Matter Of Trust Research Articles

Why and When Abusive Supervision Harms Voice: A Matter of Trust and Employee Regulatory Focus

Drawing on social exchange theory and affective / cognitive trust dimensions, this study examined the negative relationship and the underlying mechanism of abusive supervision on employee voice. Using data collected from 283 supervisor-employee dyads, the current study found that only affective trust in supervisor substantially mediated the relationship between abusive supervision and voice. Though abusive supervision has negative impact on both affective trust and cognitive trust, a mediating effect of cognitive trust was insignificant. Damage to the two types of trust turned out to have different effects on voice. Furthermore, applying a moderated mediation model and regulatory focus theory, this study investigated that employee regulatory focus moderates the strength of the indirect effect of abusive supervision on employee voice via affective trust. Concretely, promotion-focused employees less suffer from the negative impact of abusive supervision on voice, while the moderating effect of prevention-focus was rejected. Theoretical and practical implications, and limitations are discussed.

Culture and Multiple Firm–Bank Relationships: A Matter of Secrecy and Trust?

This study examines the impact of trust and a national culture of secretiveness on the number of bank relationships per firm. We hypothesize that the degree of openness of a firm and trust between economic agents may influence the willingness of the firm to release sensitive information to its lenders, as well as the decision between maintaining single or multiple bank relationships. Using a sample of over 8000 non-financial firms operating in 12 countries from the eurozone we provide evidence that a national culture of secrecy enhances the number of bank relationships, while trust has the opposite effect. Results are robust to the use of various estimation techniques, alternative definitions of secrecy and trust, controls for firm-level and country-level characteristics, and instrumental variables. The main implication of this finding is that the financial decisions of firms cannot be effectively examined without considering deep-rooted national cultural elements. We also find that the results are mainly driven by small and medium enterprises, implying that the higher informational opaqueness of these firms enhances the role of secrecy and trust.

Teens’ Motivations to Spread Fake News on WhatsApp

Younger people are exposed to misinformation that circulates rapidly on their mobile devices through instant messaging applications such as WhatsApp. Under the guise of news, an attractive format and outrage discourse, fake news appeal to their emotions by inviting them to distribute them impulsively. All of this is supported by a device—the mobile phone—in which the action of sharing is a matter of trust. Therefore, they are less likely to check a piece of content before resending it if it comes from a contact in their personal address book. To understand young people’s habits when receiving informative content through WhatsApp and the reasons why they choose to share it or not, this study designed a “Questionnaire on Student Habits for Sharing Fake News on the Mobile” (CHECK-M), to measure young teenagers’ exposure to “fake news” and their behavior. Empirical data, from a sample of 480 adolescents, confirmed that (1) they are more likely to share content if it connects with their interests, regardless of its truthfulness, that (2) trust affects the credibility of information, and that (3) the appearance of newsworthy information ensures that, regardless of the nature of the content, this information is more likely to be shared among young people.

Trust, trustworthiness and sharing patient data for research

When it comes to using patient data from the National Health Service (NHS) for research, we are often told that it is a matter of trust: we need to trust,...

A Matter of Trust

Mental health problems among children and adolescents are widespread. Parents seeking information about child mental health problems and treatments face numerous barriers, including fear of stigmatization and uncertainty about where to seek help. In this qualitative study, seven parents whose children had experienced a mental health, behavioral, or emotional problem were interviewed about their attitudes and beliefs about child mental health information sources. Analysis revealed that the concept of trust was an overarching theme in parents’ pursuit and evaluation of information. Related themes included a preference for information from other parents with experience parenting a child with a mental health problem; seeking information from knowledgeable professionals with whom the parents had personal relationships; concerns about confidentiality and protection of privacy; and involvement of school personnel when seeking mental health information and help. Findings support the need for improved mental health literacy among parents and suggest that social workers should play a more active role in educating families and service providers about child mental health.

