Good Quality Material Research Articles

Covid 19 Pandemic: The Inspiration to Start Online Business

The pandemic of covid-19 which was announced as a disaster by President Joko Widodo on March 2, 2020 has been shaking the economic scope of Indonesia. More department stores and even big shopping centers forcibly closed due to the policy of social distancing and local lockdown. As the consequence, more people lost their jobs which worsening the economic sector. Besides this sadly fact, more people started to utilize social media to promote products. The changing of people’s behaviors who previously used to shop offline to online sites became the main reason for businesses owners to take this opportunity to keep their businesses survive. This new life style also inspired many people to start online trades to earn their livings. The objective of this descriptive paper was to present how one of English students of Faculty of Education, Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta, who joined entrepreneur class was being inspired by the situation of covid-19 to start online business. This study used both observation and unstructured interview as the tools in collecting the data. The results of the study presented three answers of the research questions, namely: first, the student was inspired by the rapid spreading of online business and most business owners who promoted various products online. Second, in the preparation, he determined a label as his virtual store name, designing logo, creating ‘thank you’ card and buying good quality materials with low prices for the packaging. Third, after the first three months becoming reseller of women’s stuffs such as body treatment, bags, shoes, cosmetics and various accessories, up to end of September, more than hundred goods had been sold and he could earn around one million of net-profit every month. Even more, currently, he has been saving money as the capital, stocking quite big number of stuffs and planning to have one physical store to run the business offline after the pandemic is over.

Potential of Coal Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregates in The Production of Lightweight Brick

The use of coal bottom ash, a by-product from the coal burning process in lightweight bricks production is getting more attention worldwide including in Malaysia. The main objective of this research is to assess the extended potential of bottom ash to produce lightweight bricks. The green technology-based lightweight bricks in this study are designed using the by-product resulting from the burning of pulverized coal in thermal power plants for electric power generations. The burning of pulverized coal was questioned extensively over the last decades due to the carbon dioxide emission which is about 2.0 billion tons annually. These lightweight bricks are produced from the combination of specifically graded bottom ash, classified pozzolanic ashes, fine aggregates, Ordinary Portland Cement, and water. The lightweight bricks were subjected to a few laboratory assessments including compressive strength test, density test, and water absorption test. It was observed that the C2 brick and C3 brick at 60% and 100% addition of bottom ash, respectively had comparable compressive strength with other commercialized bricks (cement-sand brick and clay brick). The addition of coal bottom ash also produces the lowest density of the bricks which is about 1.2 kg/m3. Comparison with other commercialized bricks available in the market in terms of compressive strength, density, and water absorption indicated that the bottom ash-based bricks are stronger and lighter. A comprehensive selection of good quality materials and the selected mix design produced an acceptable quality of bricks that can be considered as part of the actual construction materials. Thus, with the production of this light and strong brick, the volume of the coal ash waste that was dumped in the landfill will be substantially reduced and simultaneously the lighter bricks will reduce the dead loads supported by the main structures of the building.

Traditional fish processing in Odisha, India

The present study documents the traditional fish drying techniques used by the fisher folk communities of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India. Information on local knowledge and the use of different fish drying methods within the study area was collected from 72 fisher folk through semi-structured questionnaires, free interviews, informal conversations and direct observations. The results showed that sun drying was the most extensively used method for fish preservation. About 19.4% of the informants preferred to spread the fishes directly on earth, 34.8% on the mat, 5.5% on palm leaves, 29.2 % over bamboo bars and 11.2% followed interlocking of snouts/jaws on bamboo sticks. Almost all the fish drying devices are handmade with bamboo, wooden pole and sometimes nylon threads following traditional technologies. The quality of the dry fish could be improved by educating fishermen on hygiene, sanitation, use of good water quality and raw materials for processing. In this context, the low-cost solar dryer can be constructed by using locally available materials, thus preventing contamination and dependence on weather conditions. The dry fish production can play a crucial role in socio-economic upliftment, employment generation and poverty alleviation particularly to women as they depend on it directly for their livelihoods.

