Matter PM2 Research Articles

動植物油脂燃料ディーゼル機関の性能と排ガスの環境特性

The object of this study is to experimentally evaluate a performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder, four stroke cycle, direct-injection type diesel engine with no modifications operating on gas oil, waste vegetable oils, waste animal fat from restaurant grease and rice oil methyl ester. To prevent the clogging of the injection nozzle, gas oil was used as fuel before and after the experiment by tested fuels. The combustion characteristics and emissions such as specific energy consumption, ignition delay, concentra-tions of NOx, CO, THC, particulate matter PM and smoke opacity are compared with those of JIS # 2 gas oil. The measurement results showed that the vegetable oil and animal fat produced lower amount of CO, smoke and PM at high load condition. Specially, animal fat offers a measurable reduction in NOx concentration compared to JIS # 2 gas oil, while at the same time lowering, PM and smoke at high load condition. Also discussed are the usability of the fuel pre-heater to reduce the effect of the high viscosity of animal fat, as well as the validity of application to a treatment process of the waste food oil.

Long-term urban aerosol simulation versus routine particulate matter observations

Abstract The ability of chemistry-transport models (CTMs) to accurately simulate particulate matter in urban areas is still to be demonstrated. This study presents a statistical evaluation of the performances of a mesoscale aerosol CTM over the Paris area, calculated over a long time period. Model simulations are compared to measured particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 levels at monitoring ground stations. In summer, the PM10 daily mean levels are fairly well predicted by the model at all stations with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.67, relatively low biases (

ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF PM2.5 PARTICLES COLLECTED IN DOWNTOWN MEXICO CITY

Fine particulate matter PM 2.5 samples have been regularly collected in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area commencing in the year 2003, when a new PM 2.5 sampling network was made fully operational. Samples have been collected during 24 h periods every third day using US EPA Federal Reference Method (FRM) samplers. In this study, the elemental composition of two sets of PM 2.5 samples collected at the "Merced" sampling site located in downtown Mexico City (19°25'28''N, 99°07'09''W) were determined by PIXE. Ten elements ( S , Cl , K , Ca , Ti , Mn , Fe , Cu , Zn , and Pb ) were detected in most of the samples. Some others appeared occasionally, but only those consistently detected were considered significant for the analysis. Other analytical equipments operating simultaneously at the site provided complementary data of several variables such as SO 2, NO 2, NOx and CO . An enhanced database was thus built adding these results to the database derived from previous PIXE analysis. Further statistical analysis of the database allowed identifying four principal sources in two seasons and permitted to estimate the corresponding source apportionment.

Personal exposures and microenvironment concentrations of PM2.5, VOC, NO2 and CO in Oxford, UK

Between 1998 and 2000 in Oxford, UK, simultaneous personal exposures and microenvironmental measurements (home indoor, home outdoor and work indoor) to fine particulate matters PM 2.5 , volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) were carried out once per person among 50 adults over a 48-h period. Thirty-seven elements in PM 2.5 and 30 different VOCs were analysed. Questionnaires were distributed to record their time-activity patterns and exposure-related information. Results showed that participants spent more time (89.5%) in all indoors than in other microenvironments. Geometric mean (GM) of personal and home indoor levels of PM 2.5 , 14 elements (aluminium, arsenic, bromine, calcium, copper, iron, gallium , potassium, sodium, phosphorus, lead, selenium, silicon, titanium), total VOC (TVOC) and 8 individual compounds (nonane, decane, undecane, trimethylbenzene, toluene, benzaldehyde, alpha-pinene and d -limonene) were over 20% higher than their GM outdoor levels. Those of NO 2 , 5 aromatic VOCs (benzene, o -xylene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, m , p -xylene) and 5 other elements (chlorine, magnesium, manganese, sulphur, zinc) were close to their GM outdoor levels. For PM 2.5 and TVOC, personal exposures and residential indoor levels (in GM) were about 2 times higher among the tobacco-smoke exposed group compared to the non-smoke exposed group, suggesting that smoking is an important determinant of these exposures. Determinants for CO were visualised by real-time monitoring, and we showed that the peak levels of personal exposure to CO were associated with smoking, cooking and transportation activities. Moderate to good correlations were only found between the personal exposures and residential indoor levels for both PM 2.5 ( r = 0.60 , p < 0.001 ) and NO 2 ( r = 0.47 , p = 0.003 ).

