Maxillofacial Tissues Research Articles

STUDYING INDICATORS OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF MACROELEMENTS CONCENTRATION IN HUMAN SALIVA UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS

Seasonal and circadian research in the field of chronobiology and chronomedicine is currently of particular interest to scientists. Chronobiology has discovered previously unknown approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. For biological objects, as an open thermodynamic system, in their development have absorbed all the laws of the rhythmically oscillating external world and interact with it with the help of these vibrations. Therefore, at the present stage of the development of chronobiology, any research that fills, like bricks, still empty niches of new knowledge reflects the advanced frontiers of natural science and is included in the creation of a future general theory of biology. This is confirmed by a number of discoveries of scientists in the field of physics, physiology and medicine. Thus, a group of scientists became laureates of the Nobel Prize in physics in 2017 for the discovery of gravitational waves, and in the field of physiology and medicine, a number of scientists (Hall, Rosbash, Young) became Nobel laureates for a series of works on the topic: "Studying the mechanisms of the circadian dynamics of the body." Today, chronobiology can characterize periodic fluctuations of, perhaps, all organs, all body systems. A large amount of data has been accumulated on the daily and seasonal rhythms of the digestive and urinary tract organs, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, brain, etc. A violation of biorhythms can lead to the development of defects in oral and maxillofacial tissues, the development of inflammation and tumors, which affects cell proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, etc. The main purpose of this work was to study the characteristics of circadian rhythms of macroelement concentrations in human saliva under normal conditions. A feature of the research work is the determination of the concentration of macroelements in saliva in the summer. The saliva of 12 healthy volunteers was taken as the study material. Age 22-30 years. The method of spectrophotometry was used in this research work. The research work was carried out in the summer at the Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience of the al-Farabi Kazakh National University and at the City Clinical Hospital №1 in Almaty. During the study, a saliva sample was collected on 1.5 ml of Eppendorf. All samples were stored in the freezer. Before the experiment, the material was soaked at room temperature for 30-40 minutes. Using the spectrophotometric method, we determined the concentration of macroelements in saliva using a set of special reagents. We have identified the features of the daily dynamics of the concentration of macroelements in the saliva of healthy people in summer: K, Na, Ca, Mg and P. The concentration of macroelements varied widely throughout the day. As a result of the study, the concentration index of K during the day normally ranges from 528±36 µg/ml to 634±42 µg/ml; Na - from 153.4±19.8 µg/ml to 144.9±25.1 µg/ml; Ca-from 35.4±4.0 µg/ml to 45.5±5.1 µg/ml; Mg-from 2.12±0.15 µg/ml to 4.02±0.25 µg/ml and P-from 134.5±7.7 µg/ml to 151.6±10.1 µg/ml. Summing up, we have identified the features of the daily dynamics of the concentration of macroelements in the saliva of healthy people in summer. In summer, the daily dynamics of the concentration of macroelements in saliva ranged from 2.12±0.15 µg/ml (Mg) to 634±12 µg/ml (K).

Functional assessment of microcirculation in the injection site tissues when using local anaesthesia

Relevance. In modern dentistry, the primary criteria for successful anaesthesia are the effectiveness and safety of the anaesthetic used. These factors depend on the type of local anaesthetic and the method of its administration in the maxillofacial tissues. Studying the impact of locally anaesthetizing solutions administered by different injection techniques on the periodontal tissues is possible by recording changes in microcirculation using the LDF method.Purpose. To dynamically record the baseline microcirculation indicator in the tissues at the injection site when using various methods and means of local anaesthesia.Materials and methods. The study of changes in the microcirculation of periodontal tissues was conducted among 105 patients: 67 women and 38 men aged 25 to 56 years without periodontal pathology and comorbidities, using injection methods of anaesthesia (infiltration and modified periodontal anaesthesia) with 2% and 4% solutions of articaine with varying concentrations of vasoconstrictor. Changes in the microcirculation index were recorded at the injection site: at the root apex projection during infiltration and in the gingival papilla region during MPA, with an exposure time during LDF registration of 5 minutes. To maintain the fiber optic probe, an individual key made of C-silicone with an additional corrective layer was used for repeat positioning. The most informative indicator of the study was the magnitude of the average blood perfusion flow (M) in the time interval of registration, with its changes reflected in the study results.Results. Analysis of the dynamics of microcirculation indicators in the injection site tissues when using various methods of administering locally anaesthetizing drugs based on 2% and 4% solutions of articaine without vasoconstrictor and with epinephrine at concentrations of 1:200,000 and 1:100,000 allowed the determination of tissue ischemia depth at the injection site and the rate of blood flow restoration after anaesthesia.Conclusion. Changes in microcirculation indicators in the tissues at the injection site of the local anaesthetic depend on the concentration of the local anaesthetic and vasoconstrictor, the method of administration used, and the volume of the drug administered.

