Matter Of Balance Research Articles

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa dalam Pemanfaatan Sampah Organik melalui Pelatihan Pembuatan Pupuk Organik

Soil conditions vary from region to region. Some are fertile, while others are less fertile. Factors such as nutrient imbalance, soil depletion, decreased organic content, and microbial activity affect soil fertility. To maintain the balance of soil nutrients and organic matter, it is necessary to add organic fertilizers to harmonize the nutrient content of the soil. Chemical fertilizers only provide one type of plant nutrient without improving soil properties. Socialization of organic fertilizers is needed so that people are wiser in maintaining soil fertility with organic materials. The community service was carried out to provide training and practice in making organic fertilizer from livestock manure and plant residues in Duku Candi Baru, Genting Village, Cepogo District, Boyolali Regency. This service activity uses two approaches, namely counseling and training. The extension stage is carried out by providing material about processing cow dung into organic fertilizer. Training is carried out by demonstrating how to make organic fertilizer in a simple way. This training begins with the socialization of making organic fertilizer and compost, which aims to make the community understand first about information about organic fertilizer and compost along with its benefits, then continued with the practice of making organic fertilizer and compost. This training educates the community about the use of organic waste for organic fertilizer in sustainable agriculture. Through a mixture of simple materials such as cow dung, vegetable waste, EM4, and molasses, it is hoped that the community will use organic fertilizers rather than chemical fertilizers for more environmentally friendly agricultural products.

Effect of FeCl3 concentration in chemically enhanced primary treatment on the performance of a conventional wastewater treatment plant. A case study

The effect of coagulant dosage in a chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) on the performance of a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has been investigated. Lab-scale experiments simulations were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of coagulant addition on the primary settling performance. In these experiments, FeCl3 was used as coagulant. Later, the WWTP was theoretically simulated using a commercial software (WEST®) to evaluate the effect of coagulation/flocculation on the global system, based on the results obtained at lab-scale. According to these results, the CEPT modifies the organic matter balance in the WWTP, decreasing the contribution of readily (SS) and slowly (XS) biodegradable fractions of COD to the aerobic biological process up to 27.3% and 80.8%, respectively, for a dosage of FeCl3 of 24 mg L−1. Consequently, total suspended solids in the aerobic reactor and the secondary purged sludge decreased up to 33% and 13%, respectively. However, the influence on effluent quality was negligible. On the contrary, suspended solids concentration in the sludge to be treated by anaerobic digestion increased, mainly regarding the Ss and Xs fractions, which caused an 8.1% increase in biogas production potential, with approximately 60% of CH4 concentration.

Anomalous Solute Transport Using Adsorption Effects and the Degradation of Solute

In this work, anomalous solute transport using adsorption effects and the decomposition of solute was studied. During the filtration of inhomogeneous liquids, a number of new phenomena arise, and this is very important for understanding the mechanisms of the filtration process. Recently, issues of mathematical modeling of substance transfer processes have been intensively discussed. Modeling approaches are based on the law of matter balance in a certain control volume using additional phenomenological relationships. The process of anomalous solute transport in a porous medium was modeled by differential equations with a fractional derivative. A new mobile—immobile model is proposed to describe anomalous solute transport with a scale-dependent dispersion in inhomogeneous porous media. The profiles of changes in the concentrations of suspended particles in the macropore and micropore were determined. The influence of the order of the derivative with respect to the coordinate and time, i.e., the fractal dimension of the medium, was estimated based on the characteristics of the solute transport in both zones. The hydrodynamic dispersion was set through various relations: constant, linear, and exponential. Based on the numerical results, the concentration fields were determined for different values of the initial data and different relations of hydrodynamic dispersion.

On the Analogy of Processes in Thermodynamic and Microeconomic Systems

This work states the typical problems in thermodynamic optimization. The authors present an overview of the results of studies focused on the ultimate capabilities of macrosystems in thermodynamics and microeconomics, taking into account the irreversibility of the processes occurring in them. The research methodology is based on adding an entropy balance to energy and matter balances. This allows for the refining of reversible indicators, such as the reversible efficiency coefficient, by accounting for kinetic factors, such as transfer coefficients, which indirectly reflect the size of devices, kinetic equation forms, and others. For processes that use heat energy, the set of feasible solutions within the ‘target flow intensity–energy expenses’ plane is convex upwards and limited. This paper also provides conditions for the minimum dissipation of processes at a given intensity. These conditions define the boundary of the feasibility set. Finally, this paper compares and lists the similarities between thermodynamic and microeconomic systems and demonstrates the ultimate capabilities of an intermediary in microeconomic systems and the optimal parameters of a working medium in thermodynamic systems. These are divided into active and passive subsystems. The latter, in turn, can have finite and infinite capacity (reservoirs).

