Cultivation Of Material Research Articles

Peluang dan Tantangan Pengembangan Budidaya Ulat Sutera dalam Persprektif Geografi

This research is basic research that aims to reveal the event of silkworm cultivation in Enrekang Regency, also as how the opportunities and challenges faced within the future. Furthermore, the long-term goal of this research is to take care of and increase silk production to satisfy local, national, and export needs, with the hope of accelerating people's income, local native income (PAD), and foreign exchange. The method used may be a survey to watch and measure various influential variables. Data utilized in the shape of secondary and first data. The data analysis used is a cartographic analysis. supporting factors for the event of silkworm cultivation in Enrekang subdistrict are; the simplest quality, abundant sources of feed, abundant human resources, sheltered by state-owned enterprises, near the axis roads, tools and cultivation materials are available and easy to obtain, cooperation with other regions, cheap seeds, high purchasing power, and government visits and tourists. supporting factors there also are factors inhibiting the event of silkworm cultivation in Enrekang Regency, namely: it's begun to be left behind, caterpillars are too sensitive, simple cultivation techniques, alittle amount of harvest, cultivation of households (nongroup), the transfer of murberi land functions, uncertain climate, the breakup of subsequent generation, promising work and yarn / imported fabrics.

Effect of media concentration and growth hormones on shoot regeneration and in vitro rooting of sugarcane varieties (Saccharum spp. )

The protocol for plantlet induction and regeneration through in vitro culture was standardized for the sugarcane variety Co 06022 with Co 86032. Genotype specific media combinations for establishment and rooting efficiency was identified and standardized. Multiple shoot regeneration was observed at different frequencies, using different concentration and growth regulator combination. In vitro propagation of Saccharum offers opportunities for increasing plant material for cultivation. Apical meristems were cultured on modified MS medium containing different concentrations of auxins. In Co 06022, the most effective concentration was combination of ½ MS medium supplemented with IBA (2.0 mg/l) which induced an average of 3.00±0.14 number of shoots per microshoot with 10.77±0.42 cm shoot length. Among the auxins used, NAA showed better response than IBA for profuse rooting in Co 06022. The number of roots formed was maximum (14.80±0.09) in MS with NAA (2mg/l) which had taken 10 days for root initiation with the root length of 6.45±0.07 cm. However, in Co 86032, the best performance was observed on ½ MS medium supplemented with IBA (2.0 mg/l) with more number of shoots (2.00 ± 0.19) and average shoot length of 12.30± 0.44 cm. Best rooting was observed in ½ MS medium supplemented with NAA (2.0 mg/l) and maximum number of roots were 11.60±0.12 which has taken 8 days for initiation of root primordia with average root length of 1.16±0.12 cm. Thus, it can be deduced that this protocol can be used successfully for in vitro rooting and acclimatization of these genotypes.

MOORA models based on new score function of interval-valued intuitionistic sets and apply to select materials for mushroom cultivation

Interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IVIFNs) were proposed by Atanassov since the 1980s. They have been applied to many practical problems. One of the problems posed when research is the ranking of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers to apply it to decision-making problems. But so far, there has not been a common method to rank two arbitrary IVIFNs. In this paper, we propose a new ranking function based on polynomial and exponential functions to rank fuzzy numbers. The numerical examples are illustrated to show the effectiveness of our proposed score function. In this paper, the multi-criteria decision-making models based on our proposed new score function are also presented namely MOORA models. We apply that model to the selection of materials for growing king oyster mushrooms in Vietnam.

A study on the decomposition properties of biodegradable cladding materials for rice cultivation

A study on the decomposition properties of biodegradable cladding materials for rice cultivation

A Fast and Reliable Screening Method of Organic Materials for Crop Cultivation

Strategic utilization of organic material for agriculture is important for improve efficiency in organic agriculture. Waste from food processing is a good candidate for compost material, and the first critical step is to choose proper raw material. In this study, we tried to establish a reliable screening method by comparing growth of different plant parts in different crops in combination with serial dilution of raw material extracts. The raw materials compared here are tangerine pomace, herbal medicinal plant waste, bread, spent coffee ground (SCG). We also compared effect of organic fertilizer made of SCG, natural pesticides made of pyrethrum extract and neem oil. The results obtained from different kind of crops and plant parts give insight into growth enhancing or inhibitory effect of tested material which will be useful screening raw material to make organic fertilizer and crop protective materials.
 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(4): 417-421

