Materials For Water Purification Research Articles

Nanostructured Materials for Water Purification: Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions and Organic Dyes.

Chemical water pollution poses a threat to human beings and ecological systems. The purification of water to remove toxic organic and inorganic pollutants is essential for a safe society and a clean environment. Adsorption-based water treatment is considered one of the most effective and economic technologies designed to remove toxic substances. In this article, we review the recent progress in the field of nanostructured materials used for water purification, particularly those used for the adsorption of heavy metal ions and organic dyes. This review includes a range of nanostructured materials such as metal-based nanoparticles, polymer-based nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials, bio-mass materials, and other types of nanostructured materials. Finally, the current challenges in the fields of adsorption of toxic materials using nanostructured materials are briefly discussed.

Manganese Ferrite-Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Synthesis: Biogenic Waste Remodeling for Water Decontamination.

Environmental pollution, especially water pollution caused by dyes, heavy metal ions and biological pathogens, is a root cause of various lethal diseases in human-beings and animals. Water purification materials and treatment methods are overpriced. Consequently, there is an imperative outlook observance for cheap materials for the purification of wastewaters. In order to fill up the projected demand for clean water, the present study aimed to make use of cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods to convert bone-waste from animals such as cows into novel composites for the decontamination of water. The bone-waste of slaughtered cows from the Najran region of Saudi Arabia was collected and used for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite based on the thermal method. The synthesized hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) was utilized to prepare a manganese ferrite/hydroxyapatite composite. The nanocomposite was categorized by diverse sophisticated procedures, for instance XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, TEM, UV, PL and FT-IR. This composite possesses outstanding photocatalytic activity against methylene blue dye, which is a common pollutant from industrial wastes. Moreover, the synthesised composite revealed exceptional bacteriostatic commotion towards E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, which are accountable for acute waterborne infections. The outcome of this study demonstrated that the integration of manganese ferrite into hydroxyapatite significantly intensified both antimicrobial and photocatalytic actions when compared to the virgin hydroxyapatite.

MWCNTs Composites-Based on New Chemically Modified Polysulfone Matrix for Biomedical Applications.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a non-toxic biosynthetic polymer. Due to the hydrophilic properties of the PVA, its utilization is an easy tool to modify the properties of materials inducing increased hydrophilicity, which can be noticed in the surface properties of the materials, such as wettability. Based on this motivation, we proposed to obtain high-performance composite materials by a facile synthetic method that involves the cross-linking process of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with and aldehyde-functionalized polysulfone(mPSF) precursor, prior to incorporation of modified MWCNTs with hydrophilic groups, thus ensuring a high compatibility between the polymeric and the filler components. Materials prepared in this way have been compared with those based on polyvinyl alcohol and same fillers (mMWCNTs) in order to establish the influence of the polymeric matrix on the composites properties. The amount of mMWCNTs varied in both polymeric matrices between 0.5 and 5 wt%. Fourier transformed infrared with attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) was employed to confirm the changes noted in the PVA, mPSF and their composites. Hemolysis degree was investigated in correlation with the material structural features. Homogenous distribution of mMWCNTs in all the composite materials has been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The hydrophilicity of both composite systems, estimated by the contact angle method, was influenced by the presence of the filler amount mMWCNTs in both matrices (PVA and mPSF). Our work demonstrates that mPSF/mMWCNTs and PVA/mMWCNTs composite could be used as water purification or blood-filtration materials.

Highly efficient sunlight-driven self-cleaning electrospun nanofiber membrane NM88B@HPAN for water treatment

