Mathematical Sciences Research Articles

A relaxation approach to modeling properties of hyperbolic–parabolic type models

In this work, we propose a novel relaxation modeling approach for partial differential equations (PDEs) involving convective and diffusive terms. We reformulate the original convection–diffusion problem as a system of hyperbolic equations coupled with relaxation terms. In contrast to existing literature on relaxation modeling, where the solution of the reformulated problem converges to certain types of equations in the diffusive limit, our formalism treats the augmented problem as a system of coupled hyperbolic equations with relaxation acting on both the convective flux and the source term. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the new system of equations satisfies Liu’s sub-characteristic condition. To verify the robustness of our proposed approach, we perform numerical experiments on various important models, including nonlinear convection–diffusion problems with discontinuous coefficients. The results show the promising potential of our relaxation modeling approach for both pure and applied mathematical sciences, with applications in different models and areas.

Explicit scheme for solving variable-order time-fractional initial boundary value problems

The creation of an explicit finite difference scheme with the express purpose of resolving initial boundary value issues with linear and semi-linear variable-order temporal fractional properties is presented in this study. The rationale behind the utilization of the Caputo derivative in this scheme stems from its known importance in fractional calculus, an area of study that has attracted significant interest in the mathematical sciences and physics. Because of its special capacity to accurately represent physical memory and inheritance, the Caputo derivative is a relevant and appropriate option for representing the fractional features present in the issues this study attempts to address. Moreover, a detailed Fourier analysis of the explicit finite difference scheme’s stability is shown, demonstrating its conditional stability. Finally, certain numerical example solutions are reviewed and MATLAB-based graphic presentations are made.

Mathematics for optimal design of sustainable infrastructures

AbstractThe central aim of this paper is to show that mathematical sciences—in particular a smart combination of modeling, numerical simulation and optimization—can be seen as a useful tool in the design of sustainable infrastructures. Thus, in the first part of this work, we clarify what we mean by systems optimization and suggest how to apply these techniques to improve sustainability. Then, in the second part, we present three interesting environmental problems—all of them involving sustainable infrastructures—that we have studied in the last decade and fit well within this framework: (a) the design of a river fishway to help migratory fish to climb a dam, (b) the design of an irrigation channel to minimize sedimentation and erosion, and (c) the management of an urban road network from an environmental perspective. Based on our experiences, we believe that this innovative use of non-trivial mathematical tools is destined to play a leading role in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by helping stakeholders develop the best scientifically informed strategies.

La relación entre ciencia y universidad por los liberales doceañistas: los orígenes de la Universidad Central de Madrid

The new social imaginary of science in the 18th century led to the funding of science and its teaching by the state. The Cádiz liberals took on the project of the Spanish Enlightment to introduce the new mathematical and natural sciences, considered as “useful sciences”, into education, in particular, in the universities. The Report written by Quintana in 1813 for the Cortes of Cádiz to organize the public education system envisioned to found a scientifically elitist university in Madrid, the “Central University”, which would contain the teaching of all the sciences and would serve to train the teaching staff of the other universities. The idea, however, came from Narganes de Posada. This Report waslegally embodied in 1814 in a draft decree, which was approved in 1821during de Three Liberal Years. In 1822, the Central University was created, but it lasted only a few months, until the idea was developed by the Isabelliane liberals when they took over the goverment again in 1833.

