Materials In Various Industrial Fields Research Articles

Eco‐friendly glass wet etching for MEMS application: A review

AbstractGlass is one of the most essential materials in various industrial fields. A representative application is as interposers in the semiconductor and display industries and microfluidic devices in the bio‐industry. Due to technological advancements, electric devices and various products are becoming lighter and smaller. Consequently, precision processing of the substrate is becoming increasingly important. One significant leading technology among these is through glass via (TGV) technology, which is attracting attention as a future alternative to through silicon via. In particular, TGV should be capable of microfabrication with a large aspect ratio and a consistent small hole size. TGV is typically fabricated using a wet etching process, so wet etching technology is a prominent focus in microfabrication. However, glass has isotropic properties, making achieving a high aspect ratio difficult. Traditionally, research on the wet etching method using hydrofluoric acid (HF) has been conducted. Nevertheless, HF etching has several disadvantages, including air pollution and human harm. Additional studies have been performed to address these issues. This review paper will cover the conventional HF‐based wet etching method and alternative HF etching processes (eco‐friendly materials). This technology would significantly help overcome the traditional problems associated with HF etching and fabricating precision‐processed glass in the semiconductor, display, and bio‐device industries.

A Review on Sustainable Method to Evaluate Heat and Moisture Transfer in Clothing Material

Clothing as a tool connecting the human body and environment provides thermal and moisture comfort, and protective performance in cold, moderate, and extremely hot environments. Some methods have been proposed to analyze the heat and moisture transfer of clothing materials in various industrial fields. The numerical model as a sustainable method has made considerable progress in recent decades since it provides an efficient and cost-effective way of characterizing new designs or testing new materials. However, no comprehensive review paper focuses on the numerical model of moisture transfer in clothing materials, let alone the numerical model of heat and moisture transfer. This study aims to investigate the development of the numerical model of heat and moisture transfer. The models of heat transfer in clothing materials are briefly reviewed in this study, and then a comprehensive report on the moisture transfer and the coupled mechanism with the heat transfer in clothing materials is summarized. In addition, the keywords in the sustainable method on the heat and moisture transfer were displayed at various phases for analyzing the status of development and application of the sustainable method. This work suggests future development of the sustainable method to address research gaps and serves as a sharing and easy-to-operate platform for researchers, clothing designers, and manufacturers to enhance their knowledge for achieving thermal and moisture comfort, and developing new clothing products.

Efficient Biotransformation of Sclareol to Sclareolide by Filobasidium magnum JD1025.

In this study, a newly isolated strain Filobasidium magnum JD1025 was investigated for its production of sclareolide, which was verified to be a valuable raw material in various industrial fields. Together with a comprehensive analysis of the genome sequence, effective fermentation method to convert sclareol to sclareolide via the isolated strain was explored and optimized by taking the selected co-solvent and nitrogen source into account. The results showed that the final conversion rate could be achieved at 88.79 ± 1.06% with the initial sclareol concentration of 30 g·L-1 after 72 h in baffled flask. The corresponding yield concentration of sclareolide was 21.62 ± 0.26 g·L-1 and the conversion rate per unit thallus attained to 6.11 ± 0.06 % g-1·L-1. Overall, the current study suggested a valid method for the application of Filobasidium magnum JD1025 as bio-transformer to produce sclareolide from sclareol.

A Model-Based Analysis of Capacitive Flow Metering for Pneumatic Conveying Systems: A Comparison between Calibration-Based and Tomographic Approaches.

Pneumatic conveying is a standard transportation technique for bulk materials in various industrial fields. Flow metering is crucial for the efficient and reliable operation of such systems and for process control. Capacitive measurement systems are often proposed for this application. In this method, electrodes are placed on the conveyor systems transport line and capacitive signals are sensed. The design of the sensor with regard to the arrangement and the number of electrodes as well as the evaluation of the capacitive sensor signals can be divided into two categories. Calibration-based flow meters use regression methods for signal processing, which are parametrized from calibration measurements on test rigs. Their performance is limited by the extend of the calibration measurements. Electrical capacitance tomography based flow meters use model-based signal processing techniques to obtain estimates about the spatial material distribution within the sensor. In contrast to their calibration-based counterparts, this approach requires more effort with respect to modeling and instrumentation, as typically a larger number of measurement signals has to be acquired. In this work we present a comparative analysis of the two approaches, which is based on measurement experiments and a holistic system model for flow metering. For the model-based analysis Monte Carlo simulations are conducted, where randomly generated pneumatic conveying flow patterns are simulated to analyze the sensor and algorithm behavior. The results demonstrate the potential benefit of electrical capacitance tomography based flow meters over a calibration-based instrument design.

