Scope Of Materials Research Articles

Phase Formation Mechanism and Piezoelectric Behaviour of NaNbO3 Ceramic

The solid state reaction route is adopted to synthesize NaNbO3 with the aim to examine their structural, morphological and electrical behaviour of material with sintering time. The crystal phase is formed without any secondary phase at calcination temperature 800 °C. The article shows the scope of material to be used as a sensor in piezoelectric applications. The synthesized material has been avoided to heat for longer time and has been sintered at 2 h, 4 h and 6 h. The refinement of experimental X-ray diffraction pattern displays crystallization of material in Orthorhombic phase with space group Pbcm and lattice parameters a = 5.513752 Å, b = 5.568852 Å, c = 15.52854 Å, α = β = γ = 90°. A gaussian distribution of grain size with statistical average 0.722 μm, 0.841 μm and 0.842 μm has been observed for NN02, NN04 and NN06 respectively. The NN04 shows maximum piezoelectric coefficient d33* = 110 pm V−1, piezoelectric strain 0.0021% and smallest as asymmetric factor Ys = 0.204 with respect to other investigated samples.

STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK MELALUI PENDEKATAN INTERAKTIF DI MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH NEGERI 1 KUBU RAYA

Learning strategy is the process of selecting and arranging learning activities in a learning unit such as the sequence, nature of the material, scope of material, methods and media that are most appropriate to achieve learning competencies. It is necessary to choose the right learning strategy in thematic learning, especially in grade IV children. Choosing the right learning strategy can make it easier for students to achieve competencies or learning objectives. The method used by Qualitative is discriminative with observational data analysis techniques, interviews and documentation, with two teachers consisting of class A, the number of students is 30 people and class B is 31 students. The results showed that teachers use learning strategies through an interactive approach. The research was conducted through observation by interviewing the Head of Madsarah and Homeroom Class IV MIN 1 Kubu Raya. The results of the study, teachers use an interactive approach with the aim of stimulating children to think creatively. The inhibiting factor is in children who are not good at socializing, therefore he is reluctant to respond to questions and ask questions so that teachers must pay more attention which will make children more confident.

Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Ruang Lingkup Materi Permainan Bola Kecil Pada Masa Pandemi Di Sekolah Dasar Di Kecamatan Welahan Kabupaten Jepara

The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of learning the scope of the small ball game material during the pandemic in Elementary Schools in Welahan District, Jepara Regency including planning, implementation, evaluation and learning creativity. Using qualitative research with a descriptive approach, triangulation data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation, data sources consist of 8 elementary schools, data analysis with data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results of the research on learning planning teachers have made syllabus, lesson plans, teaching materials, learning media, LKPD, assessment instruments, the implementation of offline learning is carried out once a week, learning evaluations have been carried out covering 3 aspects, namely cognitive, affective and psychomotor, learning creativity is carried out closely. simplification of basic techniques, game rules and how to play. The conclusion of the research for learning planning in the category is quite good because the teacher has prepared learning tools, the implementation of learning is in the good category because it can run in a pandemic condition, the evaluation of learning in the category is quite good which includes cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects and the creativity of learning in the good category includes simplification of basic techniques, regulations games and how to play.

Unlocking the photocatalytic overall water splitting ability of indium sulfide to produce H2 and H2O2

Photocatalytic overall water splitting (OWS) for H2 and H2O2 production without sacrificial agents is an appealing strategy to realize solar energy conversion. In order to realize photocatalytic OWS, it is necessary for materials to simultaneously satisfy thermodynamic and kinetic requirements, limiting the available selection scope of materials. Therefore, unlocking the potential of these materials that partially fulfill the requirements for photocatalytic overall water splitting would significantly expand the range of material choices. Here, taking In2S3 as an example, we successfully unlocked the OWS potential through a size-dependent strategy, which is based on quantum confinement effect. By adjusting its size to 2.25 nm, it can exhibit impressive photocatalytic OWS activity with the H2 and H2O2 generation rate of ∼42.17 μmol∙g−1∙h−1 and ∼38.65 μmol∙g−1∙h−1, respectively. This work provides a simple strategy to expand the range of materials selection for H2 and H2O2 production from photocatalytic OWS.

Influence of Metal Identity and Complex Nuclearity in Kumada Cross-Coupling Polymerizations with a Pyridine Diimine-Based Ligand Scaffold.