It's a matter of trust: exploring the basis of program directors' decisions about whether to trust a resident to care for a loved one.

There has been increased attention to and emphasis on competency-based medical education and the transformation from highly supervised medical students towards independent, entrustable physicians. We explored how program directors (PDs) justify decisions about whether they would trust finishing Post Graduate Year 1 (PGY1) residents to care for the PD or a loved one. Using an end of year survey with validity evidence, we assessed PDs' responses (Yes, No, Not Sure) and written comments about this entrustment decision for USUHS medical students from graduating classes of 2013-2015 (PGY1). We performed a qualitative inductive content analysis to identify themes in how PDs justified their decisions as well as descriptive statistics and a contingency table analysis to examine associations between trust decisions and election to membership in Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA), or conversely, referral to the Student Promotions Committee (SPC) for remediation. Qualitative analyses revealed five themes related to this trust decision about medical residents: personal, interpersonal, knowledge, competence, and developmental. Neither AOA status, nor SPC referral status was significantly associated with the trust measure, overall, but positive trust decisions were significantly higher among those elected to AOA than in those who were not. Positive trust decisions were significantly associated with AOA status but negative trust decisions were not significantly associated with referral to the SPC. This study offers insights into what attributes may underpin trust decisions by PDs. Our findings suggest that PDs' frequent use of personal and interpersonal characteristics to justify trust decisions contrasts with the use of clinical and knowledge based assessments during undergraduate medical education (UME), and emphasize the importance of critical intrinsic abilities.

A Formal Approach to Accountability in Heterogeneous Systems-on-Chip

Systems-on-chip (SoCs) are increasingly being composed of designs provided by different organizations. When such an SoC miscomputes or performs below expectation in-field, it is unclear which of the on-chip components caused the failure. The customer would like to use SoCs that provide the property of accountability, wherein the failure-causing component, and consequently its designing organization, can be unambiguously detected. Since it is a matter of trust, the various parties involved desire formal guarantees regarding any accountability solution. The solution must find the guilty component(s) in the event of a chip failure. Additionally, the solution must not falsely implicate any component that functioned correctly. This article formally describes the property of accountability, a formal methodology of constructing an accountability solution, and a formal game-theory based methodology to reason about and prove the viability of a proposed solution. We explore the entire space of solutions, and characterize the attack surface and methods to provide accountability for each setting. We show non-intuitive results in this article where seemingly simple solutions actually provide very powerful theoretical guarantees in terms of accountability.

Adult Adoption on Trial: In the Matter of the Trust for the Benefit of Doris Duke, et al.

Adult Adoption on Trial: In the Matter of the Trust for the Benefit of Doris Duke, et al.

A Matter of Trust and Utility? Perceptions of Online Political Content, Protest, and Political Participation in South Korea

A Matter of Trust and Utility? Perceptions of Online Political Content, Protest, and Political Participation in South Korea

A matter of trust: Higher education institutions as information fiduciaries in an age of educational data mining and learning analytics

AbstractHigher education institutions are mining and analyzing student data to effect educational, political, and managerial outcomes. Done under the banner of “learning analytics,” this work can—and often does—surface sensitive data and information about, inter alia, a student's demographics, academic performance, offline and online movements, physical fitness, mental wellbeing, and social network. With these data, institutions and third parties are able to describe student life, predict future behaviors, and intervene to address academic or other barriers to student success (however defined). Learning analytics, consequently, raise serious issues concerning student privacy, autonomy, and the appropriate flow of student data. We argue that issues around privacy lead to valid questions about the degree to which students should trust their institution to use learning analytics data and other artifacts (algorithms, predictive scores) with their interests in mind. We argue that higher education institutions are paradigms of information fiduciaries. As such, colleges and universities have a special responsibility to their students. In this article, we use the information fiduciary concept to analyze cases when learning analytics violate an institution's responsibility to its students.