Nanocellulose from Agricultural Wastes: Products and Applications—A Review

The isolation of nanocellulose from different agricultural residues is becoming an important research field due to its versatile applications. This work collects different production processes, including conditioning steps, pretreatments, bleaching processes and finally purification for the production of nanocellulose in its main types of morphologies: cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). This review highlights the importance of agricultural wastes in the production of nanocellulose in order to reduce environmental impact, use of fossil resources, guarantee sustainable economic growth and close the circle of resource use. Finally, the possible applications of the nanocellulose obtained as a new source of raw material in various industrial fields are discussed.

Comparative Study on the Frequency and Wear of Thermoplastic Polymeric Materials Based on PTFE

The widespread use of thermoplastic polymeric materials in various industrial fields has shown considerable interest in understanding the frictional and wear behavior. Among these polymers, polytetrafluoroethylene, also called PTFE, is a high-performance plastic that offers high chemical and thermal resistance and low friction. Additives such as fiberglass, carbon and graphite fillers are added to PTFE to significantly increase thermal conductivity, stiffness and self-lubricating properties. The materials subjected to the experimental analysis were pure PTFE, PTFE + 15% fiberglass, PTFE + carbon-graphite which slipped, under conditions of dry friction, on a sample of non-alloy steel construction SR EN 10025 from 1994. The tests were performed on a pin-on-disc tribometer. The effect of loading and sliding speed on the tribological properties of the polymer / steel combination under dry slip conditions was investigated and the specific wear rate for the experimental conditions was evaluated. The tests were performed at loads of the pin of Fn1=1N, Fn2=3N, Fn3=5N and Fn4=10N and sliding speeds of 1=1m/s, 2=3m/s. The results obtained indicated that the coefficient of friction decreases with increasing load. The wear rate for the analyzed materials was between 10-13...10-15 m2/N, the fiberglass reinforced PTFE material having the lowest wear rate. The present paper, through a comparative analysis of the friction and wear behavior, highlights the effects that the ingredients introduced in the basic material have, under the action of the exploitation factors (loading, sliding speed).

Enhancement of Static and Fatigue Strength of Short Sisal Fiber Biocomposites by Low Fraction Nanotubes

Thanks to good mechanical performances, high availability, low cost and low weight, the agave sisalana fiber allows to obtain biocomposites characterised by high specific properties, potentially very attractive for the replacement of synthetic materials in various industrial fields. Unfortunately, due to the low strength versus transversal damage processes mainly related to the matrix brittleness and/or to the low fiber/matrix adhesion, the tensile performance of random short fiber biocomposites are quite low, and to date most of the fiber treatments proposed in literature to improve the fiber-matrix adhesion, have not led to very satisfactory results. In order to overcome such a drawback, this work in turn proposes the proper introduction of low fractions carbon nanotubes to activate advantageous improvements in matrix toughness as well as fiber-matrix bridging effects, that can both lead to appreciable increments of the tensile strength.Systematic experimental static and fatigue tests performed on high quality biocomposites obtained by an optimized compression molding process, have shown that the introduction of 1% of carbon nanotubes is sufficient to gives significant improvement in both stiffness and static tensile strength, respectively by approximately 28% and 30%. Furthermore, toughening the biocomposite with 1% of nanotubes results in an appreciable enhancement in lifetime of at least 3 orders of magnitude. Biocomposites with 2% of CNTs show instead more limited improvement of 13% in stiffness, 6% in strength and 150% in lifetime. Also, a thorough analysis of the damage processes by SEM micrographs, as well as of the main fatigue data, has allowed to determine the model that can be used to predict the fatigue performance of such biocomposites.