Electrospun membranes show great potential as separation materials for water purification due to their high porosity and three-dimension (3D) configuration. However, membrane fouling has still not been effectively solved. In this work, hydrophilic and visible-light responsive NM88B@HPAN nanofiber membrane was fabricated, via introduced the catalyst of NH2-MIL-88B(Fe) (NM88B) into the 3D matrix of the hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (HPAN) membrane. Owning to the partial dissociation of protons in carboxyl functional groups, the surface of HPAN membrane shows a negative charge in water, which is conducive to improve the interaction between HPAN membrane and protonated NM88B, resulting in good dispersion of nanoparticles on the membrane surface and high stability of NM88B@HPAN nanofiber membrane. The nanofiber membrane exhibited excellent separation efficiency (up to 99%) and high permeation flux (946–6014 L/m2/h) towards various oil/water emulsions. Meanwhile, the membrane has high flux recovery rate and dye degradation ability towards Rhodamine B (RhB) (90.04%) owing to the synergistic effect of strong hydrophilicity and photo-Fenton activity. Moreover, good mechanical property was observed of the composite nanofiber membrane, which was beneficial for repeated use in the actual production process.

Water purification from cationic organic dyes using kaolin-based ceramic materials

The development of effective sorbents based on cheap natural raw materials for water purification from synthetic organic dyes is an important environmental problem. It is known that layered silicates are distinguished by mechanical strength, thermal and chemical resistance, high dispersion, ion exchange, availability and low cost. However, the main disadvantage of natural clays is their insufficiently high sorption capacity with respect to organic toxicants. Therefore, to increase it, the surface of clay minerals is modified by various physical and chemical methods. The object of study is kaolin from the Glukhovets deposit (Ukraine), the main rock-forming mineral of which is kaolinite. After its thermal modification followed by acid activation with chloride acid, sorbents with sufficiently high structural-sorption properties and increased sorption capacity with respect to the synthetic organic dye, methylene blue, are obtained. The influence of the conditions for the synthesis of ceramic materials on the physicochemical features of the dye removal from the aqueous medium is studied. The dependence of the values of methylene blue sorption by silicate sorbents on the temperature of kaolin treatment and the concentration of chloride acid, which was used for its acid activation, is studied. It has been established that the specific surface of the obtained samples is significantly affected by both the kaolin treatment temperature and the concentration of perchloric acid. Thus, under certain experimental conditions, sorption materials were obtained with a specific surface area of 140 m2/g, which significantly exceeds that for the original kaolin, which is 9 m2/g. A significant increase in the sorption capacity of acid-activated samples compared to the original clay and heat-treated forms was established. The value of the maximum sorption of methylene blue for acid-activated samples exceeds that for natural kaolin by almost 2 times and reaches 16 mg/g.

Laboratory Investigation on Pollutant Removal Effect of Purification Materials for Porous Asphalt Pavement

Purification materials have been widely applied as filter media in best management measures including wetlands, bioretention systems, and so forth, whereas their application in permeable pavement is limited and needs further research. This paper aims to explore the feasible applications of water purification materials in permeable pavement materials and structures. Based on laboratory rainfall test and static adsorption test, the possible application of three types of water purification materials, including diatomite, quartz sand, and straw biochar, in porous asphalt pavement and their pollutant removal effect were investigated. The results show that the filter layers can effectively increase the total suspended solids removal rate to 60%–80%. And when the purification materials are applied as alternative fillers in porous asphalt mixture (PA), they can enhance the removal effect of dissolved pollutants, especially heavy metals, by their special chemical properties and the positive influence on microscopic pore structures of PA. The adsorption effect of PA on pollutants is closely related to the environment temperature. The PA adsorption of nutrients and Cu increases with the increase of temperature, but the adsorption effect of Cr is better at lower temperatures. The pseudo-first-order model and the pseudo-second-order model can properly describe the adsorption process of heavy metals Cu and Cr by PA, respectively. The purification schemes that present purification effects under different runoff pollution characteristics are recommended as well.

Natural Porous Materials for Interfacial Solar Steam Generation toward Clean Water Production

Solar Steam Generation In article number 2100986, Yuen Hong Tsang and co-workers reviewed the recent breakthroughs in photothermal material design using natural porous materials for water purification and desalination application. Biodegradability, abundance, lower thermal conductivity, low-cost, natural capillary mechanism, hydrophilicity, and higher photothermal conversion efficiency have attracted researchers to design natural porous material-based photothermal evaporators for interfacial solar steam generation.