REDDIT QUARANTINED: CONSEQUENCES OF DEALING WITH DISTRUST IN SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS THROUGH RESTRICTING ENGAGEMENT

Online abuse has become a matter of trust for social media platforms, whose role as a facilitator of public debate has been called into question. In response social media companies have become more active in regulating and banning particular users and channels.
 Through the use of affordances theory, this paper examines one example of the regulation of content on a social media site, the revamp of the quarantining function on Reddit in late 2018. Quarantines are designed to halt participation within and growth of subreddits without banning them outright.
 The paper uses quantitative and qualitative data to examine the consequences of this revamp on two subreddits, r/Braincels and r/TheRedPill. Through studying activity levels on these subreddits the paper argues that quarantines did limit discussion within these subreddits. However, it also argues that the revamp had unintended consequences, in particular a growth in distrust between subreddit users and Reddit as a site, and a shift of users away from Reddit to less regulated sites.
 The paper argues that quarantining shifted the affordances of Reddit, in this instance resulting in greater discouragement of activity on particular subreddits. Using the mechanisms and conditions framework (Davis and Chouinard, 2016) the paper however argues that users adapted to and circumvented this discouragement to continue engaging in particular behavior.
 While quarantining had short term benefits, using an affordances framework this paper argues it had unintended consequences, ones which can result in a continued radicalization of actions and beliefs, furthering distrust in the online sphere.

Benchmarking vs. assessments — A matter of taste, teamwork, and trust

Over the course of this summer, I enjoyed my subscription to the MasterClass online series, in which accomplished professionals in a variety of fields provide insights and highly developed strategies for viewers to incorporate into their own opportunities in the same arena. I was especially intrigued by one episode from James Suckling, a world‐class sommelier, who discussed blind tastings, among other techniques, to build expertise and deeper understanding of the making of wine.

A Matter of Trust: The Ashby Research Service and the Business of Market Research

As Australia's pioneering market research firm, the Ashby Research Service helped introduce market research to Australian businesses and played a leading role in building confidence in market research as a business investment. By examining the firm's activities and organisational operations from the 1930s to the 1970s, this article contends that the establishment, development, maintenance, and deepening of trust underpinned all aspects of the firm's operations – from internal practices to externally focused client relations. The long‐term approach also illustrates the multiplicity of factors contributing to the development of trust in business, and underscores the importance of culture in this process.

A Matter of Trust

Trust is a fundamental tenet of the patient-physician relationship and is central to providing person-centered care. Because trust is profoundly relational and social, building trust requires navigation around issues of power, perceptions of competence, and the pervasive influence of unconscious bias-processes that are inherently complex and challenging for learners, even under the best of circumstances. The authors examine several of these challenges related to building trust in the patient-physician relationship. They also explore trust in the student-teacher relationship. In an era of competency-based medical education, a learner has the additional duty to be perceived as "entrustable" to 2 parties: the patient and the preceptor. Dialogue, a relational form of communication, can provide a framework for the development of trust. By engaging people as individuals in understanding each other's perspectives, values, and goals, dialogue ultimately strengthens the patient-physician relationship. In promoting a sense of agency in the learner, dialogue also strengthens the student-teacher relationship by fostering trust in oneself through development of a voice of one's own.