Metal Matrix Composites Development and The Potential of Sugarcane Bagasse and Coir Fibre: A Review

Sugarcane bagasse (SB) and Coir fibre (CF) are two cellulose fibres/agricultural waste products found to constitute great environmental challenges, this has initiated a need to study them for probable potentialities as alternative use in the field of material science and engineering development apart from their localized usage. Consequently, this paper intends at reviewing these two agricultural waste material compositions characteristically to identify their potential development as renewable composite materials. Sugarcane bagasse has a chemical composition within the range of 88.13%, while Coir fibre varies from 25% - 76% of silica content depending on the type of treatment. This is a good quality material for composite production. The compatibility of these cellulose reinforcing agents and their adhesive matrix can be linked to their high cellulose, lignin, and other fibre contents and these can be explored in developing a multiphased system with different properties from the original components while retaining the qualities of the material among other potentials. These two agricultural by-products are good sources of fuel for electricity generation and agents of pozzolanic and polymerization with polypropylene for flame retardation. To conclude, therefore, SB and CF are decent resources for composites production and renewable energy, with excellent biodegradable characteristics consequently controlling environmental degradation.

Determinants of Demand for the Packaged Drinking Water

This research conveys “what are the determinants of demand of the packaged drinking water”. The word demand means to make an enquiry. Willingness of a consumer to buy the product and their ability to pay backed by their income for a commodity is called as demand. Consumer demand theory puts forth that demand of a commodity depends on tastes of the consumer, price of the related goods such as substitute and complementary goods. 1622 was the year when first bottling water plant was established in the United Kingdom. The reason behind the establishment of bottle water industry was to solve the problem of transportation of the water to far distance. This industry is a booming one. In India there are around 150 domestic water bottling companies. USA tops the list of the countries which generate more revenue from selling water bottles. In India Bisleri is the market leader in this industry which captures 60% of the market share. Drinking water from the water bottle has become a high standard of living in both developed and developing countries. The factors which influence the demand of this industry are due to increasing health awareness among the population, good taste of water, uptrend in the population, transportation and tourism etc. Water bottle industry is very useful for the economy because water is a necessity and everyone needs to buy it. But this industry is also harmful for the human life and the surrounding environment if good quality material is not used and if properly not recycle as well as disposed. Many people in across the world do not have access to safe drinking water. Tap water in most of the place gets contaminated and water bottle in such cases can be used to solve the problem as they are less priced and everyone can consumer it.

Application of Alternative Filler in Asphalt Mixture: An Overview from Indonesia Perspective

A good quality and proper quantity of filler material is one of the significant factors in producing asphalt mixture. Many studies have been highlighted waste material as an alternative filler to improve asphalt mixture performance. Hence, this paper reviewed the performance of asphalt mixture using rice husk ash (RHA) as filler in terms of the Marshall properties. It shows that 6% RHA by weight of total aggregate was commonly used and depicted better in Marshall properties than the others. This study also found that the RHA can be used to replace up to 100% of the conventional filler. Even though, higher RHA content could significantly reduce the stability yet it still within the acceptable range and could be applied at medium traffic load road. In return, the higher the RHA content the more waste material can be utilized for road construction. Thus, minimized the usage natural source materials.