A study of the particulate matter PM 10 composition in the atmosphere of Chillán, Chile

Inhalable particulate matter (PM 10) concentrations were measured over 24-h intervals at six different urban sites in the city of Chillán from September 2001 to April 2003. Sampling locations were selected to represent central city, commercial, residential, and industrial portions of the city. Chemical composition of PM 10 was performed to samples of 47 mm diameter Teflon membranes within the city of Chillán. The spatial and temporal variability of the chemical composition of PM 10 was evaluated taking into account additional data from meteorology and further air pollutants. The majority of PM mass was comprised of carbon, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, and crustal components but in different proportion on different days and at different sites. The chemical analyses showed that carbonaceous substances and crustal material were the most abundant component of PM 10 during the winter and summer, respectively. The concentrations of PM 10 were higher during the cold season than during the warm season. The PM 10 concentrations were higher in the downtown area of the city of Chillán, where also the chemical composition was more variable due to urban traffic and other anthropogenic sources.

The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Measured Urban PM10 and PM2.5 in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area

We have studied particulate matter (PM) concentrations,PM10 and PM2.5, measured in an urban air qualitymonitoring network in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area during1997–1999. The data includes PM10 concentrationsmeasured at five locations (two urban traffic, one suburbantraffic, one urban background and one regional backgroundsite) and PM2.5 concentrations measured at twolocations (urban traffic and urban background sites). Theconcentrations of PM10 show a clear diurnal variation,as well as a spatial variation within the area. Bycontrast, both the spatial and temporal variation of thePM2.5 concentrations was moderate. We have analysedthe evolution of urban PM concentrations in terms of therelevant meteorological parameters in the course of oneselected peak pollution episode during 21–31 March, 1998.The meteorological variables considered included wind speedand direction, ambient temperature, precipitation, relativehumidity, atmospheric pressure at the ground level,atmospheric stability and mixing height. The elevated PMconcentrations during the 1998 March episode were clearlyrelated to conditions of high atmospheric pressure,relatively low ambient temperatures and low wind speeds inpredominantly stable atmospheric conditions. The resultsprovide indirect evidence indicating that the PM10concentrations originate mainly from local vehiculartraffic (direct emissions and resuspension), while thePM2.5 concentrations are mostly of regionally andlong-range transported origin.

Characterisation of Particulate Matter PM10 and PM2.5 in Northrhine Westphalia, Saxonia and Lithuania—First Results

Characterisation of Particulate Matter PM10 and PM2.5 in Northrhine Westphalia, Saxonia and Lithuania—First Results

Trend of Particulate Matter PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Dhaka City

Dhaka City has been affecting with severe air pollution particularly by particulate matter. The ambient air quality data for particulate matter were collected during April 2002 to September 2005 at the Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAMS) located at Sangshad Bhaban, Dhaka. Data reveal that the pollution from particulate matter greatly varies with climatic condition. While the level comes down the limit value in the monsoon period (April-October), it goes beyond the limit during non-monsoon time (November-March). The latest data show that during monsoon period PM 10 concentration varies from 50 μg/m3 to 80 μg/m3 and PM 2.5 concentration from 20 μg/m3 to 60 μg/m3 and during non monsoon period PM 10 varies from 100 μg/m3 to 250 μg/m3 and PM 2.5 varies from 70 μg/m3 to 165 μg/m3. The seasonal variation clearly indicates the severe PM 10 pollution during the dry winter season and also sometime during post-monsoon season in Dhaka City. Keywords: Air pollution; PM 2.5; PM 10; Air quality DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i3.9049 BJSIR 2011; 46(3): 389-398