Material Point Of View Research Articles

Dynamic Processes on Gold-Based Catalysts Followed by Environmental Microscopies

Since the early discovery of the catalytic activity of gold at low temperature, there has been a growing interest in Au and Au-based catalysis for a new class of applications. The complexity of the catalysts currently used ranges from single crystal to 3D structured materials. To improve the efficiency of such catalysts, a better understanding of the catalytic process is required, from both the kinetic and material viewpoints. The understanding of such processes can be achieved using environmental imaging techniques allowing the observation of catalytic processes under reaction conditions, so as to study the systems in conditions as close as possible to industrial conditions. This review focuses on the description of catalytic processes occurring on Au-based catalysts with selected in situ imaging techniques, i.e., PEEM/LEEM, FIM/FEM and E-TEM, allowing a wide range of pressure and material complexity to be covered. These techniques, among others, are applied to unravel the presence of spatiotemporal behaviours, study mass transport and phase separation, determine activation energies of elementary steps, observe the morphological changes of supported nanoparticles, and finally correlate the surface composition with the catalytic reactivity.

Investigation of effects of Portland cement fineness and alkali content on concrete plastic shrinkage cracking

From a material viewpoint, modern concrete’s frequent propensity to plastic shrinkage cracking can be attributable to a combination of low water-binder ratio use and ever-changing properties of binding materials. To obtain a better understanding of this phenomenon, this paper explores the effects of cement fineness and alkali content on the plastic shrinkage cracking of concrete manufactured with two water-binder ratios. Results indicate that within the range 275–385m2/kg, cement specific surface area is approximately directly and inversely proportional to hydration rate and evaporation rate respectively; a trend generally leading to higher plastic shrinkage and resulting areas of plastic cracking. Similar effects were observed for alkali contents which resulted in increased levels of plastic shrinkage. Furthermore, while decreasing crack tendency was noted as alkali content increased from 0.4 to 0.8% by mass of cement, further increases in alkali content caused significant decreases of compressive strength and slump; thereby lowering overall concrete performance. It is also found that plastic shrinkage cracking is closely related to the kinetics of plastic shrinkage. In summary, the experimental programme confirmed that cement with relatively low surface area (less than 340m2/kg) and low alkali content (less than 0.8%) is preferred for modern concretes with minimal plastic cracking problems.

Prototype monitoring data-based analysis of time-varying material parameters of dams and their foundation with structural reinforcement

Considering structural reinforcement, a method is studied to implement the back-analysis for the evolution process of dam material property. From a material point of view, the long-term effect of dam reinforcement can be diagnosed using the proposed method. Firstly, the partial least squares algorithm is introduced to obtain the water level component in the prototype observations of dam safety. Secondly, according to all observations and numerical simulation results on dam behavior before and after dam reinforcement, the time-varying characteristics of dam material parameter are back-analyzed. Based on the subsection back-analysis thought, the improved support vector machine is used to implement the back-analysis of dam material parameter and its evolution process. The procedure and algorithm realizing the above goal are proposed. The material parameter evolution model is built. Lastly, the proposed method and model are applied to evaluate the reinforcement validity and long-term effect of one actual concrete gravity dam which has undergone several dangerous treatments. The numerical simulation is implemented to analyze the structural behavior of the typical dam section. The whole sequences of prototype observations and numerically calculated results are divided into several subsequences and then used to back-analyze the elastic modulus and the evolution process of dam body and its foundation. The evolution model of elastic modulus is established to assess the long-term effect improving the dam material performance by dam reinforcement.

The Founding Constitution. Reflections on the Constitution of a Federation and its Peculiarity

In this article, we claim that the constitution of a Federation may be described as a federative compact and must, in our view, be thought of as different from a unitary constitution. To demonstrate this specificity of the federative constitution, we have used two criteria: formal and material. From a formal point of view, a federative compact is a result of an agreement, and it can be illustrated by the originality of the process of higher law making. From the material point of view, a federative compact possesses many clauses which are not to be found in a unitary constitution. This essay tries to develop further the idea of an autonomy of the Federation (as a political form) which is not a State.

