based on Sweep-Source Optical Coherence Tomography

The virtual lens model has important value in ophthalmic research, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. However, the establishment of personalized lens models and the verification of accommodation accuracy have not been paid much attention. We proposed a personalized lens model establishment and the accommodation accuracy evaluation method based on sweep-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Firstly, SS-OCT is used to obtain a single lens image in the maximum accommodation state. After refraction correction, boundary detection, and curve fitting, the central curvature radius, thickness, and lens nucleus contour of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens were obtained. Secondly, a personalized finite element model improved from Burd’s model was established using these individual parameters, and the adaptation process of the lens model was simulated by pulling the suspensory ligament. Finally, the shape and refractive power changes of the real human lens under different accommodation stimuli were collected and compared with the accommodation process of the finite element model. The results show that the accommodation process of the finite element model is highly consistent with that of the real lens. From the un-accommodation state to the maximum-accommodation state, the difference rate of all geometric and refractive parameters between the two is less than 5%. Thus, the personalized lens finite element model obtained by the calibration and correction of the existing model can accurately simulate the regulation process of a specific human lens. This work helps to provide a valuable theoretical basis and research ideas for the study of clinical diagnosis and treatment of related diseases.

Research on Renewable-Energy Accommodation-Capability Evaluation Based on Time-Series Production Simulations

In recent years, renewable energy has received extensive attention due to its advantages of sustainability, economy, and environmental protection. However, with the rapid development of renewable energy, the problem of curtailment is becoming increasingly serious. Studying the calculation method and establishing a quantitative evaluation system of renewable energy accommodation capacity are important means to solve this problem. This paper comprehensively considers the factors affecting the accommodation of renewable energy, establishes a accommodation calculation model with the maximum accommodation of renewable energy as the optimization target based on the time series production simulation method, and uses the hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve it. The model is verified with historical data such as load, photovoltaic (PV), and wind power in a certain region throughout the year. The experimental results verify the rationality of the renewable-energy accommodation-capacity model proposed in this paper and the correctness of the theoretical analysis. The calculation results have important reference and guiding significance for the operation and control of power-grid planning and dispatching.

Shape-stabilized orange peel/myristic acid phase change materials for efficient thermal energy storage application

An environmentally techno, reasonably viable waste utilization is vital for the sustainability of human civilization. In view of that, orange peel (OP) has been considered for this study to utilize as organic waste materials for thermal energy storage application. OP has been pyrolyzed into porous biochar and has been used for the shape stabilization of myristic acid (MA) as phase change materials (PCMs). MA has been loaded in different content inside orange peel biochar and thermal stability and performance of the synthesized PCMs (MAOP samples) have been studied for their suitable applications. Biochar to MA ratio at 1:4 has been found to be optimum for the maximum accommodation of the MA in biochar pores. The highest encapsulation ratio and efficiency have been found 39.60% and 39.13%, respectively whereas the maximum heat storage capability has been found to be 67.2 J/g. Excellent performance against leakage during phase transition and congruent thermal cycle stability have been manifested by all MAOP samples. The superior properties demonstrated by the MAOP samples are attributed to the capillary action, strong surface tension, and space confinement effects offered by the porous structures and the surface functionalities of the biochar.

An Overview of Post-structuralism in Comparative Analysis of Pakistan and Türkiye in Managing Refugee Crisis

Pakistan and Türkiye host millions of registered Afghan and Syrian refugee respectively and provide them with humanitarian aid. This study highlights the picture demonstrated to the world, made by Türkiye and Pakistan to address refugee crises. In Middle Eastern region, Türkiye is now rising as new major power for the Muslim countries in the multifaceted context, including sympathetically letting in Syrian refugees; however, the in-depth truth is entirely dissimilar. Religious and autonomist fulfilment are fundamental components in Türkiye discrepancy of its dignity in facilitating Syrian refugees with empathy and assistance. Being a strong economy compared to Pakistan and an active member of the international community, Türkiye is violating international law on various refugees' accommodation. Interestingly, in spite of inconsequential assets and lesser affirmation from the global community, Pakistan's extraordinary responsibility as a prototypical host for forty years of emigrants from Afghanistan. Furthermore, the covid-19 pandemic circumstances also pose formidable challenges to both states and develop different refugees' policies. Once again, with an on-going overabundance of challenges, Pakistan provides maximum accommodation to Afghan refugees to survive the pandemic era compared to Türkiye. The research is mainly focused on how Türkiye and Pakistan has managed their socioeconomic resources in handling the refugee crisis.