Preface to the Proceedings of the 10th Asian Physics Symposium (APS) 2023

The 10th Asian Physics Symposium 2023 (APS 2023) was held on 3-4 October 2023, in Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia with the theme of “The Role of Physics in Supporting Sustainable Development Goals” and was implemented in a hybrid manner in purpose of increasing sustainability of this scientific event, accessibility and also increasing participants engagement. This event provides the widest possible opportunities for the young Indonesian scientists to present the latest research results in the physics and its related fields, to foster research collaborations with well-known overseas scientists and to extend international research networking in the future.The 10th APS 2023 is organized by the Undergraduate and Graduate Programs in Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, in collaboration with Physical Society of Indonesia (PSI). The program of APS 2023 features 7 invited talks in 45 minutes for each plenary session and 116 contributed oral presentations in 15 minutes of presentation including the Q&A session, which come from several countries: Japan, Malaysia, Turkey and Indonesia. All abstracts and papers have been reviewed by selected reviewers from the APS committee.I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Prof. Wahyu Srigutomo, Dean of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science (FMIPA) ITB for the support and advice in preparing this scientific event and to Institute of Research and Community Service (LPPM) ITB Support Program for organizing the Year International Conference 2023.I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. David Andrew Bradley (Sunway University, Malaysia), Assoc. Prof. Seda Aksoy Esinoglu (Istanbul Technical University, Turkey), Prof. Alexander Iskandar (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Kayoko Yamamoto (University of Electro-Communications, Japan), Prof. Fumiyuki Ishii (Kanazawa University, Japan), Dr. Hijaz Kamal Hasnan (University of Malaya, Malaysia), and Prof. Nandang Mufti (University of Malang, Indonesia) as the Keynote speaker for sharing the knowledge and research to all the participant in APS 2023. I would like to say my deepest thanks to Prof. Agung Nugroho (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Dr. Ahmad Ridwan Nugraha (National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia), Prof. Camelia Panatarani (Padjadjaran University, Indonesia), Prof. David Marpaung (University of Twente, the Netherland), Prof. Ding Lu (Institute of Materials Research and Engineering- A*Star, Singapore), Dr. Dwi Irwanto (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Fatimah Arofiati Noor (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Dr. Freddy Haryanto (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Halim Kusumaatmaja (Durham University, England), Prof. Husin Alatas (Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia), Prof. I Made Joni (Padjadjaran University, Indonesia), Prof. Khairurrijal (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Mitra Djamal (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Rizal Kurniadi (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Dr. Satria Zulkarnaen (Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan), Prof. Sidik Permana (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Triyanta (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Umar Fauzi (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Widayani (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Dr. Yuliati Herbani (National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia), Prof. Yudi Dharma (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia) and Prof. Zaki Su’ud (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia) for their willingness as an advisory board to give guidance and advice for the implementation of this scientific event.Finally, I would like to say thanks to all the organizing committee members and reviewers for their excellent work and all of authors for their valuable contributions in APS 2023.Bandung, January 2024Chairman of APS 2023,Dr. Eng. Priastuti WulandariFaculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandungpwulandari@itb.ac.idList of Advisory Board of the 10th Asian Physics Symposium (APS) 2023, Technical Committee of the 10th Asian Physics Symposium (APS) 2023 are available in this Pdf.

At the origins of the system of extracurricular activities in technical universities in Russia. Extracurricular work with students of the Navigation School in 1701-1705.

The subject of the study is the initial stage of the history of the School of Mathematical and Navigation Sciences as one of the first Russian secular technical educational institutions. Attention is focused on those aspects of the formation of the School that had not previously been the subject of special research by historians. Based on the complex of documents of the Armory Chamber identified and introduced into scientific circulation, it is analyzed which disciplinary and offenses the first students of the school committed and why. Analyzing the specific court proceedings conducted in the Armory Chamber on the fact of these violations, the authors show how extracurricular and educational work with students was organized. The role of Leonty Magnitsky, an outstanding Russian scientist, mathematician, author of the first fundamental work on arithmetic, in organizing educational work with navigation students, is being clarified. The research was carried out using traditional methods for historical research, special attention was paid to the identification and introduction into scientific circulation of clerical sources on the chosen topic. As the study showed, the students of the School of Mathematical and Navigation Sciences came from various estates and regions of the Russian state. Once in Moscow, many of them found themselves in a social environment that was not familiar to them, faced temptations that were difficult for them to resist. In this regard, the teachers of the School, and first of all Leonty Magnitsky, paid great attention to educational work among students. An active group of schoolchildren was formed, who, on the instructions of teachers, monitored the behavior of their comrades. For the revealed violations, the perpetrators were severely punished in public. Extracurricular work contributed to the formation of a unified system of values, instilling interest in learning, instilling discipline, and eliminating vices among students. It has become an important factor in achieving the main goal for which the School was established: to train navigation specialists necessary to create a navy in Russia in the shortest possible time.

