Material For Bioethanol Production Research Articles

Exploring Sustainable Manufacturing Processes for Sanitary Items Utilizing Abundant Natural Resources: A Covid-19 Pandemic Response in Northern Samar, Philippines

The COVID-19 pandemic did not only bring millions of casualties but also diminished the supply of sanitary items. In Northern Samar alone, sanitary items such as facemasks, rubbing alcohol, and soaps run out of stock on the first week of the gradual closure of businesses. This means that those with fewer financial resources have difficulties acquiring such sanitary items to protect them from this deadly disease. Northern Samar is abundant when it comes to nipa resource which has a big potential as a raw material for production of bioethanol. Due to the shortage of rubbing alcohols and raw materials for the laboratory made ethyl alcohol, extraction of bioethanol from fermented Nypa fruticans was done. This created raw materials needed in the production of laboratory made ethyl alcohol that was distributed to its target beneficiaries. On the other hand, Salacia korthalsiana Miq. commonly known as Polipog, is a traditional plant used to treat different diseases. It is used as anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and as antibacterial agent. The root part of the plant was used to produce an antibacterial bar and liquid soap. Thru the funding of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), manufacturing of non-medicine products took place in the University of Eastern Philippines. These basic sanitary items were given to the provincial government of Northern Samar for distribution to local communities to combat the spread of COVID-19. A prepared biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were applied to the face mask through spraying the solution on the surface of the face mask. Results showed that the textile with nanoparticles inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Further researches is sought to properly utilize the promising results of the wonders of the natural resources found in Northern Samar.

Bioethanol Production from Office Waste Paper

In this study, office waste paper was utilized as the raw material for production of bioethanol. Experimental studies have been carried out cellulose to sugar by acid hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis of waste paper to sugar was carried out 121?C with 5%(v/v) sulfuric acid with the volume of 100ml, 200ml and 5,10,15 g of office waste paper to obtain the best yield of hydrolysate. After adjustment of pH with 5M of sodium hydroxide solution, fermentation was investigated using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae to convert sugar to bioethanol and produced 0.033 g/ml of maximum sugar with 150 rpm for overnight at room temperature. The viability of cell was not the only factor influencing fermentation. The operation time for hydrolysis, adjustment of pH, amount of yeast and rate of aeration during fermentation a was a key interactive factor resulting in ethanol accumulation.

Optimization and prediction of engine block vibration using micro-electro-mechanical systems capacitive accelerometer, fueled with diesel-bioethanol (water-hyacinth) blends by response surface methodology and artificial neural network

The current investigation is focused on the vibration signals analysis for health status diagnosis of the single-cylinder diesel engine fueled with bioethanol diesel mixture. The water hyacinth (WH) plants (Eichhornia crassipes) are used as raw materials for bioethanol production. The bio-ethanol obtained from WH has been mixed with diesel fuel (WBED) to various extent. Systematically designed experiments were conducted with different working parameters like load, fuel injection pressure (FIP), and compression ratio (CR) in a diesel engine. The Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) capacitive accelerometer was used to get vibration signals from the engine while operating with blended fuels. The obtained experimental vibrations data have been used to predict the engine vibration by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The experimental results have been compared with RSM and ANN prediction results. From results, it is elicited that the acceleration declines with the increase in load and CR. At all tested blends, FIP produces a significant effect on the engine block vibration. Among all blends, WBED 5 and WBED 10 produce less vibration as compared to other diesel bioethanol blends. At optimized operating condition the engine block vibration for WBED 5; the experimental acceleration is 0.016962 m/s2 and the predicted acceleration by RSM and ANN is 0.016182 m/s2 and 0.0166 m/s2, respectively. For WBED 10, the acceleration is 0.0172604 m/s2 and the predicted acceleration by RSM and ANN 0.016207 m/s2 0.017 m/s2, respectively, has been found.