Laser Interferometry for Precise Measurement of Ultralow Flow Rates from Permeable Materials

Novel observations in nanofluidic systems, such as ultrafast water transport, have directed recent research efforts toward developing new materials for water purification. Characterizing the transport properties of these materials is often restricted to exceptionally small areas and low pressures to avoid damage or defect formation. Consequently, observable flow rates are often limited to a few nL h–1, even for materials with intrinsically high permeability. In this work, we apply laser interferometry to indirectly measure extremely low flow rates from permeable materials. We first demonstrate the principles of interferometry for measuring the rate of a moving mirror. We then validate the technique for nanoscale liquid level displacements by measuring the rate of water evaporation from a cylindrical vessel before (0.40 nm s–1) and after (undetectable) sealing the vessel. When applying interferometry to membrane characterization, we find good agreement with water permeance measured in a conventional pressure-driven cell (mean absolute error, MAE = 8.54%). This proof of concept, and the perspectives given herein, could help expedite investigatory science on the fluid flow properties of novel nanofluidic devices and materials critical to innovation at the water–energy nexus.

Re-generable and re-synthesisable micro-structured MIL-53 Rachig Rings for ibuprofen removal

Water-stable metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are attractive adsorbent materials for water purification. However, for practical applications, they must be structured into beads, granules, pellets, etc. which would impair their adsorption performances. This study demonstrates the feasibility in developing a water-stable MIL-53 onto a micro-structured alumina Raschig Ring (Al-RR) served not only as an aluminium metal source, but also as a support. Our results showed that a MIL-53 layer covers the entire surface of the Al-RR. The unique structure of the Al-RR allows easy access of water pollutants, hence achieving high adsorption efficiencies with its estimated equilibrium adsorption capacity between 222 and 300 mg g−1. In addition, the synthesised MIL-53 Raschig Ring (MIL-53-RR) can be regenerated or re-synthesised without any significant reduction in the adsorption performances, indicating the potential for possible commercialisation of the MIL-53-RR for water purifications such as ibuprofen removal from water.

Facile synthesis of g-C3N4/Ag2C2O4 heterojunction composite membrane with efficient visible light photocatalytic activity for water disinfection

Water pollution, deriving from the contamination of pathogenic bacteria, has posed a threat to human's survival and development. Photocatalytic disinfection is being widely studied in decentralized drink water safety, as traditional disinfection technologies are limited by harmful disinfection by-product and excessive energy consumption. Herein, a novel composite membrane (PN/Ag) with plasmonic heterojunction was synthesized for the efficient photocatalytic disinfection through the combination of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), N-doped carbon dots (NCDs)/g-C3N4 and Ag2C2O4 by electrospinning technique and successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) process. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of Ag nanoparticles and Schottky barrier formation between metal and semiconductor contributed to the efficient separation of electron-hole pairs and the generation of reactive species, resulting in outstanding photocatalytic disinfection of PN/Ag composite membranes (7.48 and 7.70 log inactivation of E. coli and S. aureus respectively in 80 min) and good reusability under visible light illumination. Moreover, the potential Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanisms were proposed for PN/Ag system according to the band structure and reactive species analysis. The as-proposed PN/Ag composite membranes may shed light on the design and application of materials in water purification.

Hydrophilic porous PVDF membrane embedded with BaTiO3 featuring controlled oxygen vacancies for piezocatalytic water cleaning

High-efficient and recyclable piezocatalysts are promising to utilize natural mechanical energy in piezocatalytic degradation for environmental purification. Herein, a new piezoelectric membrane with dual piezoelectric potentials was fabricated by embedding piezoelectric BaTiO3 nanocubes in piezoelectric PVDF polymeric film. In particular, the pre-modified controlled oxygen vacancies in BaTiO3 nanocubes (BTO-OVs) enhanced the adsorption and activation of dissolved oxygen in water, promoting the generation of reactive radicals. And the PVDF film embedded by BTO-OVs had boosted piezoelectric property and improved hydrophilicity and porosity after socking. Thus, the hydrophilic porous composite membrane (HPVDF/BTO-OVs) had efficient adsorption and piezocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A in water under ultrasonic vibration and the removal efficiency is 14 times higher than that of pure PVDF film. In addition, the HPVDF/BTO-OVs membrane adhered on impeller can effectively remove BPA under 900 rpm stirring, which provided a promising material for water purification utilizing low-frequency mechanical energy from nature.