Potential of K-means clustering for preliminary labeling of acoustic data samples

Labeling data for use in supervised learning algorithms can be a long and arduous process, especially for large datasets. This work explores if an unsupervised k-means clustering algorithm can act as a tool to efficiently obtain preliminary labels for large acoustic datasets. This approach is tested on vector sensor data from Monterey Accelerated Research System (MARS). To determine the optimal number of clusters in the k-means algorithm, the silhouette method is used. The clustering of different types of input data will be compared. Specifically, time average spectra from the pressure sensor, the acoustic particle velocity, and intensity will be considered. In addition, the results of clustering data from different times of day and months over a two-year period will be compared. Results of the clustering will be presented along with an assessment of the potential for using a k-means clustering as a preliminary labeling tool for large acoustic sets. [Undergraduate research funded by the College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences as Brigham Young University.]

Памяти Георгия Ивановича Ерошкина

In May of this year (May 22, 2024), the distinguished scientist, the candidate of physical and mathematical sciences (Ph.D.) Georgy Ivanovich Eroshkin would have turned 80 years old. Georgy Ivanovich was one of the leading experts in the field of classical and relativistic celestial mechanics. He was the leading researcher at the Central Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences (GAO RAS), in 2000-2010 years he was the deputy director of the GAO RAS and head of the Department of Celestial Mechanics at the GAO RAS. He obtained a number of fundamental results in the field of mathematical modeling of the motion of large bodies of the Solar System and the construction of high-precision methods of numerical integration. Georgy Ivanovich’s scientific results have received international recognition. He died five years ago.

Beatboxing: Teaching technical acoustical concepts through pop culture

The motivation for this presentation is to demonstrate that vocal percussion, or “beatboxing,” can be a rich method of teaching and demonstrating various introductory acoustical concepts. Beatboxing can be an entertaining way to demonstrate the different acoustical sources of energy—namely burst, noise, and voice—and how they can be combined to create familiar and unfamiliar phonemes, such as the “PF” snare. It also provides an engaging way to introduce the anatomy of the vocal tract as the students can see and hear how vibrating different parts of the mouth and throat (e.g., vocal cords, epiglottis, vestibular folds, lips, etc.) alter the sound. Finally, beatboxing can be used to demonstrate the source-filter model of speech production through altering the sound source in the throat and displaying how to change your mouth shape to produce different formant-altering effects, such as the rapid formant shifting that gives a record scratch its characteristic sound. Beatboxing provides an entertaining and effective way to demonstrate technical concepts to students in an artistic format which captures the attention, especially of younger audiences. [Undergraduate research supported by the College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, at Brigham Young University.]

Analysis of the linear regime of a power amplifier for underwater acoustics experiments

When transmitting sound in a laboratory water tank, a power amplifier is needed to boost the generated signal. If the amplitude of the generated signal is too high, the power amplifier introduces harmonics into the transmitted signal. Measurements were taken to determine the maximum input amplitude for which the TEGAM 2350 power amplifier, which provides x50 amplification, has a linear response. To evaluate when harmonics are generated, acoustical measurements were taken in our acrylic 1.22 m by 3.66 m tank filled with 0.5 m of water. Custom LabView software generated a chirp with a specified amplitude. This signal was sent through the power amplifier and an impedance matching transformer to a B&K 8103 transmitter. The sound was received on the B&K 8103 hydrophones. Both were attached to two different UR10e robots that could be positioned throughout the tank. The receiver hydrophone was moved to three different locations in the tank for a variety of chirp amplitudes to find the maximum amplitude without harmonic generation. Results of these measurements are shown for three frequency bands: 10–50 kHz, 50–100 kHz, and 100–150 kHz . [Undergraduate research supported by the College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Brigham Young University]