Nuclear Imaging Applications in Dentistry

This review discusses the indications, limitations, and diagnostic implications of nuclear imaging in the oral and maxillofacial region. In contrast to conventional imaging modalities, such as panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography, nuclear medicine offers unique information specific to the functional aspects of oral and maxillofacial tissues. This study aims to emphasize the current and potential applications of nuclear imaging methods in dentistry to increase dentists' knowledge of functional imaging methods and gain a different perspective, as well as their effects on diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and treatment outcomes. Future research will allow for a detailed evaluation of the effectiveness and reliability of nuclear imaging technologies in dentistry.

Wireless Electric Cues Mediate Autologous DPSC-Loaded Conductive Hydrogel Microspheres to Engineer the Immuno-Angiogenic Niche for Homologous Maxillofacial Bone Regeneration.

Stem cell therapy serves as an effective treatment for bone regeneration. Nevertheless, stem cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood are still lacking homologous properties. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are derived from neural crest, in coincidence with maxillofacial tissues, thus attracting great interest in in situ maxillofacial regenerative medicine. However, insufficient number and heterogenous alteration of seed cells retard further exploration of DPSC-based tissue engineering. Electric stimulation has recently attracted great interest in tissue regeneration. In this study, a novel DPSC-loaded conductive hydrogel microspheres integrated with wireless electric generator is fabricated. Application of exogenous electric cues can promote stemness maintaining and heterogeneity suppression for unpredictable differentiation of encapsulated DPSCs. Further investigations observe that electric signal fine-tunes regenerative niche by improvement on DPSC-mediated paracrine pattern, evidenced by enhanced angiogenic behavior and upregulated anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. By wireless electric stimulation on implanted conductive hydrogel microspheres, loaded DPSCs facilitates the construction of immuno-angiogenic niche at early stage of tissue repair, and further contributes to advanced autologous mandibular bone defect regeneration. This novel strategy of DPSC-based tissue engineering exhibits promising translational and therapeutic potential for autologous maxillofacial tissue regeneration.

Comparative Biocompatibility and Odonto-/Osteogenesis Effects of Hydraulic Calcium Silicate-Based Cements in Simulated Direct and Indirect Approaches for Regenerative Endodontic Treatments: A Systematic Review.

Regenerative dentistry is the operation of restoring dental, oral and maxillofacial tissues. Currently, there are no guidelines for the ideal cement/material in regenerative endodontic treatments (RET). Hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements (hCSCs) are currently the material of choice for RET. This systematic review was conducted to gather all of the different direct and indirect approaches of using hCSCs in RET in vitro and in vivo, and to ascertain if there are any superiorities to indirect approaches. This systematic review was conducted according to the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. The study question according to the PICO format was as follows: Comparison of the biological behavior (O) of stem cells (P) exposed to hCSCs through direct and indirect methods (I) with untreated stem cells (C). An electronic search was executed in Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed. A total of 78 studies were included. Studies were published between 2010 and 2022. Twenty-eight commercially available and eighteen modified hCSCs were used. Seven exposure methods (four direct and three indirect contacts) were assessed. ProRoot MTA and Biodentine were the most used hCSCs and had the most desirable results. hCSCs were either freshly mixed or set before application. Most studies allowed hCSCs to set in incubation for 24 h before application, which resulted in the most desirable biological outcomes. Freshly mixed hCSCs had the worst outcomes. Indirect methods had significantly better viability/proliferation and odonto-/osteogenesis outcomes. Biodentine and ProRoot MTA used in indirect exposure methods result in desirable biological outcomes.