Factors Influencing Particulate Matter 2.5 Levels in Indoor Areas of Rural Houses: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Almost 3 billion of the world’s poorest people still rely on solid fuels, with a concomitant increase in indoor Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) concentration resulting in deaths from respiratory diseases. Increased prevalence of respiratory diseases among never smoking young individuals and fairly among women compared to men point towards a causal relationship between chronic smoke inhalation resulting from the burning of biomass fuels. Aim: To assess the quantitative exposure levels of PM 2.5 in a rural setting in South India and determine the association between PM 2.5, type of house, ventilation available and fuel used. Materials and Methods: This community-based crosssectional study was conducted for 3 months from September 2020 to November 2020 in the rural field practice area of Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The houses were classified into three types Kutcha (roof, walls, and floor made of poor-quality materials), semi pucca (two components made of good quality material and one component is of poor quality), and pucca (roof, walls, and floor made of good quality material) houses according to Census of India 1991. The air quality inside 127 houses was assessed by measuring PM2.5 levels for 24 hours in both kitchen and living rooms. The association between house characteristics, ventilation, type of fuel, and indoor air quality was Studied using student t-test and one-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). Results: Among 323 included residents, 168 were males and 155 females with the mean age 36.99±13.24 years. The difference in average house area and living area between the three types of houses were statistically significant (p-value<0.001). The mean concentrations of PM2.5 were 290.07 µg/m3 and mean differences in PM2.5 levels in living room and kitchen of semi pucca (t=7.32, p-value<0.001) and pucca houses (t=5.47, p-value<0.001) were significant. The association between cross ventilation in kitchen (OR 3.24, p-value=0.042), artificial ventilation (OR 3.23, p=0.026), type of fuel (firewood OR 2.85, p-value=0.042) and PM2.5 levels is significant at 95% CI limits. Conclusion: Indoor air pollution is a silent killer responsible for several respiratory problems. Simple cost-effective measures could reduce indoor PM2.5 levels and thereby indoor air pollution.

WORN VEHICLE TYRES IN POLISH ROAD CONSTRUCTION – ECOLOGY, LAW, USE, AND ECONOMICS

The recycling of worn tyres is enforced primarily by legal regulations, but it is also motivated by ecological and economic reasons. In Poland, recovery of rubber materials makes it possible to obtain materials of good quality and very broad applications, e.g. for plastic road surface or production of so-called rubber asphalt, used for the grindable layer of roads, as well as for innovative materials intended for filling bridge abutments of integrated bridges. The paper considers the financial aspect of using disintegrated rubber waste by analysing the cost of replacing the binder with different amounts of rubber dust (10%, 12%, 14%, 16%). With the assumptions made, the analysis allows for concluding that with an increase in the content of the rubber additive, the cost of the binder changes.

Analisa Pengaruh Komposisi Cu dan Mg pada Paduan Al - Cu dan Al - Mg untuk Chassis Kendaraan

Chassis is a frame that functions as a support for vehicles, engines and passengers weight. The chassis also serves to hold the vehicle to remain rigid and not experience bending. To meet the needs of the global market for chassis products with good material quality, of course it can not be separated from how the product is made, starting from the casting process, heating to the final process (finishing). In this research, the chassis was made with aluminum waste material which is mixed with copper (Cu) and mixed with Magnesium (Mg) through the casting process. This research was carried out with Al and Cu alloys, Al and Mg and it was carried out by tensile and bending, hardnest tests. Aluminum is melted at the melting point and added with Cu powder ang with Mg powder with a composition of 0%, 1%, 2%, 2,5% and 3%. Alloy results are printed according to the tensile, bending and hardnest material test standards. Based on the results of tensile, bending and hardnest tests it can be concluded that the composition of 2% is the lowest elasticity alloy and 3% is the highest elasticity alloy.

Purification of Total RNAs and Small RNAs from Fruit Tree Leaf Tissues.

Perennial fruit crops are susceptible to many viral pathogens, which often lead to declines in quality and yield. For the production of good quality and virus-free propagation materials, conventional molecular detection methods combining high throughput sequencing technology have been widely applied to virus detection and discovery in fruit trees. Recovery of high-quality RNAs from fruit tree leaf tissues, the critical step for the subsequent molecular analysis, is often complicated by the presence of high levels of RNases and problematic biomolecules. Therefore, the universal extraction methods often require modification according to different properties of various tissues. In this chapter, we provide a set of methods that have been used successfully to isolate total RNAs and small RNAs from various fruit tree leaf tissues and as examples, presented in detail of a modified TRIzol method for total RNAs purification from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf tissues and an alternative small RNAs purification protocol using mirVana™ miRNA isolation kit (Ambion/Life Technologies) for some fruit tree leaf tissues. The protocols described here aim to provide examples of what have worked successfully for a range of fruit trees and may be successful for a given sample in the future.