Adsorption of Orthophosphates in Water by Carbonaceus of Biological Origin as Adsorbent

The objective of this study was to evaluate the adsorption capacity calcareous skeleton of animal species (CSAS) in powder form compared to the commercial activated carbon (CAC) powder, as adsorbent for orthophosphates (P) removal from water. The experimental design selected was a factorial design with central composite rotational design (CCRD). In order to optimize the sorption process, a number of independent variables and levels were selected including: adsorption time; adsorbent/adsorbate ratio; pH and temperature. The orthophosphate (P) quantification was performed using the 4500-P E method. The P removal capacity with CAC powder varied from 0.15 to 4.86 mg/L. The maximum removal occurred at 1088 min, initial pH of 7.5, adsorbent/adsorbate ratio of 130, and temperature of 27 ºC. With the CSAS, the phosphorus removal varied from 0.70 to 6.11 mg/L. The maximum removal occurred at 735 min, with initial pH of 9.0, adsorbent/adsorbate ratio of 40 and temperature of 32 ºC. The conclusion is that the CSAS powder can become an interesting alternative as adsorbent material, both from economic and technical viewpoints in several applications, such as treatment of urban and industrial wastewaters and phosphorus removal/ retention to prevent eutrophication of recipient water bodies. Additionally, the final product (phosphorus-adsorbed CSAS powder) can be used as fertilizer and as soil pH adjustment.

ЭТИКЕТНАЯ ЛЕКСИКА КАРАКАЛПАКСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

The article deals with the role of addressing by Name or Family name, and its stylistic usage. Etiquette words characterize interrelation of speakers, which shows the degree of their relationship. Each nation in accordance with its national features and psychology uses variously etiquette words in ad-dressing to someone, sometimes with name, middle name and family names in a different way. The given work describes the usage of etiquette words in communication of Karakalpak people. To be considered a member of certain social groups, a certain nationality, the people, tribal and other state, economic, political or cultural organizations (men, women, the elderly, youth, children, rural and urban residents) make them act according to the respective plans and procedures, obey them, follow schematic stereotypes that are inherent only to them. Similarly, the totality of the culture of action ripened, formed in the relations between people and who have fallen into a definite system, have recently been called the term etiquette. Etiquette is a philosophical, ethical and, on the other hand, pedagogical concept; Ie, they are con-sidered as a set of actions, ordered and systematized among people. After gaining independence and three or four years before it paid great attention to the national languages, national and nationwide rites and traditions, values, after their revival in Uzbekistan and the sovereign Karakalpakstan a new spiritual atmo-sphere was formed, we became even more clearly aware of our identity. Along with the national spiritual and material wealth, special attention is paid to the culture of language, especially its purity. In our opinion, all of this, indeed, is a spiritual unit that has an integral synthesis of speech etiquette, which is firmly linked to all of the above stated. Proceeding from such points of view, taking into account the spiritual requirements of our people and nations, growing at the present stage with each passing day, we believe that the special study of ques-tions of speech etiquette in modern Karakalpak language, its features, to bring in a certain scientific system one of the actual tasks of today's national linguistics. That’s because, any language of nation or nationality definitely has its own specificity of speech etiquette, which is a natural phenomenon. The words of etiquette in modern Karakalpak language constitute the object of research. But the identification of the role of using units of speech etiquette in forming the norms of the literary language, their consideration as the main features of the cultural speech, comparative study of the features of the speech etiquette with the Turkic languages in accordance with the internal laws of the language are con-sidered the subject of the study. Comparative analysis of materials related to speech etiquette is one of the methods of study of the philosophical, everyday, ethical and pedagogical views of the study in the linguistic aspect. We realized this, studying and taking into account the works of representatives of Russian, Uzbek, Kazakh linguistics, who had previously studied this issue with the scientific-theoretical, material points of view. When writing the work, historical, comparative-historical, descriptive methods were applied.

Analysis and design of a crash attenuator for a lightweight racing car

In this paper, the crash safety performance of a racing car is evaluated focusing on the optimisation of its frontal impact attenuator from the geometrical and material point of view. After the definition of the CAD model of the full vehicle, it was possible to convert it into finite elements applying properties, materials, contacts, boundary and initial conditions for each body components in order to conduct a dynamic analysis through LS-DYNA code. The full vehicle front impact simulation against a rigid barrier is carried out considering different attenuator structures. With respect to the previous literary works, geometries taken into account are much more complex. Moreover, conventional and CFRP composite materials are used during modelling in order to do a comparison between them in term of safety. The results show that the composite attenuators can be more competitive than conventional absorbers of similar geometry in terms of intrusion and energy absorption.