Automatic recognition of cephalometric landmarks via multi-scale sampling strategy

The identification of head landmarks in cephalometric analysis significantly contributes in the anatomical localization of maxillofacial tissues for orthodontic and orthognathic surgery. However, the existing methods face the limitations of low accuracy and cumbersome identification process. In this pursuit, the present study proposed an automatic target recognition algorithm called Multi-Scale YOLOV3 (MS-YOLOV3) for the detection of cephalometric landmarks. It was characterized by multi-scale sampling strategies for shallow and deep features at varied resolutions, and especially contained the module of spatial pyramid pooling (SPP) for highest resolution. The proposed method was quantitatively and qualitatively compared with the classical YOLOV3 algorithm on the two data sets of public lateral cephalograms, undisclosed anterior-posterior (AP) cephalograms, respectively, for evaluating the performance. The proposed MS-YOLOV3 algorithm showed better robustness with successful detection rates (SDR) of 80.84% within 2 mm, 93.75% within 3 mm, and 98.14% within 4 mm for lateral cephalograms, and 85.75% within 2 mm, 92.87% within 3 mm, and 96.66% within 4 mm for AP cephalograms, respectively. It was concluded that the proposed model could be robustly used to label the cephalometric landmarks on both lateral and AP cephalograms for the clinical application in orthodontic and orthognathic surgery.

Antioxidant Materials in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration: A Narrative Review of the Literature.

Oral and maxillofacial tissue defects caused by trauma, tumor reactions, congenital anomalies, ischemic diseases, infectious diseases, surgical resection, and odontogenic cysts present a formidable challenge for reconstruction. Tissue regeneration using functional biomaterials and cell therapy strategies has raised great concerns in the treatment of damaged tissue during the past few decades. However, during biomaterials implantation and cell transplantation, the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) may hinder tissue repair as it commonly causes severe tissue injuries leading to the cell damage. These products exist in form of oxidant molecules such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide ions, hydroxyl radicals, and nitrogen oxide. These days, many scientists have focused on the application of ROS-scavenging components in the body during the tissue regeneration process. One of these scavenging components is antioxidants, which are beneficial materials for the treatment of damaged tissues and keeping tissues safe against free radicals. Antioxidants are divided into natural and synthetic sources. In the current review article, different antioxidant sources and their mechanism of action are discussed. The applications of antioxidants in the regeneration of oral and maxillofacial tissues, including hard tissues of cranial, alveolar bone, dental tissue, oral soft tissue (dental pulp, periodontal soft tissue), facial nerve, and cartilage tissues, are also highlighted in the following parts.

The Role of Chronotype of Patients and Cryoexrtact of Placenta in the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Facial Scar

BACKGROUND: The chronotypical features of people have a significant impact on the course of reparative processes in the patient’s body. Understanding the mechanisms of influence on the course of reparative skin regeneration after planned surgical interventions within the maxillofacial tissues can contribute to improving the provision of medical care to such patients. AIM: The study was aimed to determine role of chronotype of patients and cryoexrtact of placenta in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in facial scar. METHODS: In our study, 60 patients (36 males and 24 females) of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the Poltava Regional Clinical Hospital, Ukraine, aged from 18 to 68 years, who underwent inpatient treatment for planned surgical interventions of the maxillofacial area, were enrolled. At the time of the study, the patients did not have concomitant diseases, but if necessary, all patients could consult by other specialists. The practical section was carried out between September 2019 and August 2021 as follow. According to our study, 60 patients were divided depending on the type of chronotype, which was determined by the Horn-Ostberg questionnaire in Stepanova’s modification and the type of using treatment taking into account different ways of using of cryoextract of placenta. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were determined on the 90th, 180th, and 360th days of observation in the forming scar tissue. We used the method of Chevari et al. to determine the activity of superoxide dismutase. Catalase activity in homogenates of scar tissue was determined according to the method of M.A. Koroliuk. RESULTS: It was noted that the enzymatic activity of catalase in the scar homogenate is characterized by a lower dynamics of changes than the activity of superoxide dismutase. Positive dynamics were noted under the conditions of use in the treatment protocol of placenta cryoextract, which was more pronounced in patients with a morning chronotype. CONCLUSIONS: The most significant changes were observed in the studied indicators of antioxidant protection in patients of the morning chronotype who underwent intrawound administration of cryoextract of the placenta in combination with electrophoresis of this remedy against the background of a standard treatment protocol, especially at earlier terms after surgical treatment.