Characterizing the absolute sound levels of ambient noise in a water tank

The underwater acoustic measurement tank used at Brigham Young University is affected by several external sound sources which, although easily identified or hypothesized about on a superficial level, must be investigated in order to determine their specific effects on data collection. Therefore, our goal is to characterize the absolute sound levels of these external acoustic sources. The measurements are conducted using B&K and TC4038 hydrophones. Data are collected over frequency bands within the “flat” range of these hydrophones, facilitating the consistent identification of ambient sounds across several bands. Measurements are taken at various points of the tank in order to determine to what extent tank location affects the ambient sound. Data in Volts are converted to Pascals by applying sensitivity values. To evaluate the accuracy of levels obtained, the same method is applied to the signal from a known source and compared to the levels obtained via a deconvolution approach. The conclusions of this study are applicable in obtaining sound levels in our own tank and in other environments (e.g., aquariums). [Undergraduate Research supported by the College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Brigham Young University]

Studi Eksploratif Mengenai Kadar Garam Tradisional Di Kampung Garam Kabupaten Sikka

This study aims to determine the levels of NaCl, to compare with the Indonesian National Standard and to see the influence of the environment and the cooking process on traditional salt produced by salt farmers in Kampung Garam, Sikka Regency. This research was conducted in Kampung Garam, Sikka Regency and the Mathematics and Natural Sciences Laboratory of the Muhamadiyah Maumere. The sample of this research is 3. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. This study uses a qualitative exploratory method. After the data is collected, it is followed by data analysis, namely by data reduction, data presentation, triangulation and drawing conclusions. Based on the research results, the NaCl content in sample A was 90.38%, salt samples B and C were 85.71% and 79.37%. The process of making salt in Uneng City includes several stages: 1) preparation of raw salt raw materials; 2). coarse salt is transferred in a filter container poured with water; 3) this coarse salt drained water is collected in a bucket; 4) salt water is cooked in a container that has been prepared at 90°C; 5) after a few hours, salt crystals form; 6) and salt drying is done by filtering. Therefore, the results of the study concluded that the quality of salt was seen from the NaCl content produced from three locations in Salt Village, Sikka Regency using the evaporation method with the help of fuel heat according to (SNI 4435-2017) on the basis of dry weight (adbk) for sample A including quality K2 salt (medium quality), samples B and C belong to K3 salt quality (low quality) and there are environmental influences and the salt cooking process on production so that it is not suitable for consumption.

Intelligent solutions in education: How inclusive the Moroccan Digital Classrooms project is for different social groups

<p>The global changes caused by the health crisis of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic have significantly impacted education all over the world. Schools today have had to adopt distance learning models using digital tools to ensure the continuity of educational systems in different circumstances. For this reason and to ensure the continuity of education even in the event of future disruptions in Morocco (war, pandemic, natural disaster...). The Minister of National Education for Preschool and Sport has unveiled an initiative to establish digital classrooms within the educational institutions of the Kingdom. This innovative pedagogical approach, grounded in the utilization of digital tools, is specifically designed to bolster the instruction of science subjects, (Mathematics, Physics, and Life and Earth Sciences). This digital educational transformation has emerged as a highly suitable mode of learning, catering to a diverse array of social groups, including individuals with disabilities and refugees. The primary objective of this research is to assess the influence of digital classrooms on the performance of science educators operating within the Rabat Sale Kenitra region. The intention is to gauge how this technological implementation has affected their teaching methods and overall effectiveness. Furthermore, this study seeks to gauge the progression of this educational transformation and advocate for the wider adoption of digital pedagogy, extending its incorporation into the instructional strategies of other subjects. The ultimate goal is to promote inclusivity and level the playing field for all learners, ensuring equal educational opportunities for every student.</p>

