Mature Bone Tissue Research Articles

Endoscopic removal of paranasal sinus osteoma: A case report

Osteomas are the most common benign tumors of the paranasal sinuses.1 The origin of these tumors has been ascribed to embryologic tissue maldevelopment, trauma, or infection.2 Paranasal sinus osteomas can also be seen in Gardner’s syndrome, characterized by intestinal polyposis and bone and skin lesions. Histologically, osteomas are composed of compact and/or cancellous-type mature bone, with vascular or connective tissue components. They grow very slowly and grossly appear as hard, lobulated masses.1 In the decreasing order of frequency, they are seen in the frontal, ethmoidal, and maxillary sinuses. The usual presentation is as an asymptomatic incidental finding on plain or computed tomography (CT) scans. Facial pain, nasal obstruction, proptosis, facial asymmetry, and headache are the most common symptoms. The treatment is surgical excision. The timing of surgery and the type of approach (external vs endoscopic) are controversial.

Integration of metallic endoprotheses in dog femur studied by near-infrared Fourier-transform Raman microscopy

The integration of hydroxyapatite-coated implants in dog femur was studied by near-infrared Fourier-transform Raman microscopy. Raman spectra were taken in lateral scans in step widths of 10–40 μm from the implant surface up to a distance of 320 μm into the bone tissue. The spectra were subjected to a component analysis for the quantitative determination of the protein and the inorganic components. This quantitative analysis is shown to be more reliable than conventional band fitting procedures and allows, for the first time, the quantitative distinction between the hydroxyapatite form of mature bone tissue and synthetic hydroxyapatite introduced by the implant coating. It is demonstrated that full mineralization of the ongrowing bone is not achieved after 6 months. In contrast, after a residence time of 18 months in the body, the Raman spectra reveal a complete calcification of the new bone tissue as indicated by content of biological hydroxyapatite that is the same as in mature bone tissue throughout the whole implant/bone interface. On the other hand, the content of synthetic hydroxyapatite is strongly reduced in the sample prepared after eighteen months implantation whereas for the shorter implantation time, substantial contributions of synthetic hydroxyapatite are found even at positions beyond the thickness of the implant coating. These results indicate that the coating material is actively involved in the mineralization of ongrowing bone. Possible mechanisms for the underlying transport processes in the implant/bone interface are discussed.

Ossification in atherosclerotic carotid arteries.

Heterotopic ossification as newly formed bone in extraosseous tissue is an uncommon finding in atherosclerotic lesions. The exact mechanisms and development of bone formation in regard to late stage calcified atherosclerosis still remains under debate. We studied 400 autopsy carotid probes and 306 samples of atherosclerotic carotid endatherectomy. Radiographic analysis and classification of calcification was performed followed by light microscopy. In probes with detected ossifications further analysis using immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray micro-analysis (EDX) including calcium mapping was performed. Ossification in atherosclerotic carotid arteries was a finding in only a minority of samples (5%) and occurred at sites of large calcific deposits. Histomorphology of bone formation equaled skeletal bone showing osteoblastic cells, osteocytes included in osteoid matrix, bone marrow and osteolytic giant multinucleated cells. Closely related to newly formed bone zones of neovascularization were found. Development of ossification seemed to occur in five stages (lipidous plaque, fibrous cellular plaque, fibrous acellular plaque, calcified plaque and osteogenesis). The environment of sites of ossification was characterized by a varying texture of extracellular fibrous matrix, foam cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and calcified deposits. Heterotopic ossifications of atherosclerotic plaques seem to be a specific differentiation of fibrous plaques. Components of atherosclerotic lesions like vascular wall cells, neovessels and matrix structures seem to be involved in the process of transformation to mature bone tissue.