Study on Renewable Energy Accommodation Capacity Assessment Method Based on Time Series Production Simulation

In order to solve the problem of low accommodation rate of renewable energy in a single region, considering the output characteristics of wind power and photovoltaic, grid constraints and cross regional power exchange, an optimization model of renewable energy accommodation capacity in a cross regional power grid year is established. This paper analyzes the factors restricting the accommodation capacity of renewable energy, and determines the access scale of renewable energy units according to the characteristics of different power grid scale, load and power supply structure. And then taking the annual maximum accommodation capacity of renewable energy as the goal, the time series production simulation model is established, considering the constraints such as regional load balancing, power transmission and output of the network cable, unit output, unit optimization power ramp rate and renewable energy output. To improve the renewable energy accommodation capacity, the three factors of power system interconnection level, power regulation performance and load characteristics can be considered.

Stratigraphy and sedimentary evolution of a modern macro‐tidal incised valley: An analogue for reservoir facies and architecture

AbstractIncised valley fills are complex as they correspond to multiple sea‐level cycles which makes interpretation and correlation of stratigraphic surfaces fraught with uncertainty. Despite numerous studies of the stratigraphy of incised valley fills, few have focused on extensive core coverage linked to high fidelity dating in a macro‐tidal, tide‐dominated setting. For this study nineteen sediment cores were drilled through the Holocene succession of the macro‐tidal Ravenglass Estuary in north‐west England, UK. A facies and stratigraphic model of the Ravenglass incised valley complex was constructed, to understand the lateral and vertical stacking patterns relative to the sea‐level changes. The Ravenglass Estuary formed in five main stages. First, incision by rivers (ca 11 500 to ca 10 500 yrs bp) cutting through the shelf during lowstand, which was a period of fluvial dominance. Secondly, a rapid transgression and landward migration of the shoreline (10 500 to 6000 yrs bp). Wave action was dominant, promoting spit formation. The third stage was a highstand at ca 6000 to ca 5000 yrs bp, creating maximum accommodation and the majority of backfilling. The spits narrowed the inlet and dampened wave action. The fourth stage was caused by a minor fall of sea level (ca 5000 to ca 226 yrs bp), which forced the system to shift basinward. The fifth and final stage (226 yrs bp to present) involved the backfilling of the River Irt, southward migration of the northerly (Drigg) spit and merging of the River Irt with the Rivers Esk and Mite. The final stage was synchronous with the development of the central basin. As an analogue for ancient and deeply buried sandstones, most of the estuarine sedimentation occurred after transgression, of which the coarsest and cleanest sands are found in the tidal inlet, on the foreshore and within in‐channel tidal bars. The best‐connected (up to 1 km) reservoir‐equivalent sands belong to the more stable channels.

Large deformation bending of single‐ply fabric reinforced polymer composite

AbstractThis study investigates the large deformation bending properties of a single‐ply fabric reinforced polymer composite (SpFRPC) by the innovative counterweight balanced column bending test (CWB‐CBT) and microscopic analysis. The influences of temperatures and asymmetric weave structure on SpFRPC's bending properties are emphasized. In glassy state at 15°C, SpFRPC failed in a brittle manner, with the ultimate moment and initial bending stiffness per width 19.16 Nmm and 448.61 Nmm2. The bending capacity decreased to negligible at 40°C in the rubbery state but vice versa for deformability, reaching the curvature of 0.135 mm−1 within maximum accommodation of this CWB‐CBT fixture. The asymmetric weave structure enabled larger deformability when bent outward than inward, resulting in more significant stiffness and ultimate moment inward than outward. The transverse yarns' gaps were the weak locations of bending fracture, especially at weave intersection edges. In general, the present work provides an exploratory study for understanding the folding mechanical properties of the SpFRPC.