Bi-functional water-purification materials derived from natural wood modified TiO2 by photothermal effect and photocatalysis.

As one of the sustainable and renewable materials, the carbonization of natural wood is generally considered as a low-cost, environmentally friendly method to fabricate carbon materials. Natural wood, by surficial carbonization, can possess an excellent photothermal effect, low heat loss, and easy water transportation in the solar water desalination process based on the unique structures, leading to high solar water desalination performance. Here, we design and construct a composite of commercial P25 nanocrystal-loaded semi-spherical wood with surficial carbonization at the semi-spherical end (P25/wC-s-s), which is beneficial for light harvesting and water evaporation due to the semi-spherical structure-induced large surface area. The composite displays bi-functions of high solar-to-vapour energy efficiency and an intriguing photo-degradation efficiency for organic pollutants in the solar water purification process. The research provides a novel approach to engineering an efficient, stable, and low-cost bi-functional device for the photothermal/photoelectronic conversion of water treatment.

Adsorptive removal of pollutants from water using magnesium ferrite nanoadsorbent: a promising future material for water purification.

Nanoadsorbents having large specific surface area, high pore volume with tunable pore size, affordability and easy magnetic separation gained much popularity in recent time. Iron-based nanoadsorbents showed higher adsorption capacity for different pollutant removal from water among other periodic elements. Spinel ferrite nanomaterials among iron-bearing adsorbent class performed better than single iron oxide and hydroxides due to their large surface area, mesoporous pore, high pore volume and stability. This work aimed at focusing on water treatment using magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) nanomaterials. Synthesis routes, properties and pollutant adsorption were critically investigated to explore the performance of magnesium ferrite in water treatment. Structural and surface properties were greatly affected by the factors involved in different synthesis routes and iron and magnesium ratio. Complete removal of pollutants through adsorption was achieved using magnesium ferrite. Pollutant adsorption capacity of MgFe2O4 and its modified forms was found several folds higher than Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 nanomaterials. In addition, MgFe2O4 showed strong stability in water than other pure iron oxide and hydroxide. Modification with graphene oxide, activated carbon, biochar and silica was demonstrated to be beneficial for enhanced adsorption capacity. Complex formation was suggested as a dominant mechanism for pollutant adsorption. These nanomaterials could be a viable and competitive adsorbent for diverse pollutant removal from water.

Facile preparation of nanocellulose/Zn-MOF-based catalytic filter for water purification by oxidation process

Sulfate radical (SO4•-)-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have recently attracted much attention due to their potential in degrading organic pollutants. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been reported as effective materials to generate SO4•-. However, it is challenging to separate and recover the dispersed MOF particles from the reaction solution when MOFs are used alone. We used cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as a porous filter template to immobilize Zn-based MOF, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), and obtained a catalytic composite membrane having peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activating function to produce SO4•-. The CNF was effective in holding ZIF-8 nanoparticle and making a durable porous filter. The activated PMS-produced •OH and SO4•- radicals from ZIF-8 play an important role in the catalytic reaction. More than 90% of methylene blue and rhodamine B was degraded by ZIF-8/CNFs composite membrane in the PMS environment within 60min. The ZIF-8/CNFs catalytic filters can be used several times without performance reduction for organic dye degradation. The results show that ZIF-8/CNFs catalytic membrane can be separated from organic pollution system quickly and used for the efficient separation and recovery of MOF particle-based catalytic materials. Therefore, this study provides a new perspective for fabricating the MOFs particles-immobilized catalytic filter by biomass nanocellulose-based materials for water purification. This method can be used for facile fabrication of the cellulose-based porous functional filter and open diverse applications.