Changes of temporomandibular joint on Cone Beam CT

Chronic periodontitis is a common chronic infectious disease, which can cause the destruction of periodontal support tissue, even the loss of teeth and the disorder of oral and maxillofacial system. Oral and maxillofacial system is the general name of various structures including oral and maxillofacial tissues, such as teeth, temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles, nerves, etc., which is a functional whole with mutual restriction and coordination. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an important joint in human body, which plays a crucial role in mandibular movement during chewing, swallowing and speaking [1]. At present, many studies have examined the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in patients with occlusal disorders and dentition defects, and found that these adverse effects would cause structural changes in TMJ. However, there are few studies on TMJ in patients with chronic periodontitis. This paper will review the morphological and structural changes of TMJ in different patients.

Automatic Classification System for Periapical Lesions in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

Imaging examinations are of remarkable importance for diagnostic support in Dentistry. Imaging techniques allow analysis of dental and maxillofacial tissues (e.g., bone, dentine, and enamel) that are inaccessible through clinical examination, which aids in the diagnosis of diseases as well as treatment planning. The analysis of imaging exams is not trivial; so, it is usually performed by oral and maxillofacial radiologists. The increasing demand for imaging examinations motivates the development of an automatic classification system for diagnostic support, as proposed in this paper, in which we aim to classify teeth as healthy or with endodontic lesion. The classification system was developed based on a Siamese Network combined with the use of convolutional neural networks with transfer learning for VGG-16 and DenseNet-121 networks. For this purpose, a database with 1000 sagittal and coronal sections of cone-beam CT scans was used. The results in terms of accuracy, recall, precision, specificity, and F1-score show that the proposed system has a satisfactory classification performance. The innovative automatic classification system led to an accuracy of about 70%. The work is pioneer since, to the authors knowledge, no other previous work has used a Siamese Network for the purpose of classifying teeth as healthy or with endodontic lesion, based on cone-beam computed tomography images.

Immunohistochemical expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in superficial and deep maxillofacial tissues: A cross-sectional study.

Background and AimsThe involvement of maxillofacial tissues in SARS‐CoV‐2 infections ranges from mild dysgeusia to life‐threatening tissue necrosis, as seen in SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated mucormycosis. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which functions as a receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2 was reported in the epithelial surfaces of the oral and nasal cavities; however, a complete understanding of the expression patterns in deep oral and maxillofacial tissues is still lacking.MethodsThe immunohistochemical expression of ACE2 was analyzed in 95 specimens from maxillofacial tissues and 10 specimens of pulmonary alveolar tissue using a semiquantitative immunohistochemical scoring procedure, taking into account all superficial and deep maxillofacial tissue cells. We also explored the associations of age, gender, and anatomical site with expression scores.ResultsACE2 was detected in keratinized epithelia (57.34%), non‐keratinized epithelia (46.51%), nasal respiratory epithelial cells (73.35%), pulmonary alveolar cells (82.54%), fibroblasts (63.69%), vascular endothelial cells (58.43%), mucous acinar cells (59.88%), serous acinar cells (79.49%), salivary duct cells (86.26%) skeletal muscle fibers (71.01%), neuron support cells (94.25%), and bone marrow cells (72.65%). Age and gender did not affect the expression levels significantly in epithelial cells (p = 0.76, and p = 0.7 respectively); however, identical cells expressed different protein levels depending on the site from which the specimens were obtained. For example, dorsal tongue epithelia expressed significantly lower ACE2 scores than alveolar epithelia (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between ACE2 expression in fibroblasts and epithelial cells (r = 0.378, p = 0.001), and between vascular endothelial and epithelial cells (r = 0.395, p = 0.001).ConclusionACE2 is expressed by epithelial cells and subepithelial tissues including fibroblasts, vascular endothelia, skeletal muscles, peripheral nerves, and bone marrow. No correlation was detected between ACE2 expression and patient age or sex while the epithelial expression scores were correlated with stromal scores.