Bioethanol production from Brewer’s rice by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis: evaluation of process kinetics and performance

ABSTRACT Brewer’s rice, or known as temukut in Malaysia, is a by-product of rice processing typically sold cheaply as animal feed because of its low esthetic value and lack of suitability for human consumption. To date, few works have discussed its utilization in bioethanol production for fuel or industrial usage. Due to its low price, availability, and high carbohydrate content, brewer’s rice possesses high potential to be an alternative raw material for bioethanol production. This work was aimed at evaluating the viability of ethanol production from brewer’s rice by comparing the kinetics and performance of bioethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis respectively. Prior to batch fermentation with S. cerevisiae and Z. mobilis, the brewer’s rice was first gelatinized with diluted HCl and then hydrolyzed using amylolytic digestion to produce a sugar-rich hydrolyzate. Overall, superior ethanol productivity was obtained with the bacterium compared to the more commonly used yeast (70.71% yield vs 31.35% yield). Using the modified Gompertz model, maximum potential bioethanol concentration (Pm ) of 9.85 g/L, maximum bioethanol production rate (rpm ) of 0.89 g/L/h and lag time (tL ) of 1.88 h were observed for Z. mobilis, demonstrating superior fermentative capability compared to the yeast. The findings demonstrated the viability of brewer’s rice as a raw material for efficient ethanol production using Z. mobilis as an appropriate fermenting microorganism. Results also point to the sustainable use of waste in rice processing and diversification of end uses of brewer’s rice, among others.

Sugarcane processing by-products for bioethanol production in the Philippines: a retrospective assessment from 2007 to 2017 and future challenges

Sugarcane has been tapped as a source of sugar and molasses for the production of bioethanol in the Philippines. The increasing demand in bioethanol due to the rising consumption of gasoline, the surplus sugar and molasses would not be able to meet future demands. In the harvesting and processing of sugarcane, residues like that of sugarcane leaves (SCL) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) are generated. These residues are composed of sugar-based fibers, which may be utilized in producing bioethanol. Despite sugarcane residues being among the abundant crop residues generated, assessment on their potential for bioethanol production have been scarce. An initial assessment of the potentials of utilizing SCL and SCB produced in the Philippines and their contribution when utilized as raw material for bioethanol production is provided in this work. The geographical scenario of the Philippines was also taken into consideration. The limitations that could potentially be brought about by the competing use of available resource for bioenergy generation are also discussed. It is hoped that this work will provide a simple approach in providing or generating quantitative baseline information for consideration in future policies to avoid potential competition and emphasize on the need for appropriate allocation of available resources.

Green Protocols for the Isolation of Carbohydrates from Vineyard Vine-Shoot Waste

Annually large amounts of vineyard waste are produced from vine pruning. Romania has a vineyard of 183,000 ha and produces 6.0 million hl of wine/annum, being ranked 10th in the world and 5th in Europe, after Spain, France, Italy, and Portugal. Currently, the waste is incorporated into the soil or burned in open field, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions. The extraction of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin from vine-shoot waste is a primordial step for the integral valorization of these resources. The study aims to obtain carbohydrates from vine-shoot waste from Romanian grape varieties by using an innovative method for the transformation of vine-shoot waste into valuable compounds. Microwave pretreatments were performed using different operational conditions: temperature (150–180 °C) and residence time (10–30 min). The pretreated vine-shoot waste was delignified with sodium chlorite for lignin removal and then enzymatically hydrolyzed using new types of enzymes (cellulase from Trichoderma reesei and β-glucosidase). A maximum of 14 g glucose can be obtained from 100 g vine-shoot waste by microwave pretreatment (165 °C for 20 min), delignification, and enzymatic hydrolysis for 80 h. It can be concluded that the vine-shoot waste may be used as a raw material for bioethanol production by using a green technology in the context of circular economy objectives.

Making Bioethanol From Cocoa Fruit Skin Waste By Hydrolysis Process Using Trichoderma Viride Mold

Cocoa fruit skin is one of the agricultural wastes can be used as raw material for bioethanol production. Because the cocoa fruit waste containing 39.45% crude fiber and 3.92% glucose. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of optimization of yeast and fermentation time to produce maximum ethanol content. In this study the hydrolysis process cocoa leather is done using fungi Trichoderma viride and fermentation process using yeast Saccharomyses cerevisiae. While for bioethanol concentration measurements performed using vinometer. The results showed that bioethanol fermentation time for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days using yeast levels 2, 4, 6 and 8 grams produce maximum ethanol fermentation at 3 days and 6 grams yeast levels. Produced a maximum ethanol content of 12%.