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF URBANIZED TERRITORIES ACCORDING TO THE STRUCTURE OF HYDROBIONT GROUPS

The paper proves the possibility of conducting water quality assessment using such an indicator as the species assemblage of Unionidae habitats for the purpose of conducting local bioindication. According to the species assemblage of Unionidae habitats, it was established that of the five analyzed sites of material collection of the main stream of the Teteriv River, in one case the water quality can be assessed as "Dirty", which corresponds to the IV water quality class, and in three cases as "Contaminated", which corresponds to the III class, and in another one - as "Good" - II class of quality. The rivers Guiva (Ivankiv), Kroshenka and Putyatinka within Zhytomyr belong to the IV class of water quality. Five more points are assigned to the II quality class (Guyva River in the area of Pryazhevo and Zarichany villages; Kam'yanka River (Zhytomyr); Kodenka River (Vertokiyivka village) and Hnylop'yat River (Berdychiv).More detailed information about the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems is provided by the use of algal communities of plankton as biological descriptors, but this approach is time-consuming. In general, the bioindication of water quality in the rivers of the Teteriv basin according to phytoplankton showed the predominance of indicators of saprobity, which correspond to the III class of water quality ("Contaminated"). Class II ("Good") indicators make up a significant share. A moderate level of organic water pollution is indicated by the predominance of eurysaprobes in the rivers. In terms of phytoplankton biomass, the Teteriv and Kroshenka rivers belong to the III class of water quality, other watercourses belong to the II class. According to the saprobity index, the water quality of the Teteriv, Putyatinka, and Kroshenka rivers is rated as satisfactory, and that of other watercourses as good. According to primary production and the ratio of production and destruction processes, watercourses were ranked into three groups - those belonging to II, III and IV water quality classes. The average values of the integral index ∑А/∑R for all watercourses, except for the Putyatinka River, are higher than 1. This indicates a positive balance of organic matter, characteristic of aquatic ecosystems with a high intensity of photosynthesis. The predominance of the heterotrophic phase in Putyatynka is most likely a response of the watercourse ecosystem to anthropogenic pressure.A comprehensive assessment of the water quality of watercourses in urbanized areas using as biological descriptors the ecological state of hydroecosystems of algae, plankton and mollusk settlements is the foundation for further ecological monitoring of waters, forecasting changes in the autotrophic and heterotrophic links of aquatic ecosystems under the influence of environmental factors.

Preparing for, coping with and bouncing back after shocks. A nuanced resilience assessment for smallholder farms and farmers in Northern Ghana

ABSTRACTSmallholder farmers in Northern Ghana regularly face shocks, challenging the sustainability of their farms and livelihoods. Different farm households and household members may be differently affected and respond with different coping strategies. We combined whole-farm modelling and farmer consultations to investigate the vulnerability, buffer and adaptive capacity of three farm types in Northern Ghana towards severe climate, economic and social shocks. We further assessed intra-household differences in respective risk mitigation and coping strategies. Our model results indicate that the drought shock would most severely affect all farm types, drastically reducing their operating profits and soil organic matter balance. The medium resource endowed farm was most affected by shocks, but all farm types could enhance their capacity to recover by adopting technology packages for sustainable intensification. Gendered coping strategies included livestock sales, post-harvest storage, activating social networks, rice processing and the collection, processing and sales of wild nuts and fruits. Farmers reported to aim at becoming more resilient by increasing their herd size and expanding their farmland, thereby risking to increase rather than reduce the pressure on natural resources. New questions arise concerning the carrying capacity of local ecosystems and resilience at community and landscape level.