Potential application of dental stem cells in regenerative reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial tissues: a narrative review.

Background and Objective:Oral and maxillofacial (OMF) defects caused by congenital conditions, injuries, ablative surgery for benign and malignant head & neck tumor, can often lead to OMF deformities and malfunctions in speech, mastication/chewing, and swallowing as well as have deleterious psychological effects and socioeconomic burdens to patients. Due to the unique complex 3D geometry of the head and neck region, reconstruction and rehabilitation of OMF defects remain a major challenge for OMF surgeons.The purpose of this narrative review is to update the information on the biological properties and functions of mesenchymal stem cells derived from various dental tissues (dental-MSCs) and their potential application in tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative reconstruction of OMF tissues.Methods:A data-based search was performed by using PubMed database whereby articles published between 2000 and 2021 in English were included in the search with the following key words: dental stem cells, OMF reconstruction, OMF TE and regeneration.Key Content and Findings:Currently, the advancement in stem cell biology, biomaterial science, and TE technology has demonstrated the significant potential application of stem cell-based therapy in regenerative reconstruction and rehabilitation of OMF defects. However, no stem cell-based product or device has been translated into clinical application to replace microsurgical free tissue transfer, the current mainstay of care in the reconstruction of OMF defects.Conclusions:Currently, microsurgical free tissue transfer remains the gold standard mainstay of care for the reconstruction of OMF defects due to their abundant blood supply and flexibility for transplantation. However, several major challenges, such as the limited availability, the requirement of a second surgery, donor site morbidity, and the risk of free flap failure, have promoted the development of novel approaches. Due to the advancement in stem cell biology, biomaterial science, and TE technology, stem cell-based regenerative therapy is emerging as a promising therapeutic approach for a variety of diseases, including regenerative reconstruction and rehabilitation of OMF defects. In this narrative review, we update on the characteristics and biological functions of mesenchymal stem cells derived from various dental tissues (dental-MSCs) and their released cell-free products, extracellular vesicles (EVs). We also highlighted their potential application in TE and regenerative reconstruction of OMF defects in animal models and clinical studies and the potential challenges in this field.

Advances in circadian rhythms in oral maxillofacial tissues and oral-related diseases

Circadian rhythm is an internal autonomous timing mechanism formed by the body in response to changes of external environment. It participates in the regulations of various physiological activities, affecting the formation and outcome of various diseases in the human body. This paper summarizes the changes of local tissue rhythms in common disease states, such as oral and maxillofacial malformations, inflammation and malignant tumors. The importance of circadian clock system to the activities of oral and maxillofacial tissues are dialectically analyzed, mainly on the mechanisms of action in maintaining oral health and in affecting the processes of common oral diseases and oral-related systemic diseases. At the same time, chronological therapy and new strategies of prevention and treatment for oral-related diseases based on the changes in tissue rhythm are summarized and prospected to provide new ideas for maintaining oral and systemic health.

Isolation and Culture of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Human Mandible.

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have shown great potential in bone regeneration, immune modulation, and treating refractory chronic diseases. Various origins have been found to obtain hMSCs recently, while bone marrow was still considered the main source. Bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) from different donor bone sites have distinct characteristics due to microenvironmental factors. Studies have shown that BMSCs from maxillofacial bone may have greater proliferative and osteogenic capacities than BMSCs from long bones or the iliac crest. And maxillofacial BMSCs were considered more suitable for stem cell therapy in the maxillofacial tissues. The mandible, especially the ascending ramal area with sufficient marrow, was a feasible donor site for harvesting BMSCs. This study described a protocol for harvesting, isolating, and culturing human mandibular bone marrow-derived MSCs (hmBMSCs). Furthermore, immunophenotyping of hmBMSCs, proliferation assays, and in vitro induction of osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation was performed to identify the cultured cells. Applying this protocol can help the researchers successfully obtain enough high-quality hmBMSCs, which is necessary for further studies of the biological function, microenvironmental effects, and clinical applications.