Physiological Differential Response Of Sugar Cane (Saccharum Officinaruml.) On Water Deficit Condition

Abstract
 Sugarcane is the main sugar-producing plant in the world and also plays an important role as a raw material for bioethanol production. Productivity improvement of the plant is exposed to environmental stress ie: water shortage which is currently a serious problem associated with the global climate change phenomenon. Understanding of plant responses to environmental stress is one of the keys to be able to resolve the issue. In this regard, the fundamental studies related to the sugarcane plant responses to water stress is very important. This study consists of a combination of two factors, namely the type of clones consisting of PS.864, PSJT.941, and VMC.76-16, 851 as tolerant group clones, PS.862, PS.882 and PS.851as non tolerant clones group and lack of water stress treatment for 5 days. The data were analyzed further using DNMRT at 5% significance level. Observations showed that tolerant clones as well as non-tolerant clones PS.862 showed better resistance response than non tolerant groups. The indication was shown by the value of the Relative Water Content (RWC), Specific leaf area (SLA) and Water Deficit Value (WDV). Total protein profiling of sugarcane grown under water deficit and its counterpart differentially distinguished by suppression of protein expression of about 35 kDa in all clones. While in the water deficit condition expression of a protein with a size of 25 kDa is remarkable expressed.
 

Evolution toward the utilization of mango leaves as lignocellulosic material in bioethanol production: A review of process parameter and integrated technologies

AbstractRecently, the production of bioethanol is shifted to secondary bioethanol which is produced from nonedible lignocellulosic feedstock to avoid the food versus fuel issue. Mango leaves, a kind of nonedible lignocellulosic material (LCM) that possess a relatively 80.7% of holocellulose (inclusive of cellulose and hemicellulose), appear to be potential candidate to serve as cheap substrate source for bioethanol production. Hence, the objective of this article is to present the current scenario and the potential of mango leaves as a substrate source for bioethanol production. This article also provides an overview on various process parameters such as temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and incubation time that required to be optimized for an efficient fermentation process in the bioethanol production from LCM. Apart from that, several integrated fermentation technologies in bioethanol production which include separate hydrolysis and fermentation, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, simultaneous saccharification and co‐fermentation, and consolidated bioprocessing will also be discussed in this article. Based on the findings, it is clear that mango leaves have the potential to serve as feedstock for bioethanol production.

Utilization of vetiver grass containing metals as lignocellulosic raw materials for bioethanol production

This study deals with bioethanol production from vetiver leaves contaminated with heavy metal ions, Al(iii) and Ni(ii). The effects of these ions on the growth of Neurospora intermedia and the production of bioethanol from vetiver leaves were investigated. The bioethanol production was carried out by a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) method in submerged culture using N. intermedia. The SSF was operated micro-aerobically for 72 h. In order to enhance the bioethanol production, fermentation was anaerobically continued for more 72 h. The growth of N. intermedia was not affected by the presence of Al in a concentration range of 5–80 ppm. However, the growth rate of N. intermedia increased when the culture medium also contained 1 ppm Ni(ii). The highest growth rate (0.031 h−1) was achieved when the culture medium contained 10 ppm Al(iii) and 1 ppm Ni(ii). The higher the Al(iii) concentration contained in the culture medium, the lower the bioethanol yield. On the other hand, the presence of 1 ppm Ni(ii) in the medium along with Al(iii) increased the bioethanol yield. Vetiver leaves contaminated with 10 ppm Al(iii) and 1 ppm Ni(ii) can potentially be used as a substrate for bioethanol production.