Uptake of Fertilizer Nitrogen and Soil Nitrogen by Sorghum Sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense) in a Greenhouse Experiment with 15N-Labelled Ammonium Nitrate

A greenhouse experiment with sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense) and maize (Zea mays) was conducted to assess information on differences in their nitrogen and fertilizer utilization when used as energy crops. The aim was to contribute to the scarce data on sorghum sudangrass as an energy crop with regards to nitrogen derived from fertilizer (NdfF) in the plant’s biomass and fertilizer nitrogen utilization (FNU). Sorghum sudangrass and maize were each grown in eight bags of 45 L volume and harvested at maturity after 154 days. Each crop treatment was further divided in a control treatment (four bags each) that did not receive N fertilization and a fertilization treatment (four bags each) that received 1.76 g N, applying a 15N-labelled liquid ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Fertilization took place at the start of the experiment. After harvest, the whole plant was divided in the fractions “aboveground biomass” (ABM) and “stubble + rootstock” (S + R). Weight, N content and 15N content were recorded for each fraction. In addition, N content and 15N content were assessed in the soil before sowing and after harvest. The experiment showed that FNU of sorghum sudangrass (65%) was significantly higher than that of maize (49%). Both crops accumulated more soil N than fertilizer N. The share of fertilizer N on total N uptake was also higher with sorghum sudangrass (NdfF = 38%) compared to maize (NdfF = 34%). The observations made with our control plant (maize), showed that the results are plausible and comparable to other 15N studies on maize regarding yields, NdfF, and FNU, leading to the assumption that results on sorghum sudangrass are plausible as well. We therefore conclude that the results of our study can be used for the preliminary parametrization of sorghum sudangrass in soil organic matter (SOM) balance at field level.

Different vertical heat transport induced by submesoscale motions in the shelf and open sea of the northwestern South China Sea

Submesoscale currents are known to be associated with strong vertical velocities (O (10) m/day), regulating the redistributions of energy and matter balances. The northern South China Sea (SCS) is fulfilled with submesoscale motions, which might induce strong vertical heat transport (VHT). We set up a 1-km horizontal resolution Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Circulation Model (MITgcm) to study the seasonal variations in submesoscale vertical heat transport in shelf regions and open seas. Spectrum analysis shows that the spatial scale separating submesoscale and mesoscale motions are 14 and 30 km for the shelf and open regions, respectively. The submesoscale VHT in the shelf region is one order of magnitude larger than that in the open ocean. The former has the largest value in summer and winter, which might be induced by summer upwelling and winter downwelling, while the latter is strongest in winter and weakest in summer in open regions. The submesoscale VHT also appears to have intra-seasonal variations and might be attributed to the disturbances of tropical cyclones and life stages of submesoscale eddies. The submesoscale VHT is strongest in the pregeneration phase of the eddies, and the maximum VHT belt has an entrainment type at the developing and mature stages. The chlorophyll-a concentration also has the same temporal variation as the different life-stage of eddies. This study provides local VHT induced by submesoscale motions, which is expected to improve our understanding of submesoscale air–sea interactions and their biological effects.

Баланс органического вещества дерново-подзолистой почвы в севооборотах со средообразующими и сидеральными культурами

In the conditions of the Kaliningrad region, long-term research substantiates the possibility of using four- and five-field field crop rotations with a positive balance of organic matter for long-term binding of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the form of stable humus in the soil. The introduction of medium-forming and sideral crops into field short-rotation crop rotations makes it possible to improve the agrophysical condition of the soil, due to the sideration of annual crops and plant residues of perennial legumes, which contributed to an increase in yield. Thus, when growing winter wheat after clover harvest, grain harvests averaged 44.4 c/ha over three years, which is 23.7% higher than for other predecessors. Four– and five-field crop rotations with the inclusion of perennial legumes and grasses have a significant potential for the accumulation of organic matter for its subsequent conservation in the form of humus. The greatest positive balance of humus (+2.5 t/ha) was observed in the crop rotation with the inclusion of fodder beans, spring barley under the cover of perennial grasses and winter triticale. The use of annual mixed legumes and cereals during sowing in summer as precursor siderates for winter rapeseed, barley, wheat, and ginger contributes to the increased accumulation of organic matter in crop rotation. Keywords: BALANCE OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER, HUMUS, SHORT-ROTATION CROP ROTATION, ENVIRONMENT-FORMING AND SIDERAL CROPS

Using an academic-community partnership model to deliver evidence-based falls prevention programs in a metropolitan setting: A community case study.