Transmission electron microscopy of the interface between bone and pseudowollastonite implant

This paper reports on the structural morphology of the interface in vivo between implants composed of bioactive synthetic pseudowollastonite ceramic and bone in rat tibias. Thin sections of the interfaces were examined after 6 and 8 weeks of implantation period in a high resolution transmission electron microscope up to the lattice plane resolution level. The interfaces developed normal biological and chemical activities and remained reactive over the 8-week period. The regions showing direct bone tissue bonding to the implant contained nanocrystals of hydroxyapatite-like phase growing epitaxially across the interface in the [002] direction. The nanocrystals were also identified in the bone tissue formed in the interfacial area. The reactivity of the implant caused in the first instance formation of an amorphous woven type of bone, which transformed into a crystalline lamellar type containing collagen fibres. The Ca/P ratio of the interfacial region was found to be between 1.67 in the mature bone tissue formed about 5 microm from the interface, and 2.06 in the regions right at the interface.

上顎洞内遊離骨片の２例

Two patients with isolated bone fragments in the maxillary sinus are described and discussed with a review of the literature. One patient was a 46-year-old woman, and the other was a 57-year-old woman. These patients had no symptoms, but had fallen on their faces.Orthopantomography revealed calcified structures in the molar region near the maxillary sinus. Osteoma of the maxillary sinus was suspected.Under local anesthesia, the lesions were removed from the maxillary sinus and examined histopathologically. The structures were comfirmed to be isolated bone fragments consisting of mature bone tissue. After surgical treatment, complications improved.

Osteoma of the Base of the Tongue

A 14-year-old girl developed a firm mass at the base of the tongue. Computed tomography indicated marked density suggesting either a foreign body or bony tissue. A thyroid scan confirmed the presence of a normally sized and positioned gland. The mass was removed in toto and found to be an osteoma. This is the first report of a case in which the diagnosis of this rare developmental lesion of the tongue was achieved preoperatively based on clinical and radiologic information. This experience should lead to greater awareness of this entity in the future. Recognition of this entity in the pediatric age group is especially useful in avoiding misdiagnosis of other, potentially more aggressive types of tongue mass lesions. Our case demonstrates that it is possible to detect this entity using computed tomography. The dense calcification is truly characteristic of the tumor and may be relied upon to exclude alternative soft tissue mass lesions. While other forms of osseous and cartilagenous neoplasms, such as extraskeletal osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma, have been reported arising in the tongue, their malignant nature should otherwise be readily apparent. Osteoma of the tongue is the favored diagnosis when mature bone tissue is imaged at the base of the tongue.

Establishment of an osteoblast-like cell line, MMC2, from p53-deficient mice

An immortalized cell line exhibiting a well-differentiated osteoblast-like phenotype was established from calvaria of p53 tumor suppressor-deficient mice. This cell line, designated MMC2, showed several osteoblast-like properties such as high alkaline phosphatase activity, expression of type I collagen and osteocalcin mRNA, and differentiated in vitro to produce mineralized extracellular matrix. Alkaline phosphatase activity and the level of osteocalcin mRNA expression and the production of mineralized matrix were significantly enhanced by the addition of ascorbic acid. Although the cells proliferated rapidly and indefinitely, they did not grow in soft agar and were nontumorigenic in nude mice. These characteristics were equivalent to those observed in MC3T3-E1, a well-known osteoblast-like cell line. When inoculated in nude mice, however, MMC2 produced matured bone tissue, which was not observed in the case of MC3T3-E1. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and 4 and type IA receptor mRNA was demonstrated in cultured MMC2 cells. These results indicate that this new osteoblast-like cell line, MMC2, will be a unique material for the analysis of bone cell biology.

Effects of aging on titanium implants inserted into the tibiae of female rats using light microscopy, SEM, and image processing.