Ultimate pretreatment of lignocellulose in bioethanol production by combining both acidic and alkaline pretreatment

Alkaline pretreatment has been known as the most popular method to process lignocellulosic materials for bioethanol production due to its simplicity and high efficiency. However, the waste water of the process has a very high basicity, which requires neutralization with acids upon further disposal. In this study, rubber wood saw dust (Hevea brasiliensis) was employed as lignocellulosic material and its pretreatment was inspected with both diluted H2SO4 and NaOH in different combination ways. Hereby, acid was used not only for waste water neutralization but also to contribute to lignin removal. Analysis results showed that an aqueous solution of 2.0 - 2.5 wt.% H2SO4 can be used to treat the biomass followed by alkaline pretreatment. By this so-called combo-pretreatment technique, cellulose was well preserved without significant hydrolysis while the final pretreatment efficiency was up to 63.0%, compared to 48.2% of using only the alkaline solution and 13.7% of using only the acidic solution. Finally, alkaline waste water can be mixed to be neutralized with acidic waste water from the two previous steps. This innovated technique improved the pretreatment efficiency almost without increasing in chemical cost.

Optimization of Hydrolysic Process of Sorgum Seed For Bioethanol Fermentation and Use of Health Components

Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum bicolor, L Moench) is very strong as a raw material for bioethanol industry. In various areas have emerged small bioethanol factories made from raw sorghum sapodilla. In order to optimally utilize sweet sorghum plant as raw material of bioethanol, besides the utilization of sorghum juice should also be attempted to use sweet sorghum seeds as raw material by efficient process method. In the hydrolysis of seeds still need assessment of pretreatment process because the process of starch hydrolysis inhibited by the matrix protein or protein body attached to the starch of sorghum starch. In order to improve the utilization of sorghum plant as raw material of bioethanol production, it is necessary to conduct a study to obtain efficient hydrolysis process conditions and optimum bioethanol conversion and able to produce other useful products. From the data obtained, it is known that sorghum seeds can be used as raw materials of bioethanol both local varieties and Numbu varieties. Differences in the results of DE (Dextrose equivalent) do show treatment with perendalaman in NaOH solution slightly better than with treatment without immersion, and it also affects the fermentation results that can produce greater ethanol. The optimum condition of sorghum seed process for local varieties (Hermada) and Numbu (sweet sorghum) was achieved under immersion conditions with 0.05 % NaOH at 45 °C for 1.5 hours. The fermentation ratio for Local varieties (Hermada) with immersion of NaOH is 86.75 %, without immersion 85.81 %. Meanwhile, the fermentation ratio for Numbu varieties with immersion of NaOH was 89.67 %, without immersion 87.68 %. For 2 (two) varieties of sorghum that were tried, did not show significant differences between treated and without treatment.

Production of Bioethanol From Kappaphycus alvarezii Algae by Using Pichia kudriavzevii Yeast

Kappaphycus alvarezii is a red algae that can be used as alternative raw material for bioethanol production. This is because K. alvarezii contains a high carbohydrate that reaches 60%. This study aims to determine the effect of fermentation nutrition and fermentation duration of hydrolysis results of K. alvarezii algae on pH changes, sugar levels, cell biomass and ethanol content. There are two methods was used in this research, namely hydrolysis method and fermentation method. The hydrolysis method was used α-amylases enzyme which is 150 KNU/L with 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% concentrations. The next method, K. alvarezii algae was fermented by Pichia kudriavzevii and used Gandasil-D® as an anorganic suplementation and yeast extract which is 0 g/L, 1 g/L, 2 g/L and 3 g/L. The results showed that K. alvarezii can be fermented into bioethanol after enzymatic hydrolysis process. The optimal ethanol content was produced at 48 hours of incubation duration.

Introducing a new salty waste for second-generation bioethanol production

ABSTRACTWe have introduced the discards of turnip juice as a raw material for bioethanol production for the first time. Pretreatment methods, initial biomass loading, and fermentation time were investigated. Supplementation of different kinds of nitrogen sources, mineral salts and agricultural waste hydrolysates were added in the growth medium. The highest bioethanol concentrations and Qp values were 7.32, 5.34, 1.55 g/L and 0.61, 0.44, 0.05 g/L.h for S. cerevisiae, K. marxianus and P. stipitis, respectively. Furthermore, Yp/s values were 0.46 g/g, 0.47 g/g, and 0.37 g/g for the three yeasts. Turnip juice discards are promising raw materials for bioethanol production.

TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN TONGKOL JAGUNG (ZEA MAYS) MENJADI BIOETANOL SEBAGAI BIOENERGI ALTERNATIF

Waste from harvested corn, especially cob, is a lignocellulose source that has not been utilized effectively and can be used as a material for bioethanol production. Bioethanol is one of the biofuels that is present as an alternative fuel that is environmentally friendly and renewable. The purpose of this research is to determine the ethanol content produced in the bioconversion of cellulose corn cobs waste. In this study, the methods used are delignification, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. Research activities begin with refining the waste of corn harvest into flour. Then it was delignified using NaOH% with a variation of immersion time of 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours. The purpose of this delignification is to reduce the lignin content found in corn cobs biomass. Before the delignification of lignin contained was 13.80% after delignification of lignin content decreased at 6 hours soaking time to 11.11%, 12 hours immersion time 9.26% and 8.94% 24 hours soaking time, then hydrolyzed using H2SO4 concentration 15 %, then fermented by filtrate using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae microbes found in bread yeast, fermentation is carried out for three days under anaerobic conditions. The fermentation results were purified by distillation at a temperature of 78oC - 80oC and the highest ethanol content was obtained at 0.5% with an amount of 11 ml distillate. Keywords: Bioetanol, Tongkol Jagung, Bioetanol

Second generation bioethanol production process via catalyzed steam explosion pretreatment: A computer-aided exergy analysis and heat integration

Background: Bioethanol is one of the most important biofuels because it has been produced from residual biomass such as corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, agricultural waste, among others. Bioethanol production from non-food biomass represents an opportunity for the biofuels industry to use raw materials in countries with high agricultural development, providing new alternatives for increasing the global production of biofuels. Therefore, process technologies have to be analyzed in order to guarantee the real energy gain in the biofuels industry through exergy analysis and computer-aided system engineering. Objectives: In this work, exergy analysis and heat integration methodologies were applied to evaluate hydrolysis and fermentation technologies when steam explosion pretreatment was used as pathway. Methods/Analysis: Bagasse from sugar industry was considered as raw material for bioethanol production. This residual lignocellulosic biomass was pretreated through catalyzed steam explosion and sent to different process configurations such as Separated Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF), Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF), and Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SSCF). The three processes were analyzed using exergy analysis criteria and the best alternative was integrated to reduce heating and cooling utilities in the process and to improve the energy profile for the bioethanol process. Findings: It was found that the highest exergy efficient was obtained when SSCF technology was used after catalyzed steam explosion pretreatment in comparison with SHF and SSF alternatives. Application of heat integration methodologies reduced cooling utilities by 57.7% and heating utilities by 63.4%. Novelty/Improvement: Implementation of computer-aided process, heat integration and exergy analysis allowed to compare and evaluate bioethanol technologies in order to reduce the energy requirements for the biofuel process and increase the net energy gain.

Novel Pre Treatment Techniques for Extraction of Fermentable Sugars from Natural Waste Materials for Bio Ethanol Production

Novel Pre Treatment Techniques for Extraction of Fermentable Sugars from Natural Waste Materials for Bio Ethanol Production

Brief Overview of Sweet Sorghum Irradiated by Carbon Ion Beam

Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a C4 plant characterized by a high photosynthetic efficiency and a high biomass- and sugar- yielding crop. However, the current varieties of sweet sorghum cannot meet the rapid growth demand for bio-ethanol production because of its low sugar content in China. To breed novel varieties to provide excellent raw materials for bio-ethanol production, the dry seeds were irradiated by carbon ion beam irradiation with different doses in sweet sorghum, resulting in acquiring an early-maturity mutant at 80 Gy dose, which the growth period was stably shortened for around 20 days compared to wild-type plant. In this paper, we briefly summarized the biological effects induced by carbon ion beam, the characters of early-maturity mutant, and revealed corresponding mechanisms from the point of view of morphological, physiological and molecular levels. In conclusion, there were significant effects on sweet sorghum irradiated by carbon ion beam.