A preface

The 2nd International Conference Physics And Applied Physics (ICP & AP) 2023 Welcome to The 2nd International Conference Physics And Applied Physics (ICP & AP) 2023, presented by Faculty of The Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Sumatera Utara.Welcome to all keynote speakers, Dr. Buddha Deka Boruah from University College London, UK, Prof. Ming Way Lee from National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd. Mustafa Awang Kechik from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia and Prof. Dr. Timbangen Sembiring, M.Sc from Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. This year the The 2nd (ICP & AP) 2023 theme is “Enhance An Innovation of Physics Research for Competitive Dignivite Nation In Society Revolution 5.0”. It serves as a beacon guiding us through the sea of information and ideas that we will navigate over the next few days. It reminds us that, in an ever changing world, we must come together to explore new horizons and chart a course toward a better future.Over the course of this conference, we will have the opportunity to engage in enlightening discussions, exchange groundbreaking research, and forge lasting connections with fellow participants. Our speakers, panelists, and presenters have poured their hearts and minds into their work, and I have no doubt that the insights and knowledge shared here will leave a lasting impact on each and every one of us. In addition to our scheduled sessions, we have created spaces for informal networking and collaboration. I encourage you all to take full advantage of these opportunities to connect with your peers, share your experiences, and ignite new ideas.List of committee, participants are available in this PDF.

Synthesis and Characterization of Hexathiosianatoiron(II) [Fe(NCS)6] 4- Complex Compound and Tetrapyridindithiosianatoiron(II) [Fe(NCS)2(Py)4] Complex Compound

This research aims to synthesize and characterize the complex compounds Hexathiocyanatoiron(II) [Fe(NCS)6] 4- and Tetrapyridinedithiocyanatoiron(II) [Fe(NCS)2(Py)4]. The synthesis of these complex compounds was conducted in the Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Medan State University, while magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out using the Magnetic Susceptibility Balance (MSB) instrument in the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Bandung Institute of Technology. The complex compound synthesis involved the reaction of Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate with Potassium thiocyanate and Pyridine compound in a 1:2 and 1:2:4 molar ratio. The synthesis process was conducted through a direct reaction method in a polar solvent. The obtained results include Hexathiocyanatoiron(II) complex compound, [Fe(NCS)6] 4-, which is pale yellow crystalline with a yield of 32.76%, and Tetrapyridinedithiocyanatoiron(II) complex compound, [Fe(NCS)2(Py)4] which is dark purple crystalline with a yield of 52.62%. These compounds exhibit a melting point of 219℃. Magnetic susceptibility measurements using the MSB instrument revealed a magnetic susceptibility of 6.69 BM (paramagnetic) for the Hexathiocyanatoiron(II) complex[Fe(NCS)6] 4-, and a magnetic moment of 5.61 BM (diamagnetic) for the Tetrapyridinedithiocyanatoiron(II ) complex [Fe(NCS)2(Py)4].

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of instant red ginger from various volumes of added water

The aim of this research is to obtain the right volume of water in ginger juice extract that has the best effect on the physicochemical and sensory properties of instant ginger. The research was carried out from March to May. The location of this research was carried out at the Agroindustry Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tadulako University, Palu. Research parameters include yield, water content, pH test, antioxidant activity and sensory tests with ginger juice extract and water treatment formulations, namely, (100g:100mL), (100g:150mL), (100g:200mL), (100g:250mL), (100g:300mL). The research results showed that the ratio of ginger juice extract and water at an added volume of 300 mL of water provide the best physicochemical and sensory characteristics of instant ginger drink. Yield, antioxidant activity, aroma, taste, preferences have a tendency increases with increasing water volume, while water content, pH and IC50 decrease.