We examined the influence of aging on the implant-bone interface of titanium implants inserted transcortically and extending into the medullary canal of rat tibiae, and quantitatively assessed the differences in bone reaction using an image processing system. Three groups of 15 female rats, aged 6 weeks (young group), 22 weeks (adult group), and 80 weeks (old group) were used in this experiment. The animals were sacrificed 28 days after implant placement. Toluidine blue stained undecalcified sections were prepared for histological observation and image analysis, and the implant socket was observed by SEM. There was no difference in the degree of maturation of newly formed bone between the young and adult groups. Titanium implants inserted in the young and adult groups were surrounded with a bone layer. In the old group, however, there was little mature bone tissue around the implants. Quantitative evaluation indicated that the young group showed the highest, the adult group showed a slightly lower, and the old group showed the lowest percent bone contact, thickness of bone contact, and area of bone surrounding the implant.

Effects of aging on titanium implants inserted into the tibiae of female rats using light microscopy, SEM, and image processing

We examined the influence of aging on the implant-bone interface of titanium implants inserted transcortically and extending into the medullary canal of rat tibiae, and quantitatively assessed the differences in bone reaction using an image processing system. Three groups of 15 female rats, aged 6 weeks (young group), 22 weeks (adult group), and 80 weeks (old group) were used in this experiment. The animals were sacrificed 28 days after implant placement. Toluidine blue stained undecalcified sections were prepared for histological observation and image analysis, and the implant socket was observed by SEM. There was no difference in the degree of maturation of newly formed bone between the young and adult groups. Titanium implants inserted in the young and adult groups were surrounded with a bone layer. In the old group, however, there was little mature bone tissue around the implants. Quantitative evaluation indicated that the young group showed the highest, the adult group showed a slightly lower, and the old group showed the lowest percent bone contact, thickness of bone contact, and area of bone surrounding the implant. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ヒト下顎骨骨皮質形成の加齢に伴う組織学的変化

A histological study on the human mandible was performed, using large celloidin-embedded sections of a total of 63 human mandibles. All the materials were autopsy cases with the range from a 11.8cm crown-heel length fetus to the age of 63 years. The histological study was focused on the chronological as well as developmental changes of the mandibular cortex and the periosteal tissue. Results were summarized as follows : I. Developmental process of the cortex Cortex of a 11.8cm fetus already showed a spongy appearance consisting of fibrous bone. A. Maturation process of the cortex The focal appearance of lamellar bone was noted first in the fibrous bone of a 18.0cm fetus. A 31.0cm fetus had the cortex consisting entirely of a mixture of fibrous and lamellar bones. Moreover, in a 34.0cm fetus, the cortex of the mandibular body was composed entirely of lamellar bone. In a 3-month-old infant, the whole cortex consisted entirely of lamellar bone, and no further histologic changes were observed. From a viewpoint of anatomic sites, the lamellar bones appeared firstly and simultaneously in the body, angle and ramus, and appeared subsequently in the condylar process, incisor region and finally in the coronoid process. B. Consolidation of the cortex A 23.0cm fetus exhibited the focal appearance of band-like tissue in the spongy bone. In a 2-year-old infant the entire contex consisted of a mixture of spongy and band-like tissue. The entire replacement of the cortex by band-like tissue was observed first in the body of 39.5cm fetus and was noted in the whole cortex in a 5-year-old child. No further subsequent changes were seen. From a viewpoint of anatomic locations, the band-like consolidation was noted in the body, ramus, coronoid process, condylar process, incisor region and angle in order of the occurrence. II. Developmental process of the bone in the subperiosteal tissue Eosinophilic and amorphous material which appeared in early fetal period was the most primitive precursor of the bone. This material changed to bone-like tissue, and then to usual new bone tissue. In terms of the chronological relation with formation of the cortex, the above histologic changes in the subperiosteal tissue, including eosinophilid amorphous material, bone-like tissue, usual new bone tissue and usual mature bone tissue, occurred in the period, when the cortex exhibited the maturation process from fibrous and spongy tissue to lamellar and band-like tissue. Moreover, both tissues showed body fusion, resulting in the appearance of usual bone cortex at the age of 5 years. There were no further chronological change. III. Osteoporosis The first osteoporotic change was observed in the incisor region of a 44-year-old case, showing dilated vessels and fibrosis in Harversian canals. Subsequently this osteoporotic changes were noted in the body angle, coronoid process, condylar process and ramus in order of the appearance. Fat cells were also noted in a 58-year-old case.