Prospect on the application of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the regeneration of dental and maxillofacial tissues.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the essential mediators of communication between different cells or tissues. EVs participate in the development, homeostasis, repair, and regeneration of tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) secrete a range of bioactive factors, which are important in MSC-mediated tissue regeneration. Great progress has been made in the research of EVs derived from MSCs (MSC-EVs) in the regeneration of dental and maxillofacial tissues. Emerging evidence confirmed that MSC-EVs can efficiently modulate the proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration of stem or progenitor cells and stimulate the regeneration of the neurovascular system. MSC-EVs have been used in regenerating dental pulp, periodontium, jawbone, temporomandibular joint, and maxillofacial soft tissues. Having the advantages of low immunogenicity, versatile function, and suitability for large-scale production, EVs have excellent clinical application prospect. Along with investigations on molecular mechanisms of action and development of standard manufactory and testing systems, therapies u-sing MSC-EVs are promising strategies for regenerating dental and maxillofacial tissues.

Genetics and Oral Diseases: A Scoping Review

Introduction: Recently genes act as hereditary blueprints of humans in our modern evidence-based dentistry era, Genomic wide association studies (GWAS) have investigated genetic and environmental factors which are considered instruments in genesis of complex and wide range of oral & maxillofacial disorders and syndromes. Their findings indicated that genetic mutation & polymorphisms are involved in periodontal diseases and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) etiology & play a role by contributing to small effects and in determining the course and outcome of these disorders. Oral tissues are unique in different aspects, but they share many genetic etiopathogenesis of various disorders that are common to tissues throughout the body. Conditions affecting oral and maxillofacial tissues may occur as a part of systemic conditions or syndromes or single gene mutation or multifactorial gene disorders or X-linked diseases. Objectives: This article provides scopic reviews on the previous and current human genetics factors association with oral, periodontal, and temporomandibular disorders, which may lead to revolutionized treatment and prevention plans in the future. Methods: The literature search was conducted through databases including Egyptian knowledge bank (EKB), and PubMed (NIH) by using scientific terms for periodontal disorders, oral diseases, TMDs and genetic mutation. Additional studies were identified by searching bibliographies of highly relevant articles.

High-Frequency Ultrasound Assessment of Skin and Oral Mucosa in Metabolic Syndrome Patients—A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Exogenous factors (such as sun exposure, smoking habits, and diet) and endogenous (inflammatory status, general diseases) have a direct influence on skin and soft tissue characteristics. The study’s objective was to assess the impact of metabolic syndrome (MS) on characteristics of skin layers in sun-exposed and non-exposed maxillofacial tissues evaluated by high-frequency ultrasound (HFU), as a potential diagnosis and monitoring tool for the aging process. Material and methods: The present study included 102 subjects (24 with MS; 78 without MS). Anthropometric parameters and disease history were recorded, and blood samples were harvested in order to assess biochemical parameters of MS. Sun-exposed skin (zygomatic region) and non-exposed oral mucosa of the lower lip were assessed using HFU (DUB® cutis, Taberna Pro Medicum) with a 22 MHz probe. Results: Patients with cardiac disease had significantly lower values for epidermis density (p = 0.002). Gender was independently linked to the aged dermis depth (p < 0.001), aged dermis no. of px (pixels) (p < 0.001), dermis depth (p < 0.001), dermis no. of px (p < 0.001), and subcutaneous tissue density (p < 0.001). Patients with MS had thinner epidermis (p = 0.008) and thinner aged dermis (p = 0.037) when compared to non-MS subjects. Conclusion: Patients with MS had thinner epidermis and a lower epidermis number of pixels in sun-exposed skin. Women had lower epidermis density and thicker dermis in sun-exposed skin. Our study showed that HFU, as a non-invasive investigation approach, is useful to diagnose and monitor the aging process in skin and oral mucosa, correlated with skin phenotype pathological conditions.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADHESIVE AND FILM-FORMING PROPERTIES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPP. - PATHOGENS OF INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY DISEASES IN SOFT TISSUES OF JAW AND FACIAL AREA