Characteristics of Students Engaged in Spontaneous Problem-Posing

Spontaneous problem posing is a basic concept of spontaneous mathematical thinking and science learning. Students generate problems without systematic encouragement and pose problems based on the student's desire to develop their skills. As a result, they can serve as important markers of constructive mathematical and science engagement, particularly affective engagement, for problem solvers and their classroom communities. We used a qualitative approach to analyze student characteristics, especially in the affective domain, when presenting random problems. We used an observational approach and experience sampling in each class to observe students' engagement in spontaneous problem posing both individually and in groups. The findings revealed that each student showed different characteristics when presenting problems suddenly (spontaneous problem posing). The submission of the first subject problem was categorized as problem-as-exercise, satisfying the characteristics of spontaneous originality, where constructive emotional experiences impressed more on the teacher, while negative emotional experiences impressed more on oneself (self), classmates, and mathematical activities. The submission of the second subject problem is classified as a problematic problem, fulfilling the characteristics of spontaneous originality. Negative emotional experiences are more visible in me (myself), while constructive emotional experiences are more visible in teachers, classmates, and math activities

The 'Courant Hilton': building the mathematical sciences at New York University.

This essay explores how mid-twentieth-century mathematicians at New York University envisioned their discipline, cultural identities and social roles, and how these self-constructed identities materialized in the planning of their new academic building, Warren Weaver Hall. These mathematicians considered their research to be a 'living part of the stream of science', requiring a mathematics research library which they equated to a scientific laboratory and a complex of computing rooms which served as an interdisciplinary research centre. Identifying as 'scientists', they understood their societal value to be that of researchers, outputting mathematics research valuable to the natural sciences, the emerging field of computer science and the United States government and military, as well as educators. When the building opened in 1965, it was touted by the university administration as an 'example of excellence'; it later, in 1970, became the site of heated negotiations when university student and faculty protestors staged a sit-in rebuking the Atomic Energy Commission's Computing Center housed on the second floor. A close study of the correspondence between the mathematicians and their peers in the university's administration, private foundations, government agencies and an architectural firm not only illuminates the day-to-day work practices of this eminent group of mathematicians, but also sheds light on their own self-constructed academic and social identities within their contemporaneous Cold War culture.

Produksi Enzim Spesifik Xilanase pada Variasi Suhu Konsorsium Trikultur Bakteri Termofilik

Xylanase is an extracellular enzyme that is capable of hydrolyzing xylan (hemicellulose) into xylose and xylo-oligosaccharides. Xylanase can be produced by microbes through a fermentation process, the microbes used are thermophilic bacteria. Thermophilic bacteria are microorganisms that are capable of producing thermostable enzymes through fermentation. The bacteria used are MSS11, MS 16 and MS 18. These thermophilic bacteria can live at temperatures above 45°C-80°C. To determine specific enzyme activity, enzyme and protein activity values were tested using a 540 nm (enzyme) and 750 nm (protein) septovotometer. The method used in this research is descriptive in triplicate. The research was carried out at the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padang State University on December 23 2023. Beechwood medium which had been mixed with MSS 11, MS 16, and MS 18 bacteria was then incubated at temperatures of 55℃, 65℃ and 75℃ so that specific enzyme activity was obtained. Of these three temperatures, the optimum specific enzyme activity of xylanase is 65℃, where the specific enzyme value obtained at 65℃ is 3.31 U/mg. Meanwhile, at low temperatures, namely at 55℃, the enzymatic reaction is slow, namely it has an enzyme activity value of 1.02 U/mg. Finally, at a temperature of 75, there was a decrease in specific enzyme activity, where the specific enzyme activity value was 3.12 U/mg.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT IN MATHEMATICS SCIENCES

The Learning Assessment Process in the science of mathematics is the topic of this discussion, it has its starting point in the universe of Education, whose delimitation takes place within the scope of Brazil, in which it perceives the expressions of the assessment of school Learning. Asking how you identify this process. The objective is to understand the opportunities brought by this theme to reflect on the subject. And, to achieve this, it is necessary to present concepts of Learning Assessment and pedagogical practice, understand their contributions to teaching and show the aspects of this application. The methodology is bibliographic, the search was for the terms “Process” “Evaluation” in “mathematics”, collecting samples from the universe informed in the Scielo and Google Scholar search bars. At the end, we review the text, realizing some points considered highly relevant to elucidating the problem, realizing that the assessment of school learning has been the subject of constant discussions within the educational scenario, presenting itself as an inexhaustible source of questions that are raised within the school community.