Ultrastructural immunolocalization of fibronectin in epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone of young rats.

Fibronectin is a well known glycoprotein of extracellular connective tissue matrices due to a specific amino acid-sequence (RGD) suggested to act as an attachment factor in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions. Although also present in bone, little is known about the role of fibronectin in this tissue. To obtain data for discussions on function we used ultrastructural immunolocalization techniques to quantitatively examine the distribution of fibronectin in various bone matrix compartments. The study was focused on three different stages of endochondral ossification in growing long bones of young rats. The results show large amounts of fibronectin in mature bone tissue. At a higher magnification, an obvious fibronectin association to individual fibrils of collagen type I was demonstrated. Intracellular labeling was observed in Golgi-related vesicles in some active osteoblasts of metaphyseal bone, indicating local synthesis of fibronectin. In contrast to previous suggestions based on light microscopic observations, the labeling of bone or cartilage matrices facing the surface of all cell types were low. The pattern is clearly different from that of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein, two other bone matrix proteins with the same cell-binding sequence. Our results indicate that fibronectin at these stages of development participates in matrix organization rather than being an important link between cartilage or bone matrix and adjacent cells.

Multiple Osteomas in Mice

Osteomas (dense compact neoplasms of mature bone tissue) are rare in nearly all strains and stocks of mice. Of 224 Him:OF1 mice maintained until natural death or until terminally ill, 116 (51.8%) had one or more osteomas. Osteomas had a predilection for the skull and the larger bones of the limbs. Plasma alkaline phosphatase concentrations were elevated significantly in osteoma-bearing mice (446 +/- 153 U/liter versus 206 +/- 65 U/liter in age-matched controls without osteomas). Only very large osteomas resulted in clinical signs, and longevity was not shortened. Histologic examination showed clearly separated dense bony tissue irregularly arranged and forming a mosaic pattern, with distinct cement lines and medullary spaces filled with fibroreticular connective tissue. Electron microscopic examination revealed virus-like structures in osteoblasts, osteocytes, and fibroblasts and in the place of remnants of necrotic cells.

An unusual ossified thoracic disc herniation

We report an unusual ossified thoracic disc herniation occurring in a man, aged 69 years. The ruptured disc formed a large mass occupying the entire spinal canal at the T8-T9 intervertebral level. Histology confirmed that this was an ossified disc with mature bone tissue. He improved after decompression through a posterolateral approach.

微小電気刺激が骨再生の初期過程に及ぼす影響

The study investigated early stage of regeneration of bone defect by an electrical stimulation in Rats. Electrical current source produced by a sheet of poling VDF/Tr FE film was used as irregular current and membrane.The subject were Wistar-strain male rats with an average age of 13 to 15 weeks, which were then randomaized into 3 test groups. Under general anaesthesia, a hole (2 mm) was drill in femoral diaphysis of each rat in all groups. In the contral group, the hole was uncovered. In Group A, poling VDF/Tr FE film was covered. In Group B, the hole was covered by poling VDF/Tr FE film which generated a maximum average voltage of +1, 531--1, 612 m V when the rat moved freely. Histopathological observations were made by light and electron microscopy.The results were as follows.1. By electrical stimulation of the film, bone regeneration was facilitated to increase the number of mesenchymal cells in the endosteal site, and induced osteoblastic differentiation after three days.2. By electrical stimulation of the film, new vascula formation had been effected to create a suitable enviroment in which bone regeneration could be facilitated after five and seven days.3. The film could facilitated bone remodeling by osteoclast after seven days and matured bone tissue at the early stage.4. The materials and electrical stimulation of the film did not obstruct dysplastic osteoblast and facilitated bone regeneration at early stage.