Fabrication of dual Z-scheme TiO2-WO3-CeO2 heterostructured nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalysis, antibacterial, and electrochemical performance

Direct dual Z-scheme heterostructured nanocomposite TiO2-WO3-CeO2 (NC) and pristine metal oxides nanostructures (NSs) were fabricated using a facile co-precipitation route. XRD, FTIR, and Raman data have confirmed the formation of NSs and NC. FESEM images showed quasi-mesoporous morphology of as-grown nanocomposite. EDX analysis confirmed the existence of titanium (Ti), cerium (Ce), and tungsten (W) in grown NC. The energy bandgap of NC was narrow 2.45 eV as compared to NSs. The higher electrical conductivity and lower recombination rate of NC were observed in IV and PL analysis. The photodegradation efficiency of NC was recorded 99.8% after 60 min under sunlight radiation against methylene blue (MB), which was significantly higher than NSs. NC catalyst has shown excellent photodegradation against other organic pollutants and has superior recyclability up to 7th cycle toward MB dye with a ~ 6% deficit in photodegradation efficiency. The antimicrobial activity results indicated the higher inhibition ability of NC against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. Vulgaris, and P. aeruginosa with maximum inhibition zone diameter 25, 29, 26, 28, and 27 mm, respectively. The electrochemical tests including CV, EIS, and GCD exhibited the superior capacitive behaviour of NC. These results demonstrate that grown NC is an efficient material for electrochemical devices, water purification, and biomedical applications.

Novel VOPO4/g-C3N4-PMS system for organic pollutant degradation: Assessment of toxicity by Danio rerio

The hydrothermally synthesized Vanadyl phosphate (VP) was doped with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) which has low band gap energy and high nitrogen content to form VP/g-C3N4 (VP/GCN) composite. These synthesized materials were aided by PMS activation, and then these materials were evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of organic Azure B (Az B) dye. The structure and surface morphology of the synthesized materials were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy techniques (TEM), UV− Vis-DRS spectroscopy and Fourier transform-infra red spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The photocatalytic degradation of the organic dye was carried out in a photocatalytic chamber under visible light. The PMS activation enhances the catalytic efficiency of the synthesized material. The degradation efficiency of the PMS activated VP/GCN composite was found to be nearly 93% for Az B dye effluent in a time duration of 120 min. The treated effluent water was investigated for the animal survival to understand its toxic nature. VP/GCN composite catalyst treated dye effluent exhibited better survival for zebra fish (Danio rerio) when compared with the untreated dye effluent which clearly proves the VP/GCN catalyst to be an excellent material for water purification.

Evaluation of gum ghatti-g-poly(itaconic acid) magnetite nanocomposite as an adsorbent material for water purification

A porous hydrogel nanocomposite has been made by grafting poly(itaconic acid) on the polysaccharide, gum ghatti and by embedding magnetite nanoparticles in the copolymer gel matrix. This novel functional material Ggh-g-PIA/Fe3O4 was characterized by FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDS, XRD, BET, Zeta potential measurements and VSM techniques. The nanocomposite possesses mesoporous structure with high surface area and exhibits super-paramagnetic behavior due to the presence of magnetite nanoparticles. The hydrogel nanocomposite was evaluated as an adsorbent material for removal of dyes and divalent metal ions. Significant adsorption capacities of 410.2, 387.6, 416.5 and 401.4 mg g−1 towards methylene blue, rhodamine 6G, Cu (II) and Hg (II) ions respectively were observed. The adsorption isotherms were well described by the Freundlich isotherm model and kinetic studies demonstrated the adsorption to be a pseudo second order kinetic process. Intraparticle diffusion model suggested adsorption to occur by a multi-step diffusion process. Thermodynamic studies indicated a spontaneous and endothermic adsorption. Further, the desorption study indicated the possibility of successful regeneration of the adsorbent. A high removal efficiency, recyclability, convenient recovery after use due to the magnetic nature makes this polysaccharide based nanocomposite an environment friendly adsorbent material for water purification.

Nanocellulose-Based Materials for Water Treatment: Adsorption, Photocatalytic Degradation, Disinfection, Antifouling, and Nanofiltration.