Andean Lupin Phenology and Agronomic Performance under Different Planting Dates in a Mediterranean Climate

Andean lupin in Europe has regained interest in recent years due to its high seed protein and oil content and its potential use for food, feed as well as a crop used in biorefineries. A search for suitable germplasm in combination with a determination of appropriate agronomical practices such as planting date are needed for commercial farming in new areas. The current study aims to evaluate the performance of six selected L. mutabilis accessions in a Mediterranean area using two different planting dates for two consecutive experimental years. A split plot design with accessions as subplots and planting dates as main plots was used. Measurements such as days to flowering, plant height, total number of pods and seeds per plant, seed yield and seed crude protein content were taken. All accessions performed better when cultivation started not later than the end of autumn since high temperatures occurred during late spring shortened the growth cycle and reduced yield. Earlier cultivation applied, in the middle of autumn, did not enhance significantly seed yield production. Among the accessions, LIB223 was characterized by the highest seed crude protein content in the early planting treatment, while accessions with prolonged growth cycle (LIB209, LIB214 and LIB223) produced higher seed yield than other accessions and could be further studied as promising breeding material for cultivation under the edaphoclimatic conditions tested.

Physicochemical properties and storage stability of mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivated on single (sawdust) and mixed substrates (sawdust and oil palm fibre)

Oyster mushroom nutrientshave been rated side by side with proteinsin meat and eggs. Oyster mushroomsarehigh in vitamins and essential amino acids, but theircultivation is poor. Oil palm fibre is being used in making material strength in mechanical engineering with little or no use in the cultivation of food products. This study determined the physicochemical properties and storage stability of mushroomscultivated on single and mixed substrates (sawdust and oil palm fibre). Oil palm fibremixed with sawdust at different ratios (95:5, 90:10 and 85:15) was used to grow oyster mushroomsin other to turn waste to wealth. The oyster mushroomscultivated on both single and mixed substratesweresubjected to proximate composition analysis (22.99, 4.54, 6.93,and 6.98%, for crude protein, fat, fibre, and ash),mineral content (5.92 mg/100g for sodium and 25.76 mg/100g for potassium), amino acid profile (155.85 mg/g for a total essential amino acid), fatty acid profile (43.82% for linoleic acid), anti-nutritional factor, and storage stability for three months. The mushroomscultivated on the mixed substrate (oil palm fibre + sawdust) havea higher proximate composition, mineral content, amino acid profile,and fatty acid profiles than mushroomscultivated on a single substrate (sawdust). Although the peroxide value of the oyster mushroom samples from the mixed substrates increased with storage time, the peroxide value was lower than 10 meq/kg of fat throughout the storage period,which means the samples could still be considered stable during storage. Cultivation of oyster mushroomson mixed substrates of oil palm fibreand sawdust should be encouraged for highly nutritious oyster mushroom production. Oil palm fibre can also serve as a raw material in mushroom cultivation.

Economic advantages of innovative technologies for accelerated forest regeneration in Russia

The article discusses the economic benefits of using new technologies for the production of planting material for creating forest plantations. The production costs of creating 1ha forest plantations are identified. A model of the technology of the process of creating forest plantations of fast-growing species, planting material obtained using innovative approaches in the form of contextual diagrams of the main processes is presented. The model organization of the process of creating forest plantations of fast-growing species was created in order to most efficiently use equipment and increase labour productivity. It is proved that the use of planting material obtained using nanotechnological approaches at the stage of microcloning can reduce production costs for creating forest plantations and thus significantly reduce the cost of planting material for plantation cultivation. It has been established that the developed innovative technology for obtaining planting material for creating forest plantations of fast-growing species has economic advantages over the traditional one.