Analysis and design of a crash attenuator for a lightweight racing car

In this paper, the crash safety performance of a racing car is evaluated focusing on the optimisation of its frontal impact attenuator from the geometrical and material point of view. After the definition of the CAD model of the full vehicle, it was possible to convert it into finite elements applying properties, materials, contacts, boundary and initial conditions for each body components in order to conduct a dynamic analysis through LS-DYNA code. The full vehicle front impact simulation against a rigid barrier is carried out considering different attenuator structures. With respect to the previous literary works, geometries taken into account are much more complex. Moreover, conventional and CFRP composite materials are used during modelling in order to do a comparison between them in term of safety. The results show that the composite attenuators can be more competitive than conventional absorbers of similar geometry in terms of intrusion and energy absorption.

S-III-6 手術材料費(特に縫合糸)からみた手術料の検討(シンポジウムIII 小児外科疾患の医療保険 : 現状の経済分析と将来像, 第 35 回日本小児外科学会総会)

S-III-6 手術材料費(特に縫合糸)からみた手術料の検討(シンポジウムIII 小児外科疾患の医療保険 : 現状の経済分析と将来像, 第 35 回日本小児外科学会総会)

Historical Type in the Collection of the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp from a Metal Conservator's Point of View

From the fifteenth to the eighteenth century, hand presses and movable type were used for book printing. The knowledge of historical lead-based types, from a material point of view, is relatively scarce. The conservation of type in the Museum Plantin-Moretus (Antwerp) drew attention to the corrosive behavior of some types. To investigate the relation between the type compositions and the environment, contemporary literature on type alloying and casting was compared with analytical research on a selection of historical type. As a conclusion, lead alloy compositions with high concentrations of antimony and low tin levels were the most subjected to corrosion and are to be preserved in appropriate conditions.

Historical Type in the Collection of the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp from a Metal Conservator's Point of View

From the fifteenth to the eighteenth century, hand presses and movable type were used for book printing. The knowledge of historical lead-based types, from a material point of view, is relatively scarce. The conservation of type in the Museum Plantin-Moretus (Antwerp) drew attention to the corrosive behavior of some types. To investigate the relation between the type compositions and the environment, contemporary literature on type alloying and casting was compared with analytical research on a selection of historical type. As a conclusion, lead alloy compositions with high concentrations of antimony and low tin levels were the most subjected to corrosion and are to be preserved in appropriate conditions. DOI: 10.18146/2213-7653.2016.265

From Biogas to Biofuel: Materials Used for Biogas Cleaning to Biomethane

AbstractBiomethane is one of the biofuel sources produced from biogas which is an important source of renewable energy. Since it is an alternative and clean energy source, its implementation as fuel source applying established energy infrastructure is an attractive opportunity. However, biogas as a source of biomethane contains undesirable compounds, e.g., H2S, NH3, siloxanes, water, etc. and needs to be decontaminated before usage. Biogas cleaning technologies are presented from a material point of view along with their property modifications. A brief discussion of materials applied in technologies with a particular emphasis on biogas cleaning is followed by the alternative properties and possibilities of liquid and solid adsorbents as well as chemical reactions used for biogas cleaning to produce biomethane suitable as fuel source to replace or reduce fossil fuel consumption.

Descripción bibliográfica, material, de la «princeps» del «Buscón»

This article describes the Buscon ’s editio princeps from a material point of view. Special attention is paid to the material examination of the busiest pages and of the emptiest pages. In the same way, this article studies the insertion of censorious and stylistic exclusive readings of the first edition. The information obtained shows that the variants due to ratio typographica were sporadic and irrelevant with regard to their meaning. Furthermore, it is possible that some exclusive variants of the first edition were introduced by the author, since they appear in other Quevedo’s works.

Research Update: Phonon engineering of nanocrystalline silicon thermoelectrics

Nanocrystalline silicon thermoelectrics can be a solution to improve the cost-effectiveness of thermoelectric technology from both material and integration viewpoints. While their figure-of-merit is still developing, recent advances in theoretical/numerical calculations, property measurements, and structural synthesis/fabrication have opened up possibilities to develop the materials based on fundamental physics of phonon transport. Here, this is demonstrated by reviewing a series of works on nanocrystalline silicon materials using calculations of multiscale phonon transport, measurements of interfacial heat conduction, and synthesis from nanoparticles. Integration of these approaches allows us to engineer phonon transport to improve the thermoelectric performance by introducing local silicon-oxide structures.