Loyalty Betrayed

Loyalty Betrayed John Kleinig (bio) I don't care a damn for your loyalty when you think I'm right. The time I want it is when you think I'm wrong. —Sir John Monash (1934, epigraph pt. 1) sir john monash, australia's greatest military commander, offers an interestingly nuanced take on what is usually expressed more crudely. He sees loyalty as a matter of costly relational trust—trust in the judgment of another to whom one is attached; trust in situations in which the object of trust, in this case a person in authority, is believed to be mistaken. In maintaining loyalty one takes a risk. Whether or not one should commend Monash's sentiment, his way of putting it at least adverts to what ought to be critical to such loyalty—a belief in the trustworthiness of its object. This stands in marked contrast to the facially similar remark: "I don't need your loyalty when I'm right; I need it when I'm wrong."1 The latter version captures in a nutshell (albeit too succinctly) what I intend to convey by my title. Loyalty has a powerful following, particularly at this juncture of American history, and it is important to distinguish the real virtue of loyalty from its betrayal by well- or ill-meaning advocates. Two instances of the latter are addressed here: Trumpian Loyalty, which captures and then distorts a central feature of loyalty; and Comeyan Loyalty, which mislocates loyalty while recognizing the legitimate constraints to which it may be subject. Examination of these two is followed by a more persuasive account of loyalty's virtue and limits. [End Page 633] TRUMPIAN LOYALTY Ever since he interviewed for his book, The Art of the Deal, Donald J. Trump has touted loyalty as an important—if not the most important—virtue that he requires of those who work for him (Trump with Schwartz 1987, 20, 100, 126). This is how he expressed it in 2007: "I value loyalty above everything else—more than brains, more than drive, and more than energy" (Trump and Zanker 2007, 158). Since becoming president, he has made loyalty a centerpiece of his expectations of those he has called into service in the executive branch and those who serve in the legislative or judicial branches of government. Obviously, loyalty can hardly be demanded of those over whose appointments one does not (or does not any longer) have direct control. However, it was made clear to Republicans who sought re-election during the midterms that distancing themselves from Trump would be to their disadvantage, and Democrats—who might in other circumstances be referred to as the "loyal opposition"—have regularly had their patriotism (loyalty to country) called into question when they disagreed with the president (Pramuk 2018). As far as Trump's recent invocations of loyalty are concerned, I think he understands two things about loyalty to the president.2 One is that a president actually needs—whether or not he thinks he needs—to have people who are loyal to him. Even the most brilliant and hands-on president cannot do all that is required of him (or her, as we hope will one day be the case), or all that he has promised as part of his agenda, without relying on the judgment and efforts of others. Loyalty in such circumstances requires that those (especially those) who are appointed to the executive branch will publicly reflect the president's agenda.3 In Trump's case, this appears to have required something close to a sacrifice of the appointee's moral autonomy. The constant pillorying of former Attorney General Jeff Sessions after he recused himself from the inquiry into Russian meddling in the US elections is perhaps the most conspicuous case of this expectation. Trump felt betrayed by Sessions's recusal, even though it was, in the circumstances, entirely appropriate.4 That Sessions's tenure lasted so [End Page 634] long is partly due to the fact that, on almost every other substantive matter, he was in lockstep with the president's agenda.5 Loyalty's constraints on moral autonomy need not be so tight. Charles Fried, who was Ronald Reagan...

“A matter of trust”: Perception of morality increases willingness to help through positive emotions

Moroccans are still the lowest rated immigrants in Spain. This research analyses the relationships between different dimensions of stereotypes (i.e., morality, sociability, and competence), positive emotions, and facilitation behavioural tendencies between Spaniards and Moroccans. Specifically, this work aims to explore whether the three stereotype dimensions play distinct roles in predicting helping behavioural tendencies through emotions, with a focus on the distinctive role of morality. Three studies are presented. In Study 1, Spanish adolescents assessed Moroccan immigrants. Study 2 considered the minority perspective by analysing Moroccans’ stereotypes, emotions, and behavioural tendencies toward Spaniards. Study 3 experimentally tested the effect of the stereotype dimensions on positive emotions and facilitation behavioural tendencies in a sample of Spaniards. The results showed a consistent pattern: perceived morality always indirectly predicted facilitation behavioural tendencies through positive emotions, regardless of the perspective analysed (i.e., majority/minority), age of participants (i.e., adults/adolescents), or design (i.e., correlational/experimental).