Cross-coupling polymerizations have fundamentally changed the field of conjugated polymers (CPs) by expanding the scope of accessible materials. Despite the prevalence of cross-coupling in CP synthesis, almost all polymerizations rely on mononuclear Ni or Pd catalysts. Here, we report a systematic exploration of mono- and dinuclear Fe and Ni precatalysts with a pyridine diimine ligand scaffold for Kumada cross-coupling polymerization of a donor thiophene and an acceptor benzotriazole monomers. We observe that variation of the metal identity from Ni to Fe produces contrasting polymerization mechanisms, while complex nuclearity has a minimal impact on reactivity. Specifically, Fe complexes appear to catalyze step-growth Kumada polymerizations and can readily access both Csp2-Csp3 and Csp2-Csp2 cross-couplings, while Ni complexes catalyze chain-growth polymerizations and predominantly Csp2-Csp2 cross-couplings. Thus, our work sheds light on important design parameters for transition metal complexes used in cross-coupling polymerizations, demonstrates the viability of iron catalysis in Kumada polymerization, and opens the door to novel polymer compositions.

Development of Highly Hygienic Textile by Coating with Encapsulated Ginseng Oil.

There is a growing demand for the development of functional textile sanitary products to protect the human body from viruses, bacteria, and other harmful external substances. However, common processing methods for textile functionalization result in poor durability or have a highly limited material scope. A solution for this is the encapsulation of the functional material to provide stable protection and controlled release to reveal functionality in the fabric. However, many chemicals used for such purposes can cause problems for both human beings and the environment; therefore, attention is being shifted to natural products such as essential oils and seed oils. In this study, we used in situ polymerization to encapsulate ginseng oil, which has antibacterial, deodorizing, moisturizing, and antioxidant functions, as the core material of the microcapsules. The manufactured microcapsules were spherical with smooth surfaces, had an average size of 3.98 um, and exhibited excellent thermal stability. Processing the synthesized microcapsules into nylon/polyurethane fabric resulted in excellent functionalities, with the treated fabric exhibiting a 99.9% antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae and a 99% deodorizing effect. Therefore, the developed method is expected to show great potential for the production of highly hygienic textiles for use in various industries.

Postsynthetic Modification of the Nonanuclear Node in a Zirconium Metal-Organic Framework for Photocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrocarbons.

Heterogeneous catalysis plays an indispensable role in chemical production and energy conversion. Incorporation of transition metals into metal oxides and zeolites is a common strategy to fine-tune the activity and selectivity of the resulting solid catalysts, as either the active center or promotor. Studying the underlying mechanism is however challenging. Decorating the metal-oxo clusters with transition metals in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) via postsynthetic modification offers a rational approach to construct well-defined structural models for better understanding of the reaction mechanism. Therefore, it is important to expand the materials scope beyond the currently widely studied zirconium MOFs consisting of Zr6 nodes. In this work, we report the design and synthesis of a new (4,12)-connected Zr-MOF with ith topology that consists of rare Zr9 nodes. FeIII was further incorporated onto the Zr9 nodes of the framework, and the resulting MOF material exhibits significantly enhanced activity and selectivity toward the photocatalytic oxidation of toluene. This work demonstrates a delicate ligand design strategy to control the nuclearity of Zr-oxo clusters, which further dictates the number and binding sites of transition metals and the overall photocatalytic activity toward C-H activation. Our work paves the way for future exploration of the structure-activity study of catalysts using MOFs as the model system.

Complete and Effective Data Protection

Abstract Data protection law is often invoked as the first line of defence against data-related interferences with fundamental rights. As societal activity has increasingly taken on a digital component, the scope of application of the law has expanded. Data protection has been labelled ‘the law of everything’. While this expansion of material scope to absorb the impact of socio-technical changes on human rights appears justified, less critical attention has been paid to the questions of to whom the law should apply and in what circumstances. The Court of Justice has justified an expansive interpretation of the personal scope of the law in order to ensure ‘effective and complete’ data protection for individuals. This article argues that the attempt to make the protection offered by the law more ‘complete’ risks jeopardising its practical effectiveness and raises doubts about the soundness of the regulatory approach to data protection. In the quest for effective and complete protection, it seems that something must give.

Recent case law on equal treatment of agency workers: broad interpretation of a limited concept?