Prevention is an effective approach for mitigating the negative health outcomes associated with falls in older adults. The Administration for Community Living (ACL) has sponsored the implementation of evidence-based falls prevention programs (EBFPPs) across the United States through cooperative agreement grants to decrease the health and economic burden of falls. Marymount University received two of these grants to deliver three EBFPPs into the northern Virginia region. This community case study describes the development of a collaboration between a university and community-based organizations to adopt and implement multiple evidence-based programming in an area where none previously existed. Through an academic-community partnership, EBFPPs were introduced to and implemented by senior-focused organizations. Target adopters were senior and community centers, multi-purpose senior services organizations, recreational organizations, and residential facilities serving older adults. The three EBFPPs were (1) Stay Active and Independent for Life (SAIL), (2) a Matter of Balance (MOB) and (3) Otago Exercise Program (OEP). Key interdependent project elements included: (1) fostering ongoing community organization collaboration, (2) introducing programs in the community, (3) growing and sustaining delivery sites, (4) preparing trained program leaders, and (5) building community demand for the programs. From August 2016-June 2022, 5,857 older adults participated in one of the three EBFPPs. SAIL classes were offered at 33 sites and MOB workshops at 31 with over 70% of them occurring at community or senior centers. OEP was offered at 4 sites. Factors that influenced the implementation of these programs included having: key advocates at host organizations, programs embedded into site workflows, sufficient capacity and workforce, engaged invested partners, and flexibility in working with a complex set of agencies and systems with different administrative structures. By connecting academic faculty with various community members from multiple sectors, new initiatives can be successfully implemented. Results from this ACL-funded project indicate that using an academic-community partnership model to build relationships and capacity for ongoing delivery of health promotion programming for older adults is feasible and effective in delivering EBFPPs. In addition, academic-community partnerships can develop a strong network of invested partners to foster continued support of fall prevention activities.

Агротехнічні заходи з підвищення сталості агросистем Передкарпаття

Goal. To determine the impact of agrotechnical and light improvement measures on the sustainability of the agrosystems of Precarpathia. Methods. Field, physicochemical, and comparative analytical. Results. Research in increasing the sustainability of agroecosystems on sod-podzolic surface-gleied soils of Precarpathia was conducted on the lands of the first, second, and third ecological technological groups (ETG). The results of research on the impact of some agrotechnical and light improvement measures on increasing their sustainability are presented. It was established that to maintain a positive balance of organic matter in the soil (ETG 1), in addition to plowing straw and siderates in crop rotation, it is also necessary to apply organic fertilizers. The optimal saturation of crop rotation with intermediate crops is 40–60%. On slopes with a steepness of 3–7° (ETG 2), the stability of agroecosystems is significantly influenced by the method of soil cultivation and plant cover, in particular, the strip placement of agricultural crops. To prevent degradation processes on eroded slopes (ETG 3) taken out of cultivation, and to stabilize and restore soil fertility, such slopes should be limed with perennial grass mixtures. The inverse dependence of the erosion-accumulative process on the density of the grass stand was revealed. Conclusions. Increasing the sustainability of agrosystems on the lands of the first, second, and third eco-technological groups of the ETG is ensured by the use of agrotechnical and light improvement measures. Their application creates an opportunity to manage the functional efficiency of the agricultural system by improving the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of the soil, ceasing degradation processes, and also contributing to increasing its productivity.

Limits of Relativist Process Engineering: Current Feasibility in the International Space Station (ISS)

Many authors have published in the field of relativistic fluid mechanics (Von LAUE, 1911) (HALBWACHS, 1960) (PICHON, 1965) (LICHNEROWICZ, 1966) (BRUHAT, 1966) (MARLE, 1969) (ARZELIES, 1971) (MAHJOUB, 1971) (REZZOLLA et al., 2013) (DISVONZI, 2014) (DERRADI et al., 2016). However, the demonstrations carried out are subject to caution, either due to errors, or by the use of the BOLTZMANN equation or the principle of least action associated with the Lagrangian (FONTEIX et al., 2020). The conference presented at the previous SFGP congress (CAMARGO et al., 2019) was based on the results of a publication (FONTEIX et al., 2020). The aim was to write the energy, momentum and matter balances in special relativity, for continuous fluid mixtures (ARZELIES, 1971). Contrary to custom, these assessments were demonstrated using 2 principles. The first is well known, it is the inseparability of space and time during a change of inertial frame (MINKOWSKI, 1907). The second is our original proposal: in the Tangent Inertial Frame of a flat space-time, the equations of the relativistic dynamics of continuous fluid mixtures and those of classical physics are identical. Thanks to this, we were able to integrate relativistic gravitation (BRAGINSKY et al., 1992) (Mc DONALD, 1997) (TARTAGLIA et al., 2004) in flat space-time (not curved) and electromagnetism. However, we had not considered nuclear reactions and quantum phenomena (SCHULMAN, 1980), nor approached relativistic thermodynamics (STRUCHTRUP, 1998). We will not do it more here, but we will see in the present conference if it is possible, based on the previous results, to make experiments whose results differ significantly from those carried out on earth, namely experiments carried out in the fastest usable vehicle currently available: the International Space Station (ISS).

ГРАНУЛОМЕТРИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ КАК ВАЖНЫЙ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЬ ПЛОДОРОДИЯ ПОЧВ БАГАЕВСКОГО РАЙОНА

Purpose: to study the effect of granulometric texture on soil fertility, especially on the humus content and its structural state in the soils of Bagaevsky district Rostov region. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on the soils of Bagaevsky district Rostov region. Samples were taken from the main genetic soil horizons. The granulometric texture was determined by the pipette method according to N. A. Kachinsky, and the soil structure was determined according to N. I. Savinov or granulometric (grain). Statistical data processing was carried out according to B. A. Dospekhov using the Microsoft Excel software product. Results. The main soil of Bagaevsky district is chernozems, they occupy about 64 % of the total land area of the district, chestnut soils occupy more than 26 % of the total area of the district, and floodplain soils occupy more than 7 %. The relationship with an approximation coefficient R² = 0.51 was revealed between the content of the fraction of physical clay and humus in the studied soils. Our studies of humus amount in the soils of Bagaevsky district showed that they are characterized by a very low and low content. In the studied soils, a close relationship between the structural state and the content of physical clay was determined (R² = 0.83). An analysis of soil humus status shows that the balance of organic matter is unfavorable for the prevailing part of arable land. An analysis of the research results by some authors shows that for the period from 1960 to 2021, the decrease in the humus content in arable soils of Bagaevsky district was 0.7 %. For its deficit-free balance, it is necessary to apply up to 6 t/ha of organic fertilizers. Conclusions. Our studies, combined with data analyses of studies conducted in Rostov region by a number of authors, made it possible to identify a significant effect of granulometric texture on the humus content and, as a consequence, soil fertility in general.

Assessment of fallow grey forest soils fertility in sub-taiga zone of Omsk Priirtyshye

There is a need to obtain information on the current state of their properties when reintroducing fallow soils into arable land. The aim of the research was to study fertility indicators of grey forest soils (Luvic Greyzemic Phaeozems) The research area was located in the city of Tara, Omsk region (south of Western Siberia). A field survey of soils and vegetation cover was carried out in plots with different age of fallow land with the establishment of the value of the above ground mass. The results of the research showed that the fallow area with age of less than 10 years is represented by a thick grey forest soil, with age of 10-20 years - by a medium thick grey forest soil. The value of air-dry aboveground mass of plants varied from 1.01 to 1.01 2.58 t/ha. High density, low porosity, and aeration porosity were found in soils throughout the profile. The humus content and reserves in soils are low and average; its distribution in profiles is markedly decreasing. Reaction of soil medium is acidic (рН=4.4-4.8). The sum of exchangeable cations in humus horizons is elevated and high. In composition of cations calcium prevails (71.5-74.9 %) with magnesium share - 22.4-26.9 % and insignificant content of sodium (1.6-2.5 %). The surveyed soils can be reintroduced to arable land. However, it is necessary to provide measures to reduce acidity, improve organic matter balance, reduce density, and increase porosity of upper and subsoil horizons.