The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between film-forming and adhesive properties of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus spp. Materials and methods. The study included 20 clinical isolates of S. aureus and 10 isolates of S. epidermidis obtained from purulent exudates in patients with infectious inflammatory diseases of soft maxillofacial tissues. Cultivation of these isolates was performed according to standard methods. The assessment of the adhesive properties of the clinical isolates of microorganisms under the study was performed using the standard method of V. I. Brillis et al. Adhesive properties were evaluated by the index of microorganism adhesion. The study of the film-forming property of clinical isolates was performed using the spectrophotometric method of MtP-test "microtiter plate test" by G.D. Christensen. The correlation coefficient (r-Pearson) was applied to determine the relationship between the variables. Results. Clinical strains of S. aureus have been found to possess high adhesive and film-forming properties. In turn, index of adhesion of clinical isolates of S. epidermidis indicates the moderate adhesive properties of the pathogen. Moreover, S. epidermidis showed a moderate ability to form biofilms. The study had shown a close relationship between the adhesion and film formation in clinical isolates of the genus Staphylococcus. Conclusions. Clinical isolates of S. aureus have been found to have high adhesive and film-forming properties. Isolates of S. epidermidis show a moderate ability to adhere and form biofilms. There is a direct strong correlation between the adhesive and film-forming properties of microorganisms of the genus Staphylococcus.

A Retrospective Study to Evaluate Biopsies of Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions.

Background:The clinical manifestations of these lesions comprises pain, paresthesia, swelling, drainage, tooth loss, root resorption, and facial deformity. Alteration in oral and maxillofacial (OMF) tissues of the lesions may cause esthetically and functionally unfavourable effects in patients.Aims and Objectives:To determine the frequency of odontogenic cysts, tumors, and other lesions.Materials and Methods:Patient's records of histopathological reports from the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology were obtained and reviewed over a period of 2 years, and therefore, the lesions were classified into four groups. In cases of recurrent lesions, only the primary diagnosis was considered. The research protocol was approved by the ethical committee of the institution.Results:About 56.4% of males had ameloblastoma, 54.9% of females had cementoma. 59.4% females had giant cell granuloma, 87.5% females had pyogenic granuloma, 77.2% females had osteoma, 65.1% of the female population were belongs to the benign fibro-osseous lesions and 50.2% of females were from fibrous dysplasia in group 3. About 58.8% females had squamous cell carcinoma in group 4.Conclusion:To adequately determine the prevalence and incidence rate of OMF lesions, biopsies performed by other specialists such as otolaryngologists and plastic surgeons in OMF regions should also be evaluated.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the method of prevention and treatment of complications after the tooth removal surgery according to orthodontic indications

The study was performed on 59 orthodontic patients who underwent tooth extraction surgery. In 30 of them (the main group) the drug complex was used, and in 29 (comparison group) the tooth extraction operation was performed without any additional actions. Pharmacological correction included vitamin-mineral complex, immunomodulator, probiotic chewing pills "BioGaya ProDentis" for 1 month. Examinations of children took place before the start of medication and after tooth extraction surgery for 3–4 and 6–7 days. The level of lysozyme activity in the oral fluid of children was determined according to the method of G. Gorin in the modification of A.P. Levitsky and O.O. Zhigina, the content of sIgA, IgA, IgG – by simple radial immunodiffusion, the concentration of IL-1β and IL-4 – by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A microbiological study was also performed. The use of pharmacological complex for the prevention and treatment of post-extraction complications in orthodontic patients for microbial, immune and antioxidant background correction showed a pronounced clinical effect, manifested by the absence of any complications from maxillofacial tissues and probably lower intensity of such clinical signs, redness and swelling. The microbiocenosis of the oral cavity of children who used our proposed means during the surgical stage of orthodontic treatment, showed quantitative and qualitative changes, which was a prerequisite for the normal course of the wound process. Examination of the oral fluid of children who underwent orthodontic surgery on the background of pharmacological correction, showed the restoration of its protective functions (increased lysozyme activity, sIgA levels, IL-4 concentration), which resulted in a postoperative period without complications. Keywords: tooth extraction surgery, complications, microbiocenosis, protective mechanisms of the oral cavity.