AbstractDirective 2008/104/EC calls for the equal treatment of agency workers and directly employed staff at the user company. This article focuses on the limits of this principle inherent in the Directive and on how the European Court of Justice has recently striven to interpret agency workers’ right to equal treatment as broadly as possible. The article also explores how the European Court of Justice has tried to broaden the material scope of agency workers’ right to equal treatment and points out the possible shortcomings of the narrow interpretation given to derogations by collective agreements. Finally, possible ways of enhancing the Directive’s effectiveness are addressed.

In situ preparation of nano cone-like structures of rutile titanium oxides on titanium implants by one-step femtosecond laser irradiation for enhanced mechanical properties and biocompatibility

Titanium oxides (TiO2) nanostructures coating is helpful in improving the utilization of titanium in many areas due to its multifunctional properties. This study introduces a novel approach for the in-situ fabrication of nano cones-like structures of rutile titanium oxides (NCS–TiO2) on the surface of titanium utilizing femtosecond laser technology. Rutile titanium oxides were synthesized with a height of around 80 nm and a diameter of 100 nm, forming NCS that imparts higher hardness, wear resistance, and biocompatibility. Molecular dynamic simulation provides valuable insights into the three-stage formation process of NCS-TiO2. Molecular dynamic simulation revealed that the growth of rutile titanium oxides and the formation of nano cones-like structures are attributed to the interplay between femtosecond laser ablation and the accumulation of thermal energy. The proposed method offers a versatile and straightforward approach for creating functional surfaces on metal substrates, enabling broad applicability and ease of implementation, specifically in titanium and its alloys. This advancement holds great potential for expanding the scope of titanium-based materials and their applications, paving the way for improved mechanical properties and biocompatibility in diverse fields.

Controlling the Crystallisation and Hydration State of Crystalline Porous Organic Salts.

Crystalline porous organic salts (CPOS) are a subclass of molecular crystals. The low solubility of CPOS and their building blocks limits the choice of crystallisation solvents to water or polar alcohols, hindering the isolation, scale-up, and scope of the porous material. In this work, high throughput screening was used to expand the solvent scope, resulting in the identification of a new porous salt, CPOS-7, formed from tetrakis(4-sulfophenyl)methane (TSPM) and tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane (TAPM). CPOS-7 does not form with standard solvents for CPOS, rather a hydrated phase (Hydrate2920) previously reported is isolated. Initial attempts to translate the crystallisation to batch led to challenges with loss of crystallinity and Hydrate2920 forming favorably in the presence of excess water. Using acetic acid as a dehydrating agent hindered formation of Hydrate2920 and furthermore allowed for direct conversion to CPOS-7. To allow for direct formation of CPOS-7 in high crystallinity flow chemistry was used for the first time to circumvent the issues found in batch. CPOS-7 and Hydrate2920 were shown to have promise for water and CO2 capture, with CPOS-7 having a CO2 uptake of 4.3 mmol/g at 195 K, making it one of the most porous CPOS reported to date.

SOSIALISASI PARENTING PENDIDIKAN SEKS BAGI ORANG TUA ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS DI SLB NEGERI I KOTA PARE PARE SULAWESI SELATAN

The objective of this community service activity is to conduct a comprehensive study aimed at enhancing the understanding of parents with children with special needs at SLB Negeri 1 Pare-Pare City, South Sulawesi. The study specifically focuses on the challenges faced by parents in comprehending the changes in their children with special needs during the transition from childhood to adolescence. The behavior and needs of children with special needs during adolescence are similar to those of children without special needs. Almost all children with special needs do not encounter issues with their body growth and development, including when they enter puberty. One of the responsibilities of parents is to provide an understanding of sex, along with guidance on how to protect themselves from sexual harassment and violence. To encourage parents of children with special needs to assist their children in understanding these issues, socialization is conducted along with simple exercises in parenting sex education for parents of children with special needs. The method used involves lectures and question-and-answer sessions on simple sex parenting exercises, with 22 parents participating. The results obtained after this activity show an increase in sexual parenting knowledge, as evidenced by the pre-test and post-test results. There was an 85.7% increase in the knowledge of the training participants, with a noticeable average improvement. This suggests that it may be recommended to expand the scope of service material with more complex exercises.

What Healthcare Services Temporary Protection Entitles to Have? Navigating the European Social Charter.