The influence of various/different ratios synthetic fiber mixture on the mechanical, thermal, morphological and flammability properties of poly (lactic acid)/polycarbonate blend

Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA)/Polycarbonate (PC) blend has gained much attention as a bio-based polymeric material in various industrial fields. This study aims to improve the properties of PLA/PC blend reinforced with glass fiber (GF) and carbon fiber (CF) mixture to be produced for industrial use. For this purpose, 50PLA/50PC blend was prepared and used as a control sample. Then, 30% by weight CF and 30% GF were added to the matrix separately. To examine the effect of the use of CF and GF together, the composites were prepared as a mixture form of fibers by adding 5-10-15% CF and 5-10-15% GF, respectively, to the control blend in pairs. All composites compounded with the laboratory-scale twin-screw mini extruder and molded by injection molding. The effects of using synthetic fiber mixture were evaluated in terms of the mechanical, thermal and flammability properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), limiting oxygen index (LOI), heat release rate (HRR) test were carried for the characterization of composites. The highest tensile strength values ​​and maximum % crystallinity values were obtained for the 15CF/15GF fiber mixture containing PLA/PC composite as 113.7 MPa and 21.4, respectively. CO yield (COY), HRR, and total heat release rate were reduced significantly by using synthetic fibers and fiber mixture.

Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant Polyamide 66

Polyamide 66 (PA66) benefits from excellent mechanical properties and good chemical resistance, which enabled wide application of this material in various industrial fields; however, it suffers from high flammability. Generally, preparation of a flame retardant PA from a reactive flame retardant involves a two-step process. In this study, the flame retardant PA66s (FRPA66s) are synthesized via a one-pot melt copolycondensation route by using a reactive phosphorus-containing flame retardant (FR-B). Then, molecular weight, some mechanical and thermal properties along with flame retardant properties of FRPA66s were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), instron material testing, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) analysis, vertical burning test (UL 94), and limiting oxygen index test (LOI) techniques. The experimental results confirmed that FRPA66s synthesized by the one-pot method have very similar properties compared to those obtained via the two-step process. Moreover, the prepared materials showed good non-flammability behavior with limiting oxygen index value of over 30% and a vertical burning test result of V-0 rating.

Effect of Ca concentration on Microstructure formation behaviors in AZ61 magnesium alloy

Magnesium alloys have been paid attention as lightweight materials in various industrial fields. However, their use is limited by poor formability at room temperature which was caused by the limited number of slip systems. The texture control plays an important role in plastic workability of magnesium. Addition of Ca as alloying element is known to improve the general corrosion resistance and mechanical integrity of magnesium alloys in chloride environment. In order to investigate the Ca concentration on microstructure formation behaviors, Ca addition on AZ magnesium alloy were experimentally investigated by high-temperature uniaxial compression. Uniaxial compression test was conducted at 673K and 723K with a strain rate of 5.0×10−2s−1. The working softening was observed and the main component of texture and the sharpness of basal texture in two kinds of specimens varies depending on the deformation conditions.

Efficiency Analysis of East Asian Zinc Smelters and the Effects of Capacity and Bonus Zinc on Efficiency

Non-ferrous metals are widely used as basic materials in various industrial fields, and zinc is a metal that is produced and used next to iron, aluminum, and copper. In this study, DEA (data envelopment analysis) was applied to measure the efficiency of 43 zinc smelters in three countries in East Asia: Korea, China, and Japan. The constant returns to scale (CRS) and the variable returns to scale (VRS) models, and the slack-based measure (SBM) were used for the analysis. As a result of the efficiency analysis, there were three efficient zinc smelters in the CRS model, 14 in the VRS model and 14 in the SBM. The average efficiency was 0.458 based on the SBM, which indicates that there is room for improvement in efficiency. In addition, the average scale efficiency value was 0.689, showing the scale to be inefficient. Therefore, it can be seen that the labor cost and the energy cost must be brought to an appropriate level. The Tobit regression analysis was used to analyze the causes of efficiency. The greater the capacity and the larger amount of bonus Zn of the refinery, the higher the efficiency of the refinery.