A matter of trust

As identity becomes the new perimeter, there is an ongoing trend that suggests that a ‘zero trust’ security model can augment conventionalfirewalls and VPNs to fortify an organisation's security posture. This movement towards more available access but with dynamic authorisation is growing asIT becomes more hybrid and applications migrate to the cloud. Prior requirements of forcing users to go through the corporate network – for example,using simple two-factor authentication registration – will change as well. This movement towards more available access but with dynamic authorisation is growing as ITbecomes more hybrid and applications migrate to the cloud. Prior requirements of forcing users to go through the corporate network will change as well.And software defined perimeter (SDP) technology can deliver the new trust models we need, argues Scott Gordon of Pulse Secure.

A Matter of Trust and Distrust: A Qualitative Investigation of Parents' Perceptions About the Use of Mechanical Restraint on Their Adult Children in a Forensic Psychiatric Setting

Increased knowledge about forensic psychiatric patients' relatives' perceptions in regard to the use of mechanical restraint (MR) is necessary, if clinical practice is to be improved and to achieve a reduction in the use and frequency of MR. However, a specific knowledge deficit about relatives' perspectives on the use of MR limits the evidence base considerably. The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions of MR held by relatives of forensic psychiatric patients' including factors impacting its use and duration. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 parents of patients within a forensic psychiatry setting and thematically analyzed. Two main themes were identified, namely, "care and protection" and "inclusion and involvement," and one subtheme, "information." These themes revealed the framework used by parents to construct a sense of "trust or distrust" about the ability of staff to provide adequate and safe care for their adult children in the forensic psychiatric setting. Some parents in this study considered that forensic psychiatric staff used MR as a necessary protection. However, most parents held strong negative perceptions regarding the use of MR and the quality and safety of care provision. It is apparent that parents in this study believed they should be included and involved in the care in situations associated with the use of MR, because they considered that this could reduce its use. Further research is required to target interventions to reduce the use and duration of MR episodes and to improve clinical practice in forensic psychiatry.

It's a Matter of Trust: Joint Inventorship and Traditional Knowledge Owners

This is a paper on joint inventorship for Indigenous Peoples, which subject matter is an intangible asset defined generally as Traditional Knowledge. We present arguments to deal with joint inventorship for such intangible collection of methods, processes and discoveries involving manipulation of plants and chemical knowledge belonging to Traditional Knowledge owners. As prospective patentees, their innovative techniques applied for therapeutical use on humans based on knowledge acquired from local plants should be acknowledged as an economic element in the intellectual property legal frame for a claimed invention. The second argument supports Traditional Knowledge owners as co-patent holders on their intangible subject matter for a just legal system. It is generally accepted that an inventor’s rights are inclusive from the time of conception, when ideas are in development, to regular practice, when the prototype is ready and workable. Joint inventorship is not a novel concept, but it has been used quite often with some good results. For instance, inventions based on business methods have been accepted as subject matter for a patent, which usually involves more than one inventor. However, co-ownership in inventions unveils issues with trust and transparency when one patent holder decides he is entitled to exercise exclusive rights. Having intellectual property protection to orally transmitted knowledge on use of plants with Indigenous therapeutic utility is novel. This paper discusses patent co-ownership based on international jurisprudence, particularly in Burroughs Welcome & Co v Barr Laboratories, which tested the limits of collaboration in independent research teams working in the same invention with non-contractual arrangements in pharmaceutical projects. Most recently an Australian joint patent application by The Chuulangun Aboriginal Corporation of a patent for medicinal use with the University of South Australia has illustrated an entrepreneurial activity in Aboriginal Australia to protect and commercialise medicinal flora associated to Traditional Knowledge. The question is whether intellectual property policies have welcomed such novelty or are stalling them from happening; if so, it is time to welcome trust among the parties involved, especially newcomers as Traditional Knowledge owners.

6th Kuopio Conference: A Matter of Trust. Cooperative Print Storage and Shared Archiving Initiatives

6^th Kuopio Conference: A Matter of Trust. Cooperative Print Storage and Shared Archiving Initiatives