Nanocelluloses are promising bio-nano-materials for use as water treatment materials in environmental protection and remediation. Over the past decades, they have been integrated via novel nanoengineering approaches for water treatment processes. This review aims at giving an overview of nanocellulose requirements concerning emerging nanotechnologies of waster treatments and purification, i.e., adsorption, absorption, flocculation, photocatalytic degradation, disinfection, antifouling, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Firstly, the nanocellulose synthesis methods (mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological), unique properties (sizes, geometries, and surface chemistry) were presented and their use for capturing and removal of wastewater pollutants was explained. Secondly, different chemical modification approaches surface functionalization (with functional groups, polymers, and nanoparticles) for enhancing the surface chemistry of the nanocellulose for enabling the effective removal of specific pollutants (suspended particles, microorganisms, hazardous metals ions, organic dyes, drugs, pesticides fertilizers, and oils) were highlighted. Thirdly, new fabrication approaches (solution casting, thermal treatment, electrospinning, 3D printing) that integrated nanocelluloses (spherical nanoparticles, nanowhiskers, nanofibers) to produce water treatment materials (individual composite nanoparticles, hydrogels, aerogels, sponges, membranes, and nanopapers) were covered. Finally, the major challenges and future perspectives concerning the applications of nanocellulose based materials in water treatment and purification were highlighted.

In situ grown bacterial cellulose/MoS2 composites for multi-contaminant wastewater treatment and bacteria inactivation

For the purpose of developing multifunctional water purification materials capable of degrading organic pollutants while simultaneously inactivating microorganisms from contaminated wastewater streams, we report here a facile and eco-friendly method to immobilize molybdenum disulfide into bacterial cellulose via a one-step in-situ biosynthetic method. The resultant nanocomposite, termed BC/MoS2, was shown to possess a photocatalytic activity capable of generating •OH from H2O2, while also exhibiting photodynamic/photothermal mechanisms, the combination of which exhibits synergistic activity for the degradation of pollutants as well as for bacterial inactivation. In the presence of H2O2, the BC/MoS2 nanocomposite exhibited excellent antibacterial efficacy upwards of 99.9999% (6 log units) for the photoinactivation of both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus upon infrared (IR) lamp illumination (100 W, 760 nm ≤ λ ≤ 5000 nm, 15 cm vertical distance; 5 min). Mechanistic studies revealed synergistic pathogen inactivation resulting from the combination of photocatalytically generated •OH and hyperthermia induced by the photothermal conversion of the near-IR light. In addition, the BC/MoS2 nanocomposite also showed excellent photodegradation activity for common aqueous contaminants in the presence of H2O2, including malachite green (a textile dye), catechol violet (a phenol) and formaldehyde. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that sustainable materials such as BC/MoS2 have potential applications in wastewater treatment and microorganism disinfection.

Superwettable Janus nylon membrane for multifunctional emulsion separation

With the increasing environmental pollution caused by oily wastewater and oil spill accidents, many superwettable materials have been prepared and applied for the separation of oil-water mixtures. However, the fabrication of superwettable materials for multifunctional water purification including oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsion separation, dyes degradation and heavy metal ions removal still remains challenging. Herein, we propose a facile method to fabricate a superwettable Janus nylon membrane through in situ generation of silver (Ag) particles immobilized by polydopamine and asymmetric chemical modification with dodecanethiol (NDM) and l-cysteine (L-cys) on the positive and negative surfaces, respectively. The positive surface modified by NDM exhibited superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity, and the negative surface chemically bonded with L-cys possessed opposite wettability with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity. The positive and negative surfaces of the Janus membrane were respectively applied for the separations of water-in-oil emulsions and oil-in-water emulsions, and the separation efficiencies all reached above 99%, also demonstrating great reusability and wide adaptability. In addition, the Janus membrane presented not only outstanding performance of degrading methylene blue (MB) with high efficiency above 97.3%, but also excellent capability of absorbing heavy metal ions in the process of emulsion separation. The fabrication processes are facile, mild, and no special equipment is involved, and our findings conceivably provided a new strategy to fabricate superwettable Janus membrane for multifunctional emulsion separation and wastewater purification.