FEASIBILITY OF FALLS PREVENTION PROGRAMS IMPLEMENTATION BASED ON ACADEMIC-COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS

Abstract The Northern Virginia (NoVa) region is diverse in age, race, ethnicity, economic status, health status, culture, and language. Based on state data, it is estimated that 28.7% of the 75,000 older adults in NoVa will experience at least one fall annually. Since 2014, the Administration for Community Living (ACL) has sponsored implementation of evidence-based fall prevention programs (EBFPPs). The aims of this study are to 1) describe the EBFPP participants and delivery sites and 2) report initial effectiveness. Marymount University (MU) received two cooperative agreement grants (2016, 2018) from the ACL to implement in NoVa three EBFPPs: 1) Stay Active and Independent for Life (SAIL), 2) A Matter of Balance (MOB), and 3) Otago Exercise Program (OEP). The Northern Virginia Falls Prevention Alliance was formed and a Regional Training Office was built. The data source is the ACL national falls database. From 2016–2022, over 5,000 older adults were reached, over 400 EBFPP leaders were trained, and programs were delivered at 60 sites. Data analysis indicates that falls decreased from 20% to 15%. Those participating in MOB showed the greatest decline in falls (from 34% to 14%). Fall injuries declined from 11% to 7% and ED visits decreased from 3% to 1%. Preliminary analysis indicates beneficial impact: this academic-community partnership has reached people at low risk of falling (SAIL), and had an impactful decline in falls for individuals at moderate to high risk (MOB). Future research will investigate program outcome differences based on other demographics and delivery models.

Impact of no-till technology on the fertility of degraded and low-humus soils

The transition to innovative tillage technologies is currently an effective way to preserve and increase the fertility of agricultural land. The purpose of the work is to study the impact of no-till technology on the fertility of degraded and low-humus soils in the Middle Volga region. The main research method was the monitoring of agricultural lands, where traditional (control), minimum and no-till technologies for cultivating grain crops were used as part of field crop rotations. As a result of research conducted over fifteen years on degraded leached chernozems, light gray forest and low-humus soddy-podzolic soil types, it was found that the introduction of no-till technology contributes to an increase in the number of earthworms by 36% and soil invertebrates by 42%. At the same time, the ratio of different groups of soil mesofauna also changes. In particular, an increase in the number of organized predators (ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, geofields) capable of regulating the number of harmful species of soil animals (for example, wireworm larvae) was revealed. No-till technology has a beneficial effect on agrophysical, agrochemical indicators of fertility and biological activity of degraded and low-humus soils. The crushing of straw and its use as mulch for fifteen years made it possible to form a positive balance of organic matter and increase the content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in the soil by an average of 20% and 15%, respectively. Improving the nutritional regime of the soil contributes to a positive impact on the quality characteristics and grain yield of winter and spring wheat, winter rye, barley and corn. With the introduction of no-till technology as the main method of crop production, grain yield increases by 3 and 6% compared to the minimum and traditional technology.

Quantitative Carbon Changes of Selected Organic Fractions during the Aerobic Biological Recycling of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as a Potential Soil Environment Improving Amendment—A Case Study

The aim of the investigation was to determine the quantitative changes of selected organic compounds during composting of municipal solid wastes (MSWs). The object of the study was a differently matured compost produced according the to open pile/windrow semi-dynamic technology from selectively collected biodegradable municipal solid waste. During the experiment, the temperature and moisture of the composted wastes were monitored. In the collected samples—taken from differently matured compost—the total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were determined. The organic matter fractionation method described by Stevenson and Adani et al. was adopted, which allows to determine the carbon content of the following groups of organic compounds: hydrophobic (HSC), hydrophilic (WEOC), acidophilic (CAC), cellulose (CCEL), core-HA (ligno-humic, CALK) and residual carbon (non-hydrolysing, CR). The TOC and TN content, as well as the origin and quality of the starting materials, allow the product tested to be classified for fertiliser purposes. The most intense changes were observed during the thermophilic composting phase. In spite of the optimal technological conditions of the process, the predominance of the CR and CCEL fraction was observed, and the share of humic compounds did not exceed 30% TOC. The investigated compost met legal, ecological and economic criteria for products of biological recycling, thus can be used as a good organic amendment to improve the soil organic matter balance, stimulate the soil biodiversity and carbon sequestration.