Effect of intermittent mechanical force on bone tissue in vitro: preliminary results.

The structure of metatarsal bones from 18-day-old rats subjected to intermittent mechanical force in organ culture are reported. The application of mechanical force enhances the osteoid thickness and osteoblast number in the periosteum and increases the number of viable osteocytes. These results indicate that (1) the mature bone tissue survives in organ cultures; (2) the mechanical forces better preserve the structure of the osteocytes and stimulate the osteoblasts, and (3) stimulate the osteogenesis.

特発性異所性骨化によりひ骨神経障害をきたした一例

The peroneal nerve is susceptible to trauma, ganglion, fabella, bone tumor, etc. The heterotopic bone mass rarely causes damage to the peroneal nerve. This paper reports a rare case of the peroneal damage caused by heterotopic bone mass of unknown etiology. A 63 year-old man, who did not have a history of antecedent trauma, had pain in the lateral part of his leg after squatting for a long period of time. On the radiogram, a disc-like ossification was found beneath the fibular head. Physical examination showed that the mass seemed to compress the peroneal nerve directly. The mass was extirpated, and the histological examination revealed that it was composed of mature bone tissue. The finding strongly suggested the diagnosis of myositis ossificans nontraumatica by Fine.

A CASE OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION ON LAPAROTOMY SCAR AFTER GASTRECTOMY

Recent experience with heterotopic ossification on the laparotomy scar in a 61-year-old man is described with some discussion on the etiology. There was a history of undergoing gastrectomy with an upper middle line incision 13 years before. About 5 years after the operation he had a nodular mass extending from the end-to-end of the incisional scar, and then about 8 years later the lesion was removed because it might cause disturbance of passage in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The removed specimen was 16×3.3×2.8 cm in size, and showed microscopically the bone and cartilagineous tissues with the marrow. Various hyposeses would offer various explanations on the etiology of this disease. From histopathological analysis we employed one that this heterotopic ossification was undertaken under the metaplastic origin. In other words, the old hyalinous scar tissues became calcified lesion as matrix for Ca-deposition and such calcified lesion developed to mature bone tissues due to metaplastic osteoblasts derived from regional immature mesenchyma cells.

Postlaminectomy ossified extradural pseudocyst

A large ossified spurious meningocele accompanied by recurrent lumbar disc herniation occurred 7 years after posterior intervention for laminectomy and discectomy in a 53-year-old man. The cyst wall, histologically composed of mature bone tissue, was sparsely covered with connective tissue and lined with fibrocyte- or fibroblast-like cells on the inside. The ossified pseudocyst was presumed to have originated from a minute defect in the dura mater which occurred at the time of the first operation.

Interferon-inhibited human osteosarcoma xenografts induce host bone in nude mice.

The growth of human osteosarcoma xenografts in nude mice can be inhibited by human interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha). Histologic examination of growth-inhibited tumors has revealed mineralization and partial replacement of the tumor by normal bone tissue. We have investigated whether the normal bone tissue was formed by differentiated tumor cells or by induction of host stroma to differentiate into bone tissue. Employing antibodies to both murine and human type I collagen, it was found that the normal bone produced in IFN-inhibited osteosarcomas was host derived. These results suggest that IFN induced the osteosarcoma cells to produce a bone-inductive agent that interacts with the host cells, and leads to the formation of mature normal bone tissue in a heterotopic site.

Chondrocalcin and the Calcification of Cartilage

A protein recently identified and named chondrocalcin is associated with the calcification of hyaline cartilage matrix in health and disease. Chondrocalcin is absent from noncalcifying growth plate cartilages in disease. It is also present in noncalcifying developing epiphyseal cartilage. The molecule appears to be synthesized and secreted by chondrocytes, particularly those committed to becoming hypertrophic. It is not detectable in developing or mature bone, teeth, or other tissues, although trace amounts are present in blood. The assigned molecular weight is 69,000. The protein is basic and is constructed of two subunits of 35,500 and 34,500.