Analyses on the application of components in the phosphogypsum decomposition residue: Based on the study of migration and conversion rules of elements in the purification procedure of CaO

Phosphogypsum (PG), which is a solid waste in phosphate fertilizer industry, is harmful to the environment. The pyrogenetic decomposition is mainly used in the utilization of PG, and PG decomposition residue is produced in the decomposition process. In this paper, the migration and conversion rules of elements (Al, Si, P, K, Ca, and Fe) in the purification procedure of CaO in PG decomposition residue was investigated. The acid–base method was used to purify CaO. Content and chemical forms of elements in the purification procedure were analyzed by many characterization methods such as SEM and EDS. And moreover, changes on chemical forms of elements were supported theoretically by some ternary phase diagrams, which were made by the FactSage thermodynamics software. The result showed that, the soluble silicon dioxide and the acid‐insoluble material in PG decomposition residue were effectively removed by using the acid–base method. Meanwhile, impurities separated from CaO and the CaO sample were produced in the experiment, the former can be used to produce the building materials, refractories, insulating materials in various industrial fields, and CaO sample could be used as the filler, building materials, decolorant, etc. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1020–1030, 2018

Effect of Moisture Content of Paper Material on Laser Cutting

Laser technology has been used in industrial processes for several decades. The most advanced development and implementation took place in laser welding and cutting of metals in automotive and ship building industries. However, there is high potential to apply laser processing to other materials in various industrial fields. One of these potential fields could be paper industry to fulfill the demand for high quality, fast and reliable cutting technology. Difficulties in industrial application of laser cutting for paper industry are associated to lack of basic information, awareness of technology and its application possibilities.Nowadays possibilities of using laser cutting for paper materials are widened and high automation level of equipment has made this technology more interesting for manufacturing processes. Promising area of laser cutting application at paper making machines is longitudinal cutting of paper web (edge trimming). There are few locations at a paper making machine where edge trimming is usually done: wet press section, calender or rewinder. Paper web is characterized with different moisture content at different points of the paper making machine.The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of moisture content of paper material on laser cutting parameters. Effect of moisture content on cellulose fibers, laser absorption and energy needed for cutting is described as well. Laser cutting tests were carried out using CO2 laser.

J0320601 ポーラス金属の可能性と将来展望(キーノート,[J032-06]ポリマー・セラミックス・メタル多孔質材料の開発と応用(6),材料力学部門)

Porous metals like aluminum foam, which has relatively large closed cells around several millimeters, are expected as an ultra lightweight structural material in various industrial fields. Research and development of such porous metals are increased in the 1980s and some industrial applications were proposed and increased in 1990s. Focusing on a precursor method for metallic foams, the movement of related technology, innovative development in our laboratory and future possibility and issue are surveyed in the present paper.

20121 イメージベース有限要素解析によるポーラスアルミニウムの局所応力評価

Porous aluminum is expected to be applied as a multifunctional material in various industrial fields because of its lightweight and high energy absorptivity. It is expected that, if the compression properties of porous aluminum can be estimated by analytical method, the practical use of porous aluminum is promoted in industrial fields. In this study, based on X-ray CT images of porous aluminum (ALPORAS), finite element modeling using voxel elements or tetrahedral elements was carried out. For each model, elastic finite element analyses were carried out under uniaxial compression loading. On the basis of analytical results, the effects of meshing on the stress concentration and stress distribution etc. were studied. Moreover, the possibility of evaluating the compression properties of porous aluminum was discussed.

Simplified Qualitative Analysis of Glycerides Derived from Coconut Oil Using Thin Layer Chromatography

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) oil is composed predominately of medium-chain triglycerides which have been reported to be beneficial to human health. It also contains free fatty acids (FFAs) which can combine with glycerol to form monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides. The analysis of FFAs and their glycerides has been proposed to assess the quality of coconut oil used as raw materials in various industrial fields. The aim of this study was to develop the qualitative method for investigation of FFA and their glycerides in coconut oil using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Coconut oil and standards of FFA and their glycerides were chromatographed separately on Silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates using hexane: ether: acetic acid (60:40:1) and hexane: ethyl acetate: acetic acid (60:40:0.5) as solvent systems A and B, respectively. The spots on developing TLC plates were detected and compared using 254-nm UV light and iodine vapor. The results showed that the resolution of solvent system A was better than that of solvent system B. However, both solvent systems were used to confirm the results. The retention factor (Rf) values of the components were in good agreement with their polarity. This method should provide a guideline for qualitative analysis of coconut oil.