TAHLIL KITAB MADRASI TA`ALIMI ALARABIAH BAINA YADAIK

Abstract The schoolbook in general is important in the educational process and their own importance; given the role of the Arabic language in preserving the identity and culture of society, it is therefore necessary to pay attention to its design and preparation, so that it achieves the desired goals. It meets the standards and performance of the quality of the book and addresses the gap between the elements of the language and its skills. Teaching books include an important component in learning, therefore must meet the criteria of teaching books that are worth using in accordance with applicable provisions. And the teaching material in it is also good quality material. The purpose of this research is to find out the quality of the Arabic teaching book grade IV issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2021. The methods used are library research and content analysis. Based on the results of the analysis can be known if there are still some errors in terms of content, presentation, language, and radiography. More research is needed on this book.Keywords: The School book _ standards _ goals _ skills. Teaching Book, Arabic

Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Martensitic Transformation in NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Fabricated Using Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing Technique

The electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) method was applied in order to fabricate rectangular-shaped NiTi component. The process was performed using an electron beam welding system using wire feeder inside the vacuum chamber. NiTi wire containing 50.97 at.% Ni and showing martensitic transformation near room temperature was used. It allowed to obtain a good quality material consisting of columnar grains elongated into the built direction growing directly from the NiTi substrate, which is related to the epitaxial grain growth mechanism. As manufactured material showed martensitic and reverse transformations diffused over the temperature range from −10 to 44 °C, the applied aging at 500° C moved the transformation to higher temperatures and transformation peaks became sharper. The highest recoverable strain of about 3.5% was obtained in the as-deposited sample deformed along the deposition direction. In the case of deformation of the alloy aged at 500 °C for 2h, the formation of martensite occurs at significantly lower stress; however, at about 2.5% the stress begins to increase gradually and only a small shape recovery was observed due to a higher martensitic transformation temperature. In situ SEM tensile deformation in the direction perpendicular to deposition direction showed that the martensite began to appear at the surface of the sample and at the grain boundaries due to heterogeneous nucleation. In situ studies allowed to determine the following crystallographic relationships between B2 and B19’ martensite: (100)B2||(100)B19’ and (100) B2 || (011)B19’; (011)B2|| (001)B19’ and {(011)}_{mathrm{B}2}||{left(11bar{1 }right)}_{mathrm{B}1{9}^{mathrm{^{prime}}}}. Samples aged at 500 °C exhibited fully austenitic microstructure; however, with increasing degree of deformation, the formation of martensite was observed. The majority of needles were tilted about 45° with respect to the tensile direction, and the presence of type I (11 bar{1 }) invariant twin boundaries was observed at higher degrees of deformation.

Experimental Investigation of Process Parameters of Al-SiC-B4C MMCs Finished by a Novel Magnetic Abrasive Flow Machining Setup

