Maternity Benefits Research Articles

Design of Gender-Specific Benefits in Social Security Schemes: Experience from Tanzania

This study aimed to investigate designing and challenges of the implementing gender-specific benefits in social security schemes (NSSF and PSSSF) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Twenty-four (24) respondents were involved in this study. Face-to-face Semi-structured interviews were the main method used in data collection. Data collected were analyzed through Thematic and Content analysis. The findings revealed that the Maternity benefit is the only gender-sensitive benefit included in social security schemes. Additionally, the findings revealed that policies, programs, strategies, and laws concerning social protection are gender blind while social security benefits are characterized by the exclusion of paternity benefits and informal sectors. The study concludes that gender-centered social security benefits can be viewed in the design and implementation of social security benefits. The study recommends that the government should reform social security policies to suit gender as a primary factor in its design. The study recommends that members should demand changes in benefits because members’ contribution is a great source of income in social security schemes.

Health Workers’ Perceptions about Maternal and Adolescent Health among Marginalized Populations in India: A Multi-Centric Qualitative Study

Frontline workers are instrumental in bridging the gap in the utilization of maternal health services. We performed a qualitative cross-sectional study with medical officers, accredited social health activists (ASHA), and auxiliary nurse midwifes (ANM), across 13 districts of India, in order to understand the barriers and enablers, at the system and population levels, for improving access of adolescents and mothers to services. The data were collected by means of in-depth interviews (IDI) with medical officers and focus group discussions (FGD) with ASHA and ANM in 2016. The interview guide was based on the conceptual framework of WHO health interventions to decrease maternal morbidity. Content analysis was performed. In total, 532 frontline workers participated in 52 FGD and 52 medical officers in IDI. Adolescent clinics seemed nonexistent in most places; however, services were provided, such as counselling, iron tablets, or sanitary pads. Frontline workers perceived limited awareness and access to facilities among women for antenatal care. There were challenges in receiving the cash under maternity benefit schemes. Mothers-in-law and husbands were major influencers in women’s access to health services. Adolescent clinics and antenatal or postnatal care visits should be seen as windows of opportunities for approaching adolescents and women with good quality services.

Constitutional and Legal Framework of Women Empowerment in India

Our Constitution as ultimate law of territory and sufficient of legislations tried to reorganize their surroundings and supply assistance for security and their upliftments. The study is an attempt to review and fall out that there is complete constitutional and other legal arrangement to deal with issues of women empowerment. However, this research paper is limited to some legal provisions and interpretations of Indian Courts only. The jurisprudence of industrialization has confirmed the very important roles as tool of social justice. Equal Remuneration Act 1976 passed with the aim of equal pay for equal work both man and woman and contained that there will be no intolerance against employment of woman and promotes chance to them. Maternity Benefit Act 1961 provides protection to women workers maternity leave, extra leave for child infancy sufficient awareness to their security and strength of woman during pregnancy and lactation. Factories Act 1948 makes comprehensive requirements concerning health, safety and welfare of employment of women. Sec.25 of Beedi and Cigar Workers (Condition and Employment) Act 1966 laid down no woman shall be obligatory to manufacturing premises except between 6 a.m. and 7 a.m. and to make sure for safety of woman.Â

Newborn Outcomes Among Veterans Utilizing VHA Maternity Benefits, 2016-2020.

Public Law 111-163 Section 206 of the Caregivers and Veteran Omnibus Health Services Act amended the Veterans Health Administration's (VHA) medical benefits package to include 7 days of medical care for newborns delivered by Veterans. We examined the newborn outcomes among a cohort of women Veterans receiving VHA maternity benefits and care coordination. We conducted a secondary analysis of phone interview data from Veterans enrolled in the COMFORT (Center for Maternal and Infant Outcomes Research in Translation) study 2016-2020. Multivariable regression estimated associations with newborn outcomes (preterm birth; low birthweight). During the study period, 829 infants were born to 811 Veterans. Mothers reported "excellent health" for 94% of infants. The prevalence of preterm birth was slightly higher in our cohort (11% vs. 10%), as were low birthweight (9%) deliveries, compared to the general population (8.28%). Additionally, 42% of infants in our cohort required follow-up care for non-routine health conditions; 11% were uninsured at 2 months of age. Adverse newborn outcomes were more common for mothers who were older in age, self-identified as non-white in race and/or of Hispanic ethnicity, had a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, or had gestational comorbidities. The current VHA maternity coverage appears to be an effective policy for ensuring the well-being and health care coverage for the majority of Veterans and their newborns in the first days of life, thereby reducing the risk of inadequate prenatal and neonatal care. Future research should examine costs associated with extending coverage to 14 days or longer, comparing those to the projected excess costs of neonatal health problems. VHA policy should continue to support expanding care and resources through the Maternity Care Coordinator model.

Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPACR) among brick kiln workers in Indore, India

Abstract Background Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPACR), promotes utilization of skilled maternal and neonatal care. Preparing for childbirth reduces delays in seeking care. Brick-kiln workers constitute a vulnerable social group who contribute to city infrastructure by laboring at low wages. 37% of the sample were Scheduled Castes, 49% Scheduled Tribes. Methods 139 mothers of children < 2 years, residing temporarily in brick kilns of Indore were asked about preparedness for birth of youngest child. Birth preparedness was assessed by enquiring about saving money, arranging transport, identifying health facility for delivery, identified family member to accompany for labor/emergency. Findings 10% did >3 BPACR practices implying good level of preparedness; 50% did 1-2 BPACR practices; 40% did no birth preparedness. Access to maternity benefit scheme was twice as likely to result in reasonable birth preparedness as compared to no access. Those with primary to class XII were twice as likely to practice birth preparedness as compared to those with no formal education. >3 ANC was associated with 8 percentage points greater practice of reasonable BPACR as compared to < 2 or no ANC. Mothers with knowledge of one danger sign each of pregnancy and delivery were 3 times more likely to practice BPACR than those without this knowledge. FGDs revealed challenges in access to bank account, obtaining required documents to apply for and access state maternity benefit. Lack of family support led to low BPCAR and low institutional delivery. Conclusions Brick-kiln women face risk of low utilization of government healthcare services. The health systems should conduct outreach antenatal care sessions in brick-kilns on knowledge of key danger signs and BPACR during health education and ANC counselling can help promote BPACR and hospital delivery. Information on requisite steps to apply for maternity benefit schemes should be shared among brick-kiln workers. Key messages It is crucial to promote BPACR among urban vulnerable sections, through NUHM’s outreach sessions by ANMs/ASHAs in brick-kiln, construction workers and similar groups. Access to maternity benefit cash transfer scheme should be enhanced particularly among excluded temporary urban groups such as brick-kiln workers as it is a motivation to avail hospital care.

Protection for Maternity – Social, Economic and Political Trends in Selected EU Countries

Purpose: The authors attempt to identify differences within adopted models for calculating how various maternity benefits influence changes in expenditures on maternity and paternity benefits and the level of births and total fertility in Bulgaria, Germany, Ireland, and Poland between 2009-2019. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper was written based on the available literature, current legislation, reports of social security institutions. During undertaken research, comparative, descriptive, and interdependence analysis methods were used. First, an overview of family policy trends and instruments of the social protection of maternity in Europe were presented. Then, characteristics of the construction of maternity allowances in selected countries were performed. Finally, a comparative analysis of the influence of family policies on birth and total fertility was carried out. Findings: All the selected countries differ significantly in their approaches to maternity allowance, e.g., the duration of maternity/paternity leave, the amount, and construction of paid benefits. The research allows assessing the validity of governmental actions, the impact of benefit increases, and the changes being seen in the number of births. Practical Implications: Provides relevant information for Human Resources teams. It allows HR specialists to familiarize themselves with the diversity of regulations governing the matter of the maternity allowance for both parents, and correctly address the growing diversity and inclusion within the organization. Originality/Value: Both the public sector and the private sector may benefit from comparisons between countries in terms of parent support presented in this article. The paper can provide guidelines for government members and policy makers in other countries. The latter with an emphasis on the developing SSC / BPO area, employing employees from all over the world and creating new branches in various countries.

Lessons learned? Intended and unintended effects of India's second-generation maternal cash transfer scheme.

The maternity benefit scheme piloted as Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) since 2011 and recently rolled out as Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) incentivizes mothers to participate in infant health-promoting activities. It has become India's largest conditional cash transfer program ever, outrivaling the country's first-generation maternity benefit scheme Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), which incentivizes institutional delivery and has been criticized for its unintended side effects on fertility. We approach IGMSY's geographically targeted pilot phase as a natural experiment and use data from a large national health survey to estimate its effects by a matched-pair difference-in-differences approach. Consistent with the program's conditions, we find increases in infant immunization. As side effect, long-term utilization of public health facilities becomes more frequent and intervals between eligible births increase by 17%. Our findings suggest that India'ns second-generation maternity benefit scheme has been more carefully designed than its predecessor, with side effects that support the program's broader objectives. But both direct and indirect effects are small and can make only a small contribution to redressing India's dismal maternal and child health record.

Women's Right to Employment and the Press in the Twentieth Century Colonial Tamilnadu

The liberal Indian press worked hard to educate the conservative people about the necessity of women employment and induced the love for employment in the minds of educated women. It also suggested various kinds of jobs such as teaching, nursing etc. for women. The efforts of the press resulted in a great awareness on women's employment. Apart from agricultural sector, women put their steps towards employment in industrial and service sectors. After entering into the field of employment, women had to carry a double burden that of the home and the work place. In order to tackle this double burden, the press in Tamilnadu felt that women should be recognized as independent economic entities with the option of work on par with men. It urged that women should be given every convenience to enable them to work. These would comprise of marriage and maternity benefits, creches, nursery and kinder garden schools, as also labour saving gadgets at affordable prices. The efforts of the press along with the feminists resulted in positive changes. Various factors including the press strived hard in changing the conservative condition. At present, women are showing their talents in almost all the fields, particularly the women teachers occupy about eighty percentage of employment in elementary school education in Tamilnadu.

Perinatal Symptoms and Treatment Engagement in Female Veterans.

Women veterans using Veterans Health Care Administration maternity benefits have a high prevalence of mental health disorders, including depression, PTSD, and anxiety. Additionally, women with psychiatric histories often experience a relapse or worsening of symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum. Adequate perinatal mental healthcare engagement is critical to optimizing outcomes for mother and child. This study evaluated psychiatric symptom severity and predictors of women veteran's mental health treatment engagement during pregnancy and postpartum at the VA North Texas Health Care System. Seventy women using Veterans Health Administration were assessed longitudinally via chart review and interviews (including the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) during pregnancy and postpartum. A Friedman test was used to evaluate the change in symptom severity during (1) the 6 months before pregnancy, (2) pregnancy, and (3) postpartum. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine predictors of attending outpatient mental health appointments. Potential predictors examined included sociodemographic factors, symptoms of depression, history of military sexual assault, presence of a pre-pregnancy psychiatric diagnosis, and attendance of mental health appointments before pregnancy. Approximately 40% of participants demonstrated at least mild psychiatric symptoms before pregnancy, and symptom severity did not significantly change across the perinatal period (pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum) X2 (2, n = 70) = 3.56, P = .17. Depressive symptoms during the 2nd or 3rd trimester were a significant predictor for attendance of mental health appointments during both pregnancy (OR = 1.18, 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.34) and postpartum (OR = 1.18, 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.36). An active psychiatric diagnosis during the 6months before pregnancy was also a significant predictor of attendance following delivery (OR = 14.63, 95% CI, 1.55 to 138.51). Our results demonstrate that women with prior histories of mental health conditions will continue to be symptomatic, and this is a good predictor of mental health treatment engagement during the perinatal period.

The Inclusiveness of Maternity Leave Rights over 120 Years and across Five Continents

Even though paid maternity leave was the earliest form of social protection specifically aimed at women workers and is fundamental in securing their economic independence vis-à-vis employers and spouses, it has received scant scholarly attention. Neither the traditional historical accounts of welfare state emergence nor the more recent gendered analyses of developed welfare states have provided comparative accounts of its beginnings and trajectories. Employing the newly created historical database of maternity leave, we provide the first global and historical perspective on paid maternity leave policies covering 157 countries from the 1880s to 2018. Focusing on eligibility rather than generosity, we construct a measure of inclusiveness of paid maternity leaves to highlight how paid maternity leave has shaped not only gender but also social inequality, which has, until recently, largely been ignored by the literature on leave policies. The analyses of coverage expansion by sector and the development of eligibility rules reveal how paid maternity leave has historically stratified women workers by occupation and labor market position but is slowly evolving into a more universal social right across a broad range of countries. Potential drivers for this development are identified using multivariate analysis, suggesting a pivotal role for the political empowerment of women in the struggle for gender and social equality. However, the prevalence of informal labor combined with insufficient or non-existing maternity benefits outside the systems of social insurance still poses significant obstacles to the protection of women workers in some countries.

Knowledge and Practices Regarding Infant and Young Child Feeding among Mothers Working in Readymade Garments Sector in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Optimum is. Adequate Infant and young child feeding (IYCF), critical for child’s growth and development, requires a significant amount of time andcan be challenging for working mothers. In Bangladesh, about four million women work long-hours in Readymade Garment (RMG) factories without proper maternity benefits which raises concern regarding optimum IYCF practice. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in Dhaka, Bangladesh to identify the knowledge and common practices of IYCF among mothers working in Readymade Garment sector. Ninety-three women of reproductive age (15-49 years), working in Readymade Garment sector, with children aged 6-23 months, were interviewed. Our study revealed- majority knew about exclusive breast feeding (EBF) (76%), duration to continue breast feeding (73%) and early initiation of breast feeding (53%). The exclusive breast-feeding practice in mothers employed in RMG sector was 44%. Three-fourths of the mothers knew and initiated complementary feeding timely. Both knowledge regarding age-adjusted minimum meal frequency (MMF) (19.4%) and minimum quantity (8.6%) were low; compared to actual practices. Nearly two-fifth of the mothers (40%) had to start working before their child reached six months of age enabling them to provide their baby with breastmilk substitutes. Mothers employed in Readymade Garment sector had better IYCF practice than general population. Proper workplace environment with mandatory breast-feeding corners, daycare facilities and ensuring maternity benefits in these mothers could help achieve an even better IYCF practices for their children.

Does Job Security Affect Fertility and Fertility Intentions in Ghana? Examining the Evidence

The tradeoff that women face between work and family depends largely on a country’s institutional settings. Provisions like stable employment, maternity benefits, and childcare services can affect women’s fertility behaviours. In Ghana, the majority of women work in vulnerable self-employment positions. Among paid female employees, the degree of job security also varies. Largely studied in the developed country context, job insecurity has been found to have important effects on women’s reproductive health outcomes. As yet, there is no consensus on the direction of effects. The relationship has been argued to be largely country- and context- specific. This paper examines the nature of the relationship for a developing country, Ghana, where female labour force participation is high, paid employment is scarce, and there are few affordable childcare services. We use 2017 data from the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) and empirical techniques to control for self-selectivity. Initially, we find evidence consistent with the compensation hypothesis, an uncertain work environment encourages higher fertility. This is because becoming a parent and having more children can be a way to make the future safer and more predictable. This explanation is particularly relevant for settings like Ghana where fertility is valued. The observed strong, negative relationship between job security and fertility is however found to be largely attributable to self-selection of women into particular jobs. Career-oriented women self-select into more secure jobs, and have fewer children, given the higher associated costs; and, characterized by lower pay, family-oriented women self-select into less secure but more flexible jobs, in order to care for their children. In the absence of government or institutional policies, women face a difficult choice between family and work aspirations. Polices and institutions should therefore be put in place to reduce these work-family challenges.

The Maternity Leave and Cash Benefit Payment System for Readymade Garment (RMG) Sector of Bangladesh

Maternity leave means the period of paid absence from work. This type of leave is allowed to a mother before and after the birth of a child. Naturally, the term maternity benefit is applied in case of working women. Mostly, it is related to readymade garment (RDM). It indicates the payment made to a woman for giving birth of a child. The duration of maternity leave for female worker in RMG sector of Bangladesh is 4 months (16 weeks) according to Labor Act 2006. The purpose of this study is to show the application of RMG sector’s maternity leave and to assess the level of cash benefit payment for maternity leave. The main purpose of this study is to show the discrimination between two kinds of factories (foreign owned and local owned) about the proper application of rules and Act. The information collected from those who are experienced to take maternity leave and recently take the leave and also who are preparing for the leave.
 Frequency distribution has been used on the data extracted from female worker who have experience maternity leave and cash benefit payment. The result of this study is that there are two kinds of RMG sectors situations: one is called foreigner owned factory and another one is Bangali factory (local owner).Evidently, 60% get the cash payment with two terms before & after child born and 100% get the maternity leave. So, this paper will discuss about the differences of facilities, job security, cash payment, others opportunities for female in RMG sector.