Visual fatigue induced by watching virtual reality device and the effect of anisometropia

The effect of small anisometropia on visual fatigue when using virtual reality (VR) devices was investigated. Participants (n = 34) visited three times. In the first visit, VR exposure (10 min) was conducted with the full correction of the refractive error of both eyes. Experimental anisometropia was induced by adding a + 1.0 dioptre spherical lens either on the dominant eyes in the second visit or on the non-dominant eyes in the third visit. At each visit, the participants played a predetermined video game using a head-mounted display VR for 10 min. Visual fatigue was assessed before and after playing VR game using the Virtual Reality Symptom Questionnaire (VRSQ) and high-frequency component of accommodative microfluctuation. Results showed that watching VR induced significant increase of VRSQ score, significant decrease in the maximum accommodation power and objective increase in visual fatigue. Experimental anisometropia induction either on the dominant or non-dominant eyes did not aggravate visual fatigue. Practitioner summary: Mild differences in refractive error (up to 1.0 dioptre) between both eyes do not significantly increase ocular fatigue by viewing virtual reality device (10 min). The impact of small anisometropia may be limited in developing a virtual reality device. Abbreviations: VR: virtual reality; VRSQ: virtual reality symptom questionnaire; HMD: head-mounted display; HFC: high-frequency component

Optimal Scheduling of a Regional Power System Aiming at Accommodating Clean Energy

The regional power system is an essential mechanism to solve the unbalanced distribution of resources and achieve more efficient resource allocation. In this paper, an optimal scheduling model of the regional power system is developed, to maximize social welfare and minimize clean energy electricity curtailment. This model can realize the optimal allocation of power generation resources and the maximum accommodation of multiple types of clean energy, by minimizing the sum of the electricity purchase cost and the dynamic penalty cost of clean energy. Meanwhile, it considers the modeling of the key AC/DC hybrid tie-line in the regional power grid. To this end, the modeling methods of power transmitted by AC/DC tie-line, the net loss of the tie-line, the stair-like operation of the DC tie-line power, the operation constraints of the DC tie-line are proposed. Then a simulation example study is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the model, which proves that the regional power system can stimulate the resource optimization potential better than the provincial power system.

Three-Stage Analysis of the Maximum Accommodation Capacity of a Distribution System with High Photovoltaic Penetration

The safety and stability of a distribution network will be affected by high photovoltaic (PV) penetration. Therefore, it is of great significance to evaluate the PV accommodation capacity of a distribution network and to select an appropriate PV accommodation scheme. This paper assesses the PV accommodation capacity of a distribution network with an improved algorithm and optimizes the accommodation scheme with a comprehensive index. First, the PSO (particle swarm optimization)–Monte Carlo algorithm is used to evaluate the maximum accommodation capacity of a distribution network with PV integration. Second, a year-round voltage timing simulation is performed to analyze the node voltage that exceeds the limit under the planned PV capacity, which is higher than the previously evaluated maximum accommodation capacity. Finally, the staged control strategy of the PV inverter and energy storage is carried out to select the scheme for the sizing and siting of energy storage. The simulation tests use a 10 kV standard distribution network as an example for PV evaluation and PV accommodation scheme selection to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model.

Tectonic and geomorphic controls on the lacustrine deposits of the Neogene Vinchina basin, northwestern Argentina