Effects of Amounts of Blowing Agent and Contained Gases on Porosity and Pore Structure of Porous Aluminum Fabricated from Aluminum Alloy Die Casting by Friction Stir Processing Route

Porous aluminum is expected to be applied as a multifunctional material in various industrial fields because of its light weight and high energy absorption. When aluminum alloy die castings are used as a starting material in the fabrication of porous aluminum, it can be expected that, by effectively using the gases intrinsically contained in the die casting to generate pores, porous aluminum can be fabricated by adding a small amount of blowing agent. In this study, while systematically varying the amount of blowing agent from 0 to 1.4 mass% that is added to ADC12 aluminum alloy die castings containing three different amounts of gases, porous aluminum is fabricated by the FSP (friction stir processing) route precursor method. Titanium(II) hydride powder is used as the blowing agent. The variations of porosity and pore structure with the amount of added blowing agent are investigated for each amount of gases contained in the die castings. On the basis of the results, it is shown that, by using a blowing agent of approximately 0.6 mass%, ADC12 porous aluminum with high porosity can be fabricated regardless of the amount of gases contained in the die casting.

Manufacturing of Sandwich Panel with Porous Aluminum/Dense Steel Plate by Friction Stir Processing Route

Porous aluminum is expected to apply as multifunctional material in various industrial fields because of a very lightweight material with high energy absorptivity. In this study, by using friction stir processing (FSP) route, the porous aluminum/dense steel sandwich panel was manufactured. In the FSP route, both mixing a blowing agent into aluminum and bonding the aluminum precursor to dense steel plate can be conducted simultaneously. It was shown that the sandwich panel of porous aluminum/dense steel which have high interface strength with high porosity of 80% and comparatively good pore structure is successfully manufactured by optimizing the foaming condition.

Optical and mass spectroscopy measurements of Ar/CH 4/H 2 microwave plasma for nano-crystalline diamond film deposition

Nano-crystalline diamond (NCD) thin film with grains of about 5–100 nm in size attracts much attention as new functional materials in various industrial fields, due to its unique properties that are different from the conventional microcrystalline diamond (MCD) thin film. Most commonly, NCD film can be synthesized using CH 4/Ar plasma with/without a small amount of hydrogen gas added. In this study, we carried out the measurements of quadrupole mass spectroscopy (QMS) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) to investigate CH 4/H 2/Ar mixture plasma in detail. Combined with our experimental results of NCD film synthesis, the mechanism of CH 4 dissociation and the precursors of NCD were further explored.

High-performance dispersant of coal–water slurry synthesized from wheat straw alkali lignin

Environmental concerns have stimulated interest in utilizing plant-derived materials in various industrial fields. The main objective of the present study was to synthesize a new type of high-performance lignin series dispersant of coal–water slurry (CWS) from wheat straw alkali lignin (WAL), and determine the affecting factors in the reaction and the application performance for CWS preparation. The experimental results showed that the inherent viscosity and the sulfonic group content of the modified wheat straw alkali lignin (MSL) are the key factors affecting its dispersing effect for CWS. In the reaction, the reactant mass concentration and the sulfonating agent amount were changed to obtain the MSL with different inherent viscosities and sulfonic group contents, and the MSL with intermediate inherent viscosity (6.0 ml/g) and higher sulfonic group content (1.80 mmol g − 1 ) was found to have excellent dispersing effect for CWS. The MSL obtained from optimized process was used as dispersant for CWS preparation, the studies of the properties of CWS showed that MSL has similar dispersing effect with naphtalenesulfonate–formaldehyde condensate, and far better dispersing effect than lignosulphonate. Recently this kind of new dispersant has been applied in several power plants in China.