Circulatory Management of Nutritional Substance Growing Sunflower and Extracting Nutrition by Hot-compressed Water Treatment

Sunflowers are grown as an ornamental plant and a catch crop beside an oilseed crop in Japan. Seed residues after oil milling are recycled as a feed for livestock and a fertilizer. After harvesting, crop residue such as stem and leaves are returned to the soil by the tillage in conventional cultivation. This report discusses the appropriate circulatory management of crop residues and plant nutrition considering them as a new commodity and plant nutrients resource for activating small agriculture. To study the characteristics of the nitrogen uptake from soil, sunflower cultivar named Hybrid Sunflower was grown with fixed row distance of 70 cm and varying hill distance of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm in a 5 m * 5m plot at a university farm, Tokyo, Japan. Growth survey was carried out every week. Sunflower whole crops sampled at each plot were dried in the oven at 70 °C for 1 day soon after the blanching treatment and stored until the extraction experiment. Sunflower sample at the growth stage of after flowering had the largest mass compared with the stage of before flowering and seed harvesting. Total dried matter of whole crop in 10cm-plot was the largest among the planting density conditions for each growth stage. The dried matter of crop residue at the growth stage of seed harvesting was 613, 408, 323, 281 and 279 g/m2 for the plot of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm, respectively. Nitrogen contained in sunflower stem was 2.5 to 5.5 g-N/m2 and that in seed was almost double, 5.9 to 7.5 g- N/m2. Sunflowers were processed to extract nitrogen by the hot-compressed water (HCW) treatment. Ground sample of sunflower stem mixed with water was heated at temperature of 180, 200 and 220 °C with gas pressure of 2 MPa in a pressure tight reactor for 5 and 30 min to release nitrogen from the solid fibre. Sample was separated into the solid matter fraction and the liquid matter fraction after the treatment. Extracted nitrogen as liquid matter was 37.9, 45.5 and 49.4 % at temperature of 180, 200 and 220 °C, respectively. Approximately 40 to 50 % of nitrogen contained in sunflower stem was recovered as the liquid matter. The liquid matter can be returned to the soil as a fertilizer while the solid matter containing cellulose and hemi- cellulose can be used as a raw material for bioethanol production.

Evaluation of Potential for Ethanol Production from Rice Straw Using Satellite Data

Purpose of this study is to estimate rice yield on a plot basis with use of satellite data and field investigation data and to calculate potential quantity of rice straw to be utilized as a raw material for biofuel production in Bali, Indonesia. In addition, for continuous supply of rice straw by farmers to a biofuel producer, it is absolutely necessary to investigate farmer’s interest, behavior and potential issues to solve. For this investigation, an interview was made to the subak heads. The subak is a traditional social organization consisting of farmers for managing irrigation and agriculture in the farmers’ village.The created estimation equation of rice yield had NDVI from SPOT satellite data as a predictor and was significant at 1% level. Based on the rice yield estimated through the equation and the paddy area, quantity of rice straw to be available and quantity of bioethanol to be produced were estimated. In case of Kediri, the rice straw quantity was 42,274 t/year and the ethanol quantity was 12,682 kl.On the other hand, the handling of rice straw after harvesting was leaving/putting back to soil or burning, which accounted for 76% of the rice straw. Concerning a price of rice straw, about 60% of farmers expressed their willingness to sell at 100 rupiah (1 cent US$) per kg, and about 88% including people saying high probability seemed to think this price would be as an adequate level of sales price. Through the interview work, it becomes clear that, when some issues such as price of rice straw are settled, farmers are positive to selling of rice straw for production of biofuel.For realizing bioethanol production from rice straw, there still remain some items to be studied further such as production process, transportation and storage system and costs. The result of our study suggests that a proposal for improvement of stable production can be made through rice yield estimation and monitoring using satellite data and that rice straw can be supplied as a promising resource of raw material for bioethanol production. This is considered to contribute the promotion of activity to reach the national goal of bioethanol production in future.