Due to the war against Ukraine, the European Union Temporary Protection Directive, establishing a new migration status of temporary protection, was activated for the first time. The substance of the minimum requirement for providing healthcare services in the Directive appears unclear but is supposed to correspond to human rights standards. This article analyses the standards established in the European Social Charter (revised), recognising several health-related rights. The paper clarifies the material scope of health-related rights and analyses to what extent the Charter applies to persons enjoying temporary protection. The application of health-related rights in the Charter varies depending on citizenship, whether refugee status was additionally sought, and whether a person is seen as a resident or regular worker. The study indicates ambiguity in the position of this group and how the European Social Rights Committee may include it in the scope of protection.

The Essence of Citizenship Education in Elementary Schools

Every individual or every citizen is expected to be able to live a life of benefit to the nation and state and be able to anticipate developments and changes in the future. For this reason, provision of science, technology and art is needed which is based on religious values, moral values and national cultural values. These basic values are used as role models and life guidelines for every citizen in the life of society, nation and state. One of the learning contents that concerns understanding the unity and awareness of citizens in a country is citizenship education. Comprehensively, this article will discuss the concept, nature and existence of citizenship education learning, especially in elementary schools through literature studies. Literature studies are carried out by analyzing and generalizing various theories that are relevant to the problem being studied as material for developing concepts according to what is being studied. Researchers reveal that citizenship education is a subject that focuses on the formation of citizens who understand and are able to carry out their rights and obligations to become Indonesian citizens who are intelligent, skilled and have character as mandated by Pancasila and UUD1945. In general, citizenship education is a very important subject. important. for students, it has visible characteristics from objects, scope of material, learning strategies, to the final goal of this education.

The regulation of digital advertising under the DSA: A critical assessment

This article critically assesses to what extent the Digital Services Act (DSA) protects consumers in relation to three important developments in digital advertising: (i) the rise of influencer marketing as a new form of native advertising (ii) the personalisation of advertising and (iii) hybrid ads as advertising solutions that find themselves at the intersection of influencer marketing and personalised advertising. We describe and analyse these developments to better understand whether and how they are governed by the DSA. While the DSA specifically left influencer marketing outside of the material scope of its advertising rules, new forms of advertising (i.e. on-platform influencer marketing, which we refer to as hybrid ads) challenge this choice, as we argue they may fall under the DSA's advertising rules, just as personalised advertising. The resulting regulatory choice of differentiating between advertising practices on social media is odd at best, since it does not take into account the characteristics of these practices or the essential role of social media platforms in other forms of advertising than personalised advertising. The paper critically reveals three main pitfalls related to the way in which the DSA tackles consumer protection concerns in relation to the selected digital advertising developments: coherence/fragmentation; little consumer benefits; and limited future-proofing.

Ambiently fostering solid electrolyte interphase for low-temperature lithium metal batteries

Despite being a leading candidate to meet stringent energy targets, lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) face severe challenges at low temperatures such as dramatic increase in impedance, capacity loss and dendrite growth. Unambiguously fingerprinting rate-limited factors of low-temperature LMBs would encourage targeted approaches to promote performances. Herein, the charge transfer impedance across solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is identified to restrict battery operation under low temperature, and we propose a facile approach on the basis of ambiently fostering SEI (af-SEI) to facilitate charge transfer. The concept of af-SEI stems from kinetic benefits and structural merits to construct SEI at ambient temperature over low temperature developed SEI that is temporally consuming to achieve steady state and that is structurally defective to incur dendrite growth. The af-SEI allows ionically conductive and morphologically uniform layer on the anode surface, which exhibits a lower resistance and induces an even deposition of Li in the subsequent low temperature battery operation. Armed with af-SEI, the LMBs deliver the improved rate performance and prolonged cycle life when subjected to low temperature cycling. This work unveils the underlying causes that limit low temperature LMB performances, and enlightens the facile test protocols to build up favorable SEI, beyond scope of material and morphology design.

Developing an Empowerment Model for University Students' Skills in the Cultivation of Pumpkin Plants

This study aimed to develop an empowerment model for students’ skills in cultivating pumpkin plants, especially for community education at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education at University in Palembang. The type of research used was modified with four stages based on the ADDIE process: analyze, design, develop, and implement. The research subjects were Community Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education students and two validators. The researchers conducted a group test with 26 students. Through this test, researchers can discover the weaknesses and shortcomings of the empowerment model based on how students assess the design, scope of material and techniques used. The data were collected using questionnaires. The results showed that at the stage of needs analysis through the distribution of online questionnaires, it was found that students needed this empowerment model to support various activities in the Education Park. Furthermore, the planning stage, which produces a storyboard as the initial design of the product, and the results from the validation test stage for development by validator experts make a total score of 111 with an average percentage of 92.45% and excellent feasibility. These results indicate that the product can be applied at the Education Park Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Students at Sriwijaya University. The next stage is implementation, with the results of product trials in small groups resulting in a total score of 1196 with a percentage of 92%, which indicates that the product is feasible to be applied.