ABSTRACTTwo episodes of lacustrine sedimentation, separated by an erosional surface and fluvial sedimentation, took place in the southern part of the broken foreland Vinchina basin (NW Argentina) between 11 and 5 Ma. The lacustrine deposits, 768 and 740 meters thick, are recorded in the upper part of the Vinchina Formation (“Vinchina lake”) and the lower part of the Toro Formation (“Toro Negro lake”) respectively. According to sedimentological features, four sedimentary facies associations (FAs) are recognized in the lacustrine deposits: 1) thinly laminated mudstones facies association (FA 1), 2) coarsening- and thickening-upward muddy to sandy cycles (FA 2), 3) medium- to coarse-grained sandstones (FA 3), and 4) mudstones, sandstones, and oolitic limestones (FA 4). Altogether, these facies correspond to ephemeral, shallow, lacustrine systems including saline mudflats. The total thickness of each lacustrine interval, the thickness of the individual cycles and their lithology, and the overall aggradational facies arrangement suggest that both lakes developed during underfilled stages of the basin. The coarsening-upward cycles can be regarded as lacustrine parasequences representing cyclic episodes of expansion and contraction of the lake, but unlike marine parasequences these cycles do not correlate to water depth. The development of lacustrine conditions and continuous base-level rise, together with the coeval southward-directed paleoflow indicators, suggest axial drainages and that the basin was externally closed (endorheic) at that time. The large thicknesses of each lacustrine interval also points to high accommodation in the southern part of the Vinchina basin during these times. Lake filling cycles are one order of magnitude thicker than lake depth, so we postulate that subsidence (tectonic) and rise of the spill point (geomorphology) increased accommodation but not water depth. Thus, unlike marine parasequences, the analyzed coarsening-upward cycles do not correlate to water depth, but rather they are controlled by more complex basinal accommodation processes. We hypothesize that the coeval uplift of the Umango and Espinal basement block to the south, coupled with the initial doming of the Sierra de Los Colorados to the east, may have generated the damming of the southward-directed drainage and a zone of maximum accommodation, then controlling the location of the two lakes and the preservation of their thick sedimentary records. Therefore, localized accommodation was enhanced by a combination of tectonic subsidence and topographic growth. The two lacustrine intervals and the intervening fluvial deposits record changing contributions from axial to transverse drainages and different cycles of closed and open conditions in the basin. A low-frequency, closed to open and back to closed (axial to transverse and return to axial drainage) basin evolution, is envisaged by the development of the two lakes (closed stages) and the erosional surface followed by the interval of fluvial sedimentation that separates them (open stage). In addition, several high-frequency lake fluctuations (expansion–contraction) are represented by the coarsening-upward cycles within each lacustrine interval. The thick lacustrine intervals and their intermediate incision surfaces record cyclic filling and re-excavation stages and localized episodes of increased subsidence in the Vinchina basin, which seem to be a common feature of tectonically active broken foreland basins.

Multi-objective Optimization of Accommodation Capacity for Distributed Generation Based on Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium, Considering Distribution Network Flexibility

The increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) brings about great fluctuation and uncertainty in distribution networks. In order to improve the ability of distribution networks to cope with disturbances caused by uncertainties and to evaluate the maximum accommodation capacity of DG, a multi-objective programming method for evaluation of the accommodation capacity of distribution networks for DG is proposed, considering the flexibility of distribution networks in this paper. Firstly, a multi-objective optimization model for determining the maximum accommodation of DG by considering the flexibility of distribution networks is constructed, aiming at maximizing the daily energy consumption, minimizing the voltage amplitude deviation, and maximizing the line capacity margin. Secondly, the comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization (CLPSO) algorithm is used to solve the multi-objective optimization model. Then, the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium is introduced to obtain the frontier solution with the optimal joint equilibrium value in the Pareto solution set. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with an actual distribution network in China. The simulation results show that the proposed planning method can effectively find the Pareto optimal solution set by considering multiple objectives, and can obtain the optimal equilibrium solution for DG accommodation capacity and distribution network flexibility.

Factors Influencing Pseudo-Accommodation-The Difference between Subjectively Reported Range of Clear Focus and Objectively Measured Accommodation Range.

The key determinants of the range of clear focus in pre-presbyopes and their relative contributions to the difference between subjective range of focus and objective accommodation assessments have not been previously quantified. Fifty participants (aged 33.0 ± 6.4 years) underwent simultaneous monocular subjective (visual acuity measured with an electronic test-chart) and objective (dynamic accommodation measured with an Aston open-field aberrometer) defocus curve testing for lenses between +2.00 to −10.00 DS in +0.50 DS steps in a randomized order. Pupil diameter and ocular aberrations (converted to visual metrics normalized for pupil size) at each level of blur were measured. The difference between objective range over which the power of the crystalline lens changes and the subjective range of clear focus was quantified and the results modelled using pupil size, refractive error, tolerance to blur, and ocular aberrations. The subjective range of clear focus was principally accounted for by age (46.4%) and pupil size (19.3%). The objectively assessed accommodative range was also principally accounted for by age (27.6%) and pupil size (15.4%). Over one-quarter (26.0%) of the difference between objective accommodation and subjective range of clear focus was accounted for by age (14.0%) and spherical aberration at maximum accommodation (12.0%). There was no significant change in the objective accommodative response (F = 1.426, p = 0.229) or pupil size (F = 0.799, p = 0.554) of participants for levels of defocus above their amplitude of accommodation. Pre-presbyopes benefit from an increased subjective range of clear vision beyond their objective accommodation due in part to neural factors, resulting in a measured depth-of-focus of, on average, 1.0 D.