Metallurgical Failure Investigation of a Pipe Connector Fracture of an Expansion Vessel

Abstract A pipe connector of an expansion vessel of a safety heat exchanger was torn off in a test facility's natural gas compressor. From a material point of view, the cause of the damage is a fatigue fracture induced by pulsating bending stress. The fatigue fracture originated from both, the pipe's outer surface as well as from its inner surface, which is consistent with the given stress situation (pulsating bending stress). Material defects or welding-induced flaws were not observed. Corrosion, wear, or thermal overload which may have promoted the damage, were not observed either. The primary cause was a major design error. Cases of dynamic load were obviously not duly taken into account during designing, so that the free-swinging mass of the expansion vessel which was mounted to a pipe of a diameter of only half an inch and, furthermore, installed in an angle of 45° (additional static preload!), could cause the fatigue failure induced by pulsating bending stress in the zone of highest stresses at the transition of the expansion vessel and the the pipe connector due to dynamic operating loads which always occur in plants like these.

Laboratory Tasks and Material and Safety Aspects

Manufacturing organisations deal with the measurement of various kinds and other types of laboratory tasks often during their production. However, employees should have learned already the laboratory preparation from schools. The legislation in the Czech Republic currently limits the possibility of teaching of laboratory tasks in schools with reference to kind of materials, to the occupational safety and to the minority or to a lack of expertise knowledge of students. It is so hard to prepare students professionally from position of teachers. The article deals with the construction of laboratory tasks in a material point and in a safety point of view. The teacher must look for necessary special materials for these tasks. Economic and ecologic aspects of materials mainly played an important role. It is important to approach tasks and an actual practice. It is necessary also to teach students to principles of the occupational safety at work with these materials. The article specifies nonconformities regarding to a used material and to security incidents. Recommendations for the improving of level of the teaching of laboratory tasks also from material point of view are presented here that are related to the practice.

건축물의 전과정 지속가능성 평가방법에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to propose a life cycle sustainability assessment method of buildings by applying the life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) methodology. To that end, the evaluation items of building LCSA were divided into the environmental performance, economic performance, and social performance of life cycle aspects, and detailed assessment method required each evaluation items were proposed. For the environmental performance assessment, major environmental impact categories from a viewpoint of buildings and major building materials with high occurrence rates of major environmental impact were selected, and a building life cycle scenario that includes a construction stage, an operation stage, and end-of-life stage was established. For the economic performance assessment, major cost categories, which significantly affect decision making of stakeholders, and major building materials with high proportion of direct construction cost were selected, and the life cycle costing method that are composed of private costs and external costs of buildings were proposed. For the social performance assessment, various social topics were investigated, and a social performance assessment method using the major building materials was proposed. These assessment method enabled the proposal of the building LCSA method.

On Human Rights: Premises for a New Approach to Fundamental Social Rights

From the point of view of international law, what we are seeking in this paper is to expose some of the premises for a (new) approach to fundamental social rights. If we think about the absolute supremacy of human life, a life that, to be understood as such, must be a life lived with dignity, we have to think about life from a material point of view and, therefore, in a priority status to the so-called «social» rights, since social rights (economic, social and cultural) address issues as basic to life and human dignity as food, health, shelter, work, education and water. With this understanding, it becomes very clear that the materiality of human dignity rests on the so-called «existential minimum», the hard kernel of social rights, in such a way that social rights are genuine (true) fundamental human rights. Recognition of social rights cannot be, therefore, a mere listing of good intentions on the part of the state. Social rights are fundamental rights, which are for all men, can be exercised by everyone and are essential to life and human dignity. What we are seeking in this paper, then, is to shed light on the understanding that social rights are fundamental human rights in international law.

Un'istituzione da negare? Il manicomio di Colorno

The article focuses on the history of the asylum of Colorno in the province of Parma - from a material point of view. It describes the place where doctors, nurses and patients had lived or worked since 1873. Bars and buildings in the structure were assembled without a logical order, and deeply conditioned everyone who had been living there for over 100 years. Over the years, many directors leading the structure agreed that such an inhospitable place surely amplified the bad quality of the treatments reserved to patients. However, until the Sixties nobody would have considered closing the asylum, but just tried to make it more comfortable, modern and efficient

ChemInform Abstract: Finely Tuning MOFs Towards High‐Performance Post‐Combustion CO2 Capture Materials

AbstractReview: 117 refs.