Abrasive flow machining (AFM) is one of the non-conventional finishing processes used to attain good surface quality and high material removal. However, limited attempts have been made to improve the performance of these processes. This paper presents a novel magnetic abrasive flow machining (MAFM) setup fabricated by adding a magnetization effect in which a nylon fixture and permanent magnets are replaced by a newly fabricated aluminium fixture and coil-type magnets, respectively. Inner cylindrical surfaces of hybrid Al/SiC/B4C metal matrix composites (MMCs) are finished by the MAFM process. One variable at a time (OVAT) approach is used for studying the effect of 6 input parameters, extrusion pressure (Ep), the number of cycles (N), abrasives concentration (C), workpiece material (Wp), abrasive mesh size (M), and magnetic flux density (Mf) upon response parameters, material removal rate (MRR) and change in surface roughness (ΔRa). The experimental results obtained for MRR and ΔRa show a significant improvement from 3.92 to 7.68 μg/s and 0.49 to 0.74 μm, respectively due to the increase of the extrusion pressure from 1 to 9 Mpa. The MRR and ΔRa was reduced from 6.89 to 6.78 μg/s and 0.46 to 0.22 μm, respectively with an increase in mesh number of abrasives from 80 to 400. The variation in concentration of abrasives from 40 to 60 % shows an improvement in MRR from 4.51 to 6.42 μg/s; whereas, there is a negligible effect on ΔRa which comes out from 3.82 to 3.86 μm. The MMCs, which are used for the experimentation shows a decline in MRR and ΔRa from 5.12 to 3.85 μg/s and 0.77 to 0.42 μm, respectively. This happened because there was a percentage change of reinforcement of SiC from 9 to 7 % and B4C from 1 to 3 % in Al-6063. An increase in the number of cycles from 50 to 250 shows a significant improvement in both MRR and ΔRa from 1.79 to 3.75 μg/s and 0.97 to 1.86 μm, respectively. Variation in magnetic effect also significantly improves MRR and ΔRa from 1.35 to 3.17 μg/s and 0.38 to 1.06 μm, respectively, when it is varied from 0.15 - 0.45 Tesla. The work carried out shows an overall significant improvement in MRR and ΔRa by using the MAFM process. The MAFM process finds a wide range of applications in finishing like surgical instruments, mechanical components, aerospace industry, electronics industry, etc. HIGHLIGHTS The hybrid MMCs (Al/SiC/B4C) are finished by novel MAFM setup An aluminium fixture and coil-type magnets play a significant role for finishing the workpiece surfaces An abrasive laden media acts as a cutting tool in the finishing process The OVAT approach is used for investigating the parametric effect The extrusion pressure, number of cycles and magnetic flux density are the significant parameters affecting the MRR and ΔRa GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Crystalline Quality, Composition Homogeneity, Tellurium Precipitates/Inclusions Concentration, Optical Transmission, and Energy Band Gap of Bridgman Grown Single-Crystalline Cd1-xZnxTe (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1).

Cd1−xZnxTe (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) ingots were obtained by Bridgman’s method using two different speeds in order to find the optimal conditions for single-crystalline growth. Crystalline quality was studied by chemical etching, the elemental composition by wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS), tellurium (Te) precipitates/inclusions concentration by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical transmission by Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and band gap energy (Egap) by photoluminescence (PL). It was observed that the ingots grown at a lower speed were those of the best crystalline quality, having at most three grains of different crystallographic orientation. The average dislocations density in all of them were similar and correspond to materials of good quality. EPMA results indicated that the homogeneity in the composition was excellent in the ingots central part. The concentration of Te precipitates/inclusions in all ingots was below the instrument (DSC) detection limit, 0.25% wt/wt. In the case of wafers from Cd0.96Zn0.04Te and Cd0.90Zn0.10Te ingots, the optical transmission was better than that of commercial materials and varied between 60% and 70%, while for pure CdTe, the transmission range was between 50% and 55%, the latter being decreased by the presence of Te precipitates/inclusions. The band gap energy Eg of different wafers was experimentally obtained by PL measurements at 76 K. We observed that Eg increased with the Zn concentration of the wafers, following a linear regression comparable to those proposed in the literature, and consistent with the results obtained with other techniques.

The Effect of Using PVC as A Mixed Additive Material Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course

The quality of pavement is influenced by good quality materials. Alternative materials can be used to increase the adhesion and viscosity of asphalt, including the using of latex and waste materials. The using of waste materials from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in addition to reducing environmental pollution problems is also expected to be an added material to improve the performance of asphalt. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of using PVC on the asphalt mixture. The specification refers to the Bina Marga 2018 method, by making the specimen of three variations of PVC. The variations of PVC are 3%, 4% and 6%. The results of the Marshall test showed that the optimum asphalt content was 6.5%; 5.8% and 6%. The result of 30 minutes immersion Marshall test at 3% variation is 1,367.91 kg, at 4% variation is 1,283.84 kg and 6% variation are 1,225.81 kg. The durability value for three variation is 94.75%, 92.54% and 93.85%. The using of PVC as an additive indicated that the addition of PVC to the asphalt mixture can provide better durability but the higher the PVC as a additive can reduce stability because the void in mixture is low.

Selection and Verification of Appropriate Reference Genes for Expression Normalization in Cryptomeria fortunei under Abiotic Stress and Hormone Treatments.

