Abstract
Background: Exogenous factors (such as sun exposure, smoking habits, and diet) and endogenous (inflammatory status, general diseases) have a direct influence on skin and soft tissue characteristics. The study’s objective was to assess the impact of metabolic syndrome (MS) on characteristics of skin layers in sun-exposed and non-exposed maxillofacial tissues evaluated by high-frequency ultrasound (HFU), as a potential diagnosis and monitoring tool for the aging process. Material and methods: The present study included 102 subjects (24 with MS; 78 without MS). Anthropometric parameters and disease history were recorded, and blood samples were harvested in order to assess biochemical parameters of MS. Sun-exposed skin (zygomatic region) and non-exposed oral mucosa of the lower lip were assessed using HFU (DUB® cutis, Taberna Pro Medicum) with a 22 MHz probe. Results: Patients with cardiac disease had significantly lower values for epidermis density (p = 0.002). Gender was independently linked to the aged dermis depth (p < 0.001), aged dermis no. of px (pixels) (p < 0.001), dermis depth (p < 0.001), dermis no. of px (p < 0.001), and subcutaneous tissue density (p < 0.001). Patients with MS had thinner epidermis (p = 0.008) and thinner aged dermis (p = 0.037) when compared to non-MS subjects. Conclusion: Patients with MS had thinner epidermis and a lower epidermis number of pixels in sun-exposed skin. Women had lower epidermis density and thicker dermis in sun-exposed skin. Our study showed that HFU, as a non-invasive investigation approach, is useful to diagnose and monitor the aging process in skin and oral mucosa, correlated with skin phenotype pathological conditions.
Highlights
Aging is a physiological process that develops in the entire human body, leading to senescence, the decline in biological features, and the adapting capacities to metabolic stress
Skin chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is clinically evidenced by dermatologic examination, and it is expressed by tissue pigmentation and constitution of wrinkles; histopathological investigation shows a degenerative process represented by elastosis, tissue deposition of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and glycosaminoglycans, and altered collagen synthesis [4,5]
The study’s objective was to assess the impact of metabolic syndrome (MS) on characteristics of skin layers in sun-exposed and non-exposed maxillofacial tissues evaluated by high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) as a potential diagnosis and monitoring tool for the aging process
Summary
Aging is a physiological process that develops in the entire human body, leading to senescence, the decline in biological features, and the adapting capacities to metabolic stress. These theories combine both psychosocial and health habits. Skin chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is clinically evidenced by dermatologic examination, and it is expressed by tissue pigmentation and constitution of wrinkles (mainly due to loss of elasticity); histopathological investigation shows a degenerative process represented by elastosis, tissue deposition of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and glycosaminoglycans, and altered collagen synthesis [4,5]. The study’s objective was to assess the impact of metabolic syndrome (MS) on characteristics of skin layers in sun-exposed and non-exposed maxillofacial tissues evaluated by high-frequency ultrasound (HFU), as a potential diagnosis and monitoring tool for the aging process
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