Effect of planting media on growth of pineapple CV. madu seedlings by stem cutting technique

Generally, pineapple sucker is used as the main planting material for commercial cultivation of pineapple. Pineapple sucker is usually obtained either from the stalk or the stem of a pineapple plant. Research to study the effect of planting media using mineral soil as the main component for the mixture on the growth of sucker by stem cutting technique was conducted. The objective of this research is to study the effects of mineral soil-based mixed planting media on the growth of pineapple suckers produced cultivated via stem cutting of Madu pineapple. The research was conducted at the Pineapple Nursery of the Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, UMS Sandakan, from March 2019 until September 2019. The treatments used in this research were, soil as T1 (100%); Soil:coco peat as T2 (1:1,v/v); Soil:peat soil as T3 (1:1,v/v); Soil:sand as T4 (1:1,v/v). The data obtained showed there is a significant difference in the number of a successfully germinated sucker. However, no significant difference was detected for the sucker growth parameters. Planting media T3, soil: coco peat recorded the highest number of successfully germinated suckers (12.25). Meanwhile, for growing media, suggested T2 soil: peat soil were recorded the highest for root length (15.53 cm), leaf number (18.00), and stem diameter (2.18 cm) at 60 days after transplant (DAT).

Development of appropriate in vivo technique for rapid field multiplication of plantain (Musa aab) using coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water and indole-3-acetic acid

Plantain production in Ghana is challenged with inadequate healthy and uniform sized planting materials for cultivation. In vitro and rapid field multiplication techniques of plantains have been developed to overcome the problem of obtaining many vigorous and uniform suckers free from pest and diseases. However, in vitro techniques require expensive equipment and expertise that are unavailable to most plantain farmers in Ghana. Therefore, an appropriate and inexpensive technique has to be developed in vivoto increase the multiplication rate of plantain planting materials. This study investigated the effects of coconut water (CW) alone or in combination with varying concentrations of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) on axillary bud initiation, growth and development of plantain (cv. Asamienu). Coconut water from fully matured dried fruits (13 months old) was supplemented with three different indole-3-acetic acid concentrations, 10-4 M, 10-3 M, and 10-2 M to produce five different coconut water : IAA ratios (v:v), viz: 8:0, 6:2, 4:4, 2:6, 0:8. Distilled water was used as control. These treatment solutions were then injected into the base of developing suckers of plantain. Three weeks after injection treatments, the highest number of well differentiated buds was obtained from 2 ml coconut water and 6 ml of 10-2 M IAA (2:6 ratio). Eight ml of coconut water alone (8:0 ratio) also produced the highest number of fully differentiated plantlets. One month after the application of the bud manipulation technique, the highest number of additional welldifferentiated axillary buds and fully developed plantlets were produced with 2 ml coconut water plus 6 ml 10-2 M IAA and 4 ml coconut water plus 4 ml 10-2 M IAA,respectively. The study generally showed that treatments with coconut water from fully matured dried fruits alone produced the largest and the most vigorously growing plantlets. On the other hand, coconut water from fully matured dried fruit combined with IAA induced significant proliferation of axillary bud and shoot formation of plantain significantly over the control treatment. These findings demonstrated the potential of using coconut water from fully matured dried fruits alone or in combination with IAA at ratios of (2:6) and (4:4) to improve the multiplication rate of plantain planting materials. Key words: coconut water, indole-3-acetic acid, plantain, axillary buds, multiplication rate, in vivo

Evaluation of various lignocellulosic biomass and cereal grains as potential spawn materials for wild Schizophyllum commune cultivation

Rapid mycelium growth in spawn production and on growth substrate could suppress contamination, which is significant in mushroom industry. The aim of the study is to investigate the potential of lignocellulosic biomass waste as new materials alternative to common cereal grains in producing spawn for wild S. commune cultivation on rice husk, paddy straw, and rubber wood sawdust. The fastest mycelium growth among lignocellulosic biomass was found on rice husk spawn (1.27 cm/day) and 1.98 cm/day for wheat grain. The shortest duration for substrate colonization for both lignocellulosic and grain spawn is on paddy straw, followed by rice husk, and rubber wood sawdust.

Aplikasi Akuaponik Sayur Organik-Ikan Lele dalam Ember (Asoileledamber) di Kota Bengkulu