The Maternity Leave and Cash Benefit Payment System for Readymade Garment (RMG) Sector of Bangladesh

Maternity leave means the period of paid absence from work. This type of leave is allowed to a mother before and after the birth of a child. Naturally, the term maternity benefit is applied in case of working women. Mostly, it is related to readymade garment (RDM). It indicates the payment made to a woman for giving birth of a child. The duration of maternity leave for female worker in RMG sector of Bangladesh is 4 months (16 weeks) according to Labor Act 2006. The purpose of this study is to show the application of RMG sector’s maternity leave and to assess the level of cash benefit payment for maternity leave. The main purpose of this study is to show the discrimination between two kinds of factories (foreign owned and local owned) about the proper application of rules and Act. The information collected from those who are experienced to take maternity leave and recently take the leave and also who are preparing for the leave.
 Frequency distribution has been used on the data extracted from female worker who have experience maternity leave and cash benefit payment. The result of this study is that there are two kinds of RMG sectors situations: one is called foreigner owned factory and another one is Bangali factory (local owner).Evidently, 60% get the cash payment with two terms before & after child born and 100% get the maternity leave. So, this paper will discuss about the differences of facilities, job security, cash payment, others opportunities for female in RMG sector.

Maternity Leave Access and Breastfeeding Practices among Working Mothers in an Urban Residential Area of East Delhi.

Background:Despite the provision of maternity leave benefits under the maternity benefit amendment act, its access by working mothers in the community is unknown.Objectives:The objective is to find out access to maternity leave among working mothers and its association with breastfeeding practices.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional, community-based study was conducted among 150 working mothers with children 6 months to 3 years of age. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were applied to find the association of breastfeeding practices with maternity leave and independent predictors of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), respectively.Results:Paid maternity leave was accessed by majority (103, 68.7%) of the working mothers. EBF among mothers working in government organizations was more (Adjusted odds ratio: 2.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.0–5.1) than in private organizations.Conclusion:Lower proportion of mothers in private organizations had availed paid maternity leave as compared to government organizations. Increase in coverage of maternity benefits in the private sector is needed.

Newborn Outcomes among Veterans Utilizing VHA Maternity Benefits, 2016-2020

Background: Public Law (PL) 111-163 Section 206 of the Caregivers and Veteran Omnibus Health Services Act amended the Veterans Health Administration’s (VHA) medical benefits package to include seven days of medical care for newborns delivered by Veterans. We examined the newborn outcomes among a cohort of women Veterans receiving VHA maternity benefits and care coordination. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of phone interview data from Veterans enrolled in the COMFORT (Center for Maternal and Infant Outcomes Research in Translation) study 2016-2020. Multivariable regression estimated associations with newborn outcomes (preterm birth; low birthweight). Results: During the study period, 829 infants were born to 811 Veterans. Mothers reported “excellent health” for 94% of infants. Low birth weight (less 5.8 pounds) affected 9%; 11% were preterm births; 42% of infants required follow-up care for non-routine health conditions; 11% were uninsured at 2 months of age. Adverse newborn outcomes were more common for mothers who were older in age, self-identified as non-white in race and/or of Hispanic ethnicity, had a diagnosis of PTSD, or had gestational comorbidities. Conclusions: The current VHA maternity coverage appears to be an effective policy for ensuring the well-being and healthcare coverage for the majority of Veterans’ newborns in the first days of life, thereby reducing risk of inadequate neonatal care. Future research should examine costs associated with extending coverage to 14 days or longer, comparing those to the projected excess costs of neonatal health problems.

Venture Capital's “Me Too” Moment

In this paper, we document the historically low rate of hiring of women in the venture capital sector. We find that the high-profile Ellen Pao v. Kleiner Perkins gender discrimination trial had dramatic treatment effects. In difference-in-differences regressions, we find that the rate of hiring of female venture capitalists increased substantially after the trial and that the hiring was more pronounced in states that were more receptive to the exposure. We use the state-level mandated maternity benefits as an instrument for the receptivity to the treatment effects of the Pao Trial. We also show that the fraction of founders who are female increases after the Pao Trial, but that the increase is driven entirely by the hiring of female venture capitalists. There is no increase in the propensity of male venture capitalists to invest in female founders in the post-Pao Trial period.

Awareness and utilization of maternal benefit schemes among mothers in urban area

Background: Motherhood is the most important stage of a woman’s life but can be a life-threatening condition too. During pregnancy, any woman can develop life-threatening complications that require immediate medical care. Maternal mortality is unacceptably high. About 830 women die from pregnancy or childbirth-related complications around the world every day. Maternal health care services are the measures to ensure safe motherhood through promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative health-care system. In view of the difficulty being faced by the pregnant women along with high expenditure on delivery, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and state governments have launched many schemes to ensure better facilities for women during pregnancy and delivery. However, the success of these schemes depends on their utilization by antenatal and postnatal mothers. Aim and Objective: This study was planned to estimate the level of awareness about the various government maternal benefit schemes among and also to assess the utilization of maternal benefit schemes among those mothers. Materials and Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study. All the mothers who had delivered before 1 year from the start of the study were included in the study. The mothers were identified with the help of Accredited Social Health Activist worker and Anganwadi worker by door-to-door enumeration. A sample of 150 was studied. Non-probability convenience sampling was followed to select study participants. A structured interview method was used. Results: In the present study, most of the mothers (89.3%) were in the age group of 20–30 years with mean age of 24.3 years (± 3.4 years). The participant was considered as aware of the government scheme, if she had heard about the scheme and knows about certain key points of the scheme. Health care workers were the major source of information for mothers (62.5%) in our study area followed by friends and family for 17.5–9.2%, respectively. Majority of the mothers (65%) had utilized Anganwadi Nutrition Supplementation followed by Bhagyalakshmi Scheme and Janani Suraksha Yojana. Conclusion: Overall awareness regarding government maternity benefits scheme ranges from 6.3% (Madilu kit) to 77.6% (Integrated Child Development Services). The awareness about important Government Maternity Benefit Schemes specifically targeted to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality such as Thayi Bhagya scheme and Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram was low.

Venture Capital’s 'Me Too' Moment

In this paper, we document the historically low rate of hiring of women in the venture capital sector. We find that the high-profile Ellen Pao v. Kleiner Perkins gender discrimination trial had dramatic treatment effects. In difference-in-differences regressions, we find that the rate of hiring of female venture capitalists increased substantially after the trial and that the hiring was more pronounced in states that were more receptive to the exposure. We use the state-level mandated maternity benefits as an instrument for the receptivity to the treatment effects of the Pao Trial. We also show that the fraction of founders who are female increases after the Pao Trial, but that the increase is driven entirely by the hiring of female venture capitalists. There is no increase in the propensity of male venture capitalists to invest in female founders in the post-Pao Trial period.

Organising Work as Migrant Domestic Workers and Construction Workers in the National Capital Region of India

Exodus of migrant workers from different cities in India has brought the issues of migrant workers into light. The discourse in the public domain mainly focusses on male workers where women are more portrayed as mothers. Gender studies scholars (Mazumdar et al. 2013) have always raised concerns on the overemphasis of the social angle of women’s migration. This paper brings forth how migrant workers, all women, had organised their productive-reproductive continuum in Delhi and Gurugram as construction workers and domestic workers. They had come to the National Capital Region (NCR) in search of livelihoods. Their work continuum is discussed in the backdrop of the economic distress that led to migration, the working conditions (wages and leaves) and social security provisions (maternity benefits and childcare) they were entitled to as workers in the cities. The objective of the paper is to understand the structures that influenced the organisation of productive-reproductive continuum of migrant informal sector women workers and also to demonstrate the processes of multiple marginalisation.