The Principle of Legality of Taxation as a General Principle of EU Law: National and Supranational Differences of Interpretation and Potential Difficulties

The principle of legality of taxation has gained a supranational status by means of its transplantation out of the national setting to a general principle of EU law by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). In this article the two cases in which the Court has given a first supranational interpretation of the principle are discussed, as well as the Research Note the Court published before rendering its judgment in these two cases. This European translation contains an uncertainty as to the representative democratic elements of the principle that are closely connected to its historical development in several national legal contexts of Member States. With the European principle being rooted in the national legal orders of the Member States, this current discrepancy stands at odds with the material scope in several Member States, which ascribes clear democratic elements to the principle. Thus, the main question addressed after taking a look at the national interpretations and the representative democratic elements contained therein in the Netherlands, France, Italy and Germany, is if the omission of these democratic elements can prove to become an obstacle for future harmonization or integration in taxation. The focus will lie on the current mode of norm-creation in above-state settings and the creation of ‘genuine’ own resources for the EU. principle of legality of taxation, legal transplantation, deliberative democracy, constitutionalism

Zinc as a potential bio-degradable temporary implant material

This paper discusses the possibility of developing metallic zinc (Zn) and its alloys as temporary bio-implants by improving its properties through alloying, mechanical deformations and surface modifications. Even though the research on Mg and Fe as potential temporary implant materials started over two decades ago, Zn is a comparatively newer candidate in this arena. The scope for Zn-based materials for bio-related applications is immense due to their metabolically essential status, ideal biodegradation rates and the possibility of proper excretion by the kidneys. This paper covers the unique favourable properties of Zn and its alloys, which can be explored for bio-applications, along with its limitations and possible options to overcome the limitations. The mechanical properties of Zn implants can be improved to the set standards of load-bearing applications by alloying and mechanical deformations like extrusion, rolling and severe plastic deformations. As a result, the microstructure of the metal alters by grain refinement, formation and redistribution of intermetallic phases, resulting in enhanced hardness, Young's modulus and elastic modulus of the material. The Zn implant surface can be made fully bioactive and corrosion-resistant by engineering its surfaces with biocompatible polymers, bioactive materials like hydroxyapatite and bio-inductive elements like Si. The biochemical treatments, sol–gel techniques and plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) processes are effective for surface modification of Zn-based materials. Alloying, mechanical treatments and surface modification techniques are reported to be effective in improving the function of Zn-based implant materials, as discussed in this paper.

Electrochemical Stability of Li5.4(PS4)(S0.4Cl1.0Br0.6) in an All-Solid-State Battery Comprising LiNbO3-Coated Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 Cathode and Lithium Metal Anode

All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries are a promising next-generation technology because they have higher energy densities than their liquid-electrolyte counterparts. Recently, halogen-rich argyrodite, specifically Li5.4(PS4)(S0.4Cl1.0Br0.6), has been reported to show higher ionic conductivities than other sulfides with argyrodite structures and electrochemical stability against lithium metal. However, the stability of Li5.4(PS4)(S0.4Cl1.0Br0.6) against cathode active materials in all-solid-state batteries has not yet been evaluated. Herein, we report the electrochemical stability of Li5.4(PS4)(S0.4Cl1.0Br0.6) as a solid electrolyte in an all-solid-state battery. Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 and lithium metal were used as the cathode and anode, respectively, and an enhancement in the discharge capacity was expected. The impedance of the battery was almost independent of the frequency above 106 Hz for 50 charge/discharge cycles. These findings are a result of the constant lithium-ion resistance of Li5.4(PS4)(S0.4Cl1.0Br0.6). X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that no byproduct phase was formed in the cathode mixture over 50 cycles. These results demonstrate the high chemical stability of Li5.4(PS4)(S0.4Cl1.0Br0.6) against Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2, thereby broadening the design scope of electrolyte materials for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries with high performance and stability.