Cryptomeria fortunei has become one of the main timber afforestation species in subtropical high-altitude areas of China due to its fast growth, good material quality, and strong adaptability, showing broad application prospects. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is the most accurate and widely used gene expression evaluation technique, and selecting appropriate reference genes (RGs) is essential for normalizing qRT-PCR results. However, suitable RGs for gene expression normalization in C. fortunei have not been reported. Here, we tested the expression stability for 12 RGs in C. fortunei under various experimental conditions (simulated abiotic stresses (cold, heat, drought, and salinity) and hormone treatments (methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and gibberellin) and in different tissues (stems, tender needles, needles, cones, and seeds) using four algorithms (delta Ct, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper). Then, geometric mean rankings from these algorithms and the RefFinder program were used to comprehensively evaluate RG stability. The results indicated CYP, actin, UBC, and 18S as good choices for studying C. fortunei gene expression. qRT-PCR analysis of the expression patterns of three target genes (CAT and MAPK1/6) further verified that the selected RGs were suitable for gene expression normalization. This study provides an important basis for C. fortunei gene expression standardization and quantification.

Effectiveness of Longsegment Contract Method on The Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance System

Longsegment is a road maintenance system on a contract basis to service providers throughout the fiscal year. In implementing longsegment contracts, service providers are required to have good quality materials so that road maintenance is maintained in quality, this causes the costs incurred to be efficient. This research will discuss how effective the longsegment road maintenance system is so that it can achieve a more efficient implementation cost for road maintenance. This research method is to measure the performance of roads handled by conventional contracts and longsegment contracts in terms of the final results of road conditions as assessed by the International Roughness Index (IRI) and Surface Distress Index (SDI) methods, then analyze the effectiveness of the contract system on the costs incurred by the user. The results showed that road performance carried out in 2016 by conventional contracting resulted in road stability of 88.79% at a cost of Rp. 87,912,696,000.00 while road performance using the longsegment contract system implemented since 2017 resulted in road stability. 95.29% with a fee of Rp. 75,312,723,000.00; road stability is 95.97% at a cost of Rp.70.026300.000.00; road stability is 90.42% at a cost of Rp. 24,014,464,000.00. From the results of road conditions and costs incurred for road preservation, it can be concluded that longsegment road maintenance is more effective than conventional contracts.

The Promise of Nursing Home Medical Direction: A Work in Progress

The Promise of Nursing Home Medical Direction: A Work in Progress

Novel method for the determination of the optical conductivity and dielectric constant of SiGe thin films using Kato-Adachi dispersion model

ABSTRACT In the present paper, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study of compositionally graded thin films grown on Si at 550°C. The study has been conducted for two particular values of the Ge fraction x namely x = 0.05 and x = 0.1. This choice finds its origin with the circumstance of getting good material quality by the obtention of totally relaxed layers with dislocation-free, as well as a good thermal conductivity of the active layer. The curves of optical constants and optical conductivity were performed by fitting the experimental ellipsometric spectra. Theoretical results reveal that the layers thickness of all studied samples was about 110 nm, suggesting the accuracy of the new Kato-Adachi spectroscopic ellipsometry model developed herein. Furthermore, current–voltage characteristic disclose that the efficiency of the structure corresponding to the fraction x = 0.1 is higher than the other solar cell due to higher values of Voc and FF.

Sensory and Chemical Properties of Protein Hydrolysates Based on Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and Salmon (Salmo salar) Side Stream Materials

ABSTRACT The comparative sensory, nutritional, and chemical quality properties of protein hydrolysates produced from mackerel and salmon backbones, heads, and viscera were evaluated. All hydrolysates had high essential amino acid and low biogenic amine levels, implying good raw material quality. The mackerel head-based hydrolysate was rich in ash, influencing the salty taste of the product. Hydrolysates based on viscera were significantly more taste intense and bitter compared with hydrolysates based on backbones and heads. There were only small differences in sensory intensity scores of hydrolysates based on either salmon or mackerel, with no significant difference in bitter taste.