Balance of total mass and nitrogen fluxes through consecutive digestate processing steps: Two application cases

The high water content and low nutrient concentration of digestate complicate its storage, transportation, and utilization. Subsequent digestate processing can effectively remove water and influence nutrient partitioning among digestate fractions and final products.The current study was carried out to evaluate the performance of two typical digestate processing chains, solid and liquid ones, respectively, and to give practical recommendations for optimization. Two fully operating biogas plants with advanced heat utilization were considered as data sources. The digestate mass flow balance of dry matter (DM), water, total N (TN), and ammonium-N mass flows was performed and the efficiency of the examined processing units was calculated.It was found that solid-liquid separation of raw digestate shifted 73–87% of TN and 60–93% of NH4–N to the liquid phase. Subsequent drying of separated solid fraction removed about 6% of the initial water and required 84% less thermal energy per kg N recovered than the processing of separated liquid. The final product, pellets, contained 14% of initial TN, but only 2% of initial NH4–N as a result of microbial conversion of inorganic N during drying.Vacuum evaporation of separated liquid fraction removed 34% of the initial water and left a DM-rich concentrate. At the same time, an ammonium sulfate solution (ASS) containing 21% of initial TN and 34% of initial NH4–N was produced.Both evaluated processing chains showed specific advantages and challenges. Solid products were characterized by a high share of recalcitrant organic compounds and could serve as a soil improver. Liquid processing concentrated plant-available N in ASS, which could be used as valuable inorganic fertilizer.

ОЦЕНКА ПРИЕМОВ БИОЛОГИЗАЦИИ ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЯ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТАТАРСТАН

An assessment is made of various methods of biologization of agriculture (green manure, incorporation of straw, perennial grasses, the use of biological products) in the conditions of the Cis-Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan. The aim of the work was to study the effect of biologization techniques on the balance of dry organic matter entering the soil. In the course of research for various types of crop rotations, an assessment was made of the impact of the use of green manure, perennial grasses and straw incorporation on the indicators of dry organic matter entering the soil. It was found that with the use of biologization methods in crop rotations, it is possible to achieve a positive balance of dry organic matter in the soil at the level of 0.81-2.01 t/ha, while in the absence of the use of such methods in grain fallow and grain fallow crop rotations, the balance was negative. To assess the effect of biological products on the intake of dry organic substances, a biological product based on the endophytic bacterium Bacillus mojavensis PS17 was used. The use of a biological preparation made it possible not only to increase the yield of spring wheat, but also to increase the flow of dry organic matter into the soil. The increase in the intake of dry organic substances into the soil in the variants with a biological product is ensured by stimulating the growth of wheat roots and straw. Due to this, the positive balance of dry organic matter in the soil increased by 1.88-2.35 times in comparison with the control. The best results were obtained with the complex use of biological preparations for seed treatment and spraying of plants during the growing season. The necessity of including the studied techniques in biologized farming systems for the Republic of Tatarstan is shown.

The concept of agroecosystems as a theoretical basis of ecologically tolerant nature management

Purpose. The main goal of the authors was to prove the suitability of the concept of noosphere ecosystems to interpret not only ecological phenomena and processes, but also phenomena of socio-natural content, and, subsequently, possibly geopolitical processes, in particular, spatial expansion of certain ethnic groups. Methods. In the course of our research a set of methodological approaches and scientific methods was used. The set of methods includes: empirical, which was implemented in the sequential implementation of the following operations: observation, modeling, forecasting; comparative – was implemented while comparing the main functions of natural and agroecosystems. Results. The formation of agricultural areas is the second stage in the transformation of natural ecosystems into agroecosystems. The main assumption of our work is the possibility of the existence of an agricultural system that has a dual character of borders. Our assumption was tested on the territory of Kharkiv region – one of the most developed agricultural territories of Ukraine. Based on the assumption that soil is both a condition and a result of human agricultural activity, as well as the fact that it connects natural and economic boundaries of agroecosystems in space-time, we calculated the balance of matter in the soil and coefficient of ecological danger. Mapping the values ​​of the coefficient of ecological danger showed that out of 429 farms in the region, only 7 farms have values ​​of the coefficient more than 1. This means that under the conditions of intensive agriculture there is a constant shortage of matter and energy, which leads to a negative balance of humus in the soil. According to the author's concept, one of the main causes of environmental problems lies in the different rates of development of nature and society. Conclusions. The “memory” of the former structurally and informationally unchanging biosphere is embedded in agroecosystems. According to modern notions of rhizome, such a memory is soil. Such “memory” at the level of agroecosystems provides self-regulation of the “human ecosystem” through both direct regulation of the human population (disease, war) and indirect impact on planetary spatial structures. In particular, due to the preservation of certain proportions between the territories with “naturalized” and “commodity” economy.