AQUAPONIC APPLICATION OF ORGANIC VEGETABLES-CATFISH IN BUCKETS (ASOILELEDAMBER) IN BENGKULU CITY. Bengkulu City is the capital of Bengkulu Province with the highest population in Bengkulu Province so it requires the availability of high food consumption as well. Required foodstuffs such as vegetables, meat, and fish, not all are available from Bengkulu City, so it is not uncommon the price on the market becomes more expensive. To fulfill the needs of foodstuffs, some people of Bengkulu City make effort to cultivate vegetables and maintain fish in ponds, but this method is also difficult to do because of the limited land area. Based on the description, it is necessary to apply the Appropriate Technology (TTG) for the people of Bengkulu City to fulfill family food security, one of which is the application of aquaponic technology: Asoileledamber (Organic Vegetable-Catfish Aquaponics in Buckets). This community service activity aims to provide information and training to the group of service partners in Bengkulu City about the benefits of Asoileledamber. Community service activities include Asoileledamber counseling activities, the provision of guidebooks, provision of tools and materials for cultivation such as fish seedlings, vegetable seeds and pellet feed. The results perceived by the service partners were harvesting Catfish from the second month of maintenance to the fourth month of maintenance. Organic vegetables are harvested starting from 2 weeks after planting time (SMT) until the 4th month of maintenance with an average harvest of 1-2 bunches per bucket.

Simultaneous selection of peach rootstocks by mixed models

The term adaptability refers to the ability of a genotype to respond favorably to environmental spur, while stability is the predictability of genotypic behavior. Therefore, the objective was to select Prunus rootstock cultivars with greater adaptability and genotypic stability for subtropical environmental conditions using the HMPRVG method. The experiment was conducted in Chapecó, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Twenty-one rootstock genotypes were evaluated under the ‘BRS-Libra’ canopy cultivar and one genotype from self-rooted seedlings. The 22 genotypes were evaluated for canopy volume, yield, fruit diameter and fruit set in the growing seasons 2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18 and 2018/19. Adaptability and stability were measured by means of the harmonic mean relative performance of genotypic values (HMRPGV). In addition, genetic parameters for heritability and ratio test were measured. According to the results, the self-rooted, ‘De Guia’, ‘I-67-52-4’, ‘Mexico Row 1’ and ‘Rosaflor’ genotypes coincided most frequently in the ranking of the three most adaptable and stable genotypes. On the other hand, the ‘P. mandshurica’, ‘Rigitano’ and ‘Santa Rosa’ genotypes corresponded to the lowest adaptability and stability values, thus constituting low quality genetic materials for cultivation. It can be concluded that under the tested conditions the HMPRVG method is efficient for the Prunus rootstock selection cultivars and the ‘BRS-Libra’ grafted on ‘Mexico Row 1’, ‘Rosaflor’ rootstocks and trees from self-rooted seedlings have greater adaptability and phenotypic stability under the subtropical cultivation conditions.

Effect of bamboo waste replacing cottonseed husk on cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus

Bamboo debris are rich in nutrients and suitable for the cultivation of edible fungi. In order to develop the new raw materials for cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus and the resource utilization of bamboo debris, the mycelial growth, fruiting body growth and economic benefits of P. geesteranus was studied in 9 types of bamboo debris replacement medium formulas (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I) and the cottonseed husk formula cultivated for P. geesteranus in Leshan City as a control (CK). Results shown that formula G was suitable for the growth of P. geesteranus. The composition of the formula G was 64% bamboo debris, 16% cottonseed husk, 8% sawdust, 10% bran, 1% white sugar and 1% plaster. In formula G, the average growth rate of P. geesteranus mycelia was 5.39 mm / d, 7.67 mm / d, and 8.42 mm / d in 10 days, 15 days, and 20 days after inoculation, average bag yield was 0.33 kg / bag, biological efficiency was 89.87%, and the ratio of output value to input value was 3.34.

Rapid analysis of GBSS1 and Vinv genes expressed in potato tubers using microtubers produced in liquid culture medium.

This study established a rapid method for the gene expression analysis in potato tubers. The use of microtubers would be useful for primary evaluation of tuber-expressed genes. In the development of transgenic potato or of potato with other genome modifications (e.g., genome editing or RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and so on) to improve tuber traits, analysis of the target gene is often difficult because of the long cultivation cycle (3-4months), large areas required, numerous materials for plant cultivation, and considerable efforts needed to obtain transgenic tubers. We demonstrate here rapid and convenient analysis of gene expression in potato microtubers. Enough microtubers for expression analysis can be induced over about 4weeks in a simple liquid medium in an Erlenmeyer flask. High-quality RNA and protein can be easily prepared from microtubers and used for northern blot, qRT-PCR, and western blot analyses without further purification. We investigated the expression of two tuber-expressed genes (GBSS1 and Vinv) in microtubers derived from the wild-type and from lines derived from RdDM-mediated transcriptional gene silencing. As expected, the expression of both genes was similar between microtubers and normal tubers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that microtubers can be used in western blot and confocal immunofluorescent microscopy analyses. These results suggest that expression analysis using microtubers is a convenient tool for the analysis of tuber-expressed genes such as GBSS1 and Vinv in potato.

Plant Responses to UV Blocking Greenhouse Covering Materials: A Review

Pure polyethylene (PE) is enriched with several additives to make it a smart application material in protected cultivation, as a cover material for either greenhouses or screenhouses. When this material completely or partially absorbs ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation, then it is called UV blocking material. The current work presents a review on the effects of the UV blocking covering materials on crop growth and development. Despite the passage of several years and the evolution of the design technology of plastic greenhouse covers, UV blocking materials have not ceased to be a rather interesting technique for the protection of several vegetable and ornamental species. Much of the research on UV blocking materials focuses on their indisputable effect on reducing the activity of pests and viral-related diseases, rather than on the effects on the crop physiology itself. In the present paper, representative studies dealing with the effect of the UV blocking materials on the agronomic factors of different crops are presented and discussed. The results reveal that UV blocking materials have mainly positive effects on the different plant physiological functions, such as photosynthesis and transpiration rate, and on growth characteristics, while they might have a negative effect on the production and content of secondary compounds, as anthocyanins and total phenolics.

Scientific substantiation of formation of a selection-seed-breeding center for wood and agricultural plants

The Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly the all-Russian research Institute of agroforestry) is one of the only scientific institutions in Russia that solves the problems of protecting soils from degradation and desertification and increasing their fertility by using the protective properties of adapted wood, shrub and herbaceous vegetation. Continuous use in research and obtaining ecological, economic and social benefits from the bioresources of economically valuable trees and shrubs of their own selection are key elements for developing a methodology for the innovative development of modern green technologies, including nursery production in the arid region of Russia. The Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences has considerable experience in creating and implementing the results of scientific work aimed at achieving high and sustainable indicators in the forest and agro-industrial complex. It is shown that the creation of selection and seed centre has sufficient space dendrological collections, mother cells, of commercially valuable ornamental plantations, agroforestry, fruit, pasture trees, shrubs (Samara, Volgograd, Oryol, Astrakhan regions, Altai, Stavropol Krai), nursery and greenhouse complex (Nizhnevolzhsky station on selection of tree species), and land – more than 60 thousand hectares of land. Over the years, many years of ecological and experimental monitoring have been conducted on the introduction, selection, protection of plants from pests and diseases, varietal, seed and nursery production of economically important tree species in arid conditions. It is established that the unique capabilities of adaptive selection of a range of commercially valuable trees and shrubs (660 species, forms, hybrids and varieties) to meet changing conditions and requirements provide a collection funds of woody plants FSC of Agroecology Russian Academy of Sciences and its branches (West-Siberian agroforestry station, Povolzhsky agroforestry station, Nizhnevolzhsky station on selection of tree species, etc.). The region has established introduction resources, seed plantations of tree and shrub biodiversity (340 ha of forest-seed plantations, more than 150 ha of forest plantations). Complex resistant varieties were obtained, a valuable breeding gene pool was identified, and production nurseries were organized in the experimental network of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Nizhnevolzhskaya station for selection of tree species) for rationalization of nature management, fight against drought and desertification in low-forest areas. A strategy for breeding stone crops has been developed to accelerate the creation of a new source material and varieties for cultivation using modern intensive technologies that ensure stable productivity with high fruit quality in the Lower Volga region. An extensive collection of field crops, theoretical base and practical developments has been accumulated. Including annually replenished collections of more than 2500 hybrids and varietals of winter and spring wheat, spring barley, seed millet, sorghum crops, trees, shrubs, perennial fruit crops, as well as a database of traits for more than 5000 samples of complex resistant to stress factors. The mission of the breeding and seed center is to accelerate the creation and introduction into mass production of adapted innovative varieties and hybrids of agricultural and forest crops that meet the most modern requirements of agroecological regulations for the production and processing of agricultural products. This will ensure the development of both the internal food security of the region and the Russian Federation as a whole, and increase the export potential. The key regions of the Russian Federation for the development of the Program are the following: Volgograd, Saratov, Orenburg, Samara, Oryol, Kursk, Astrakhan regions, Altai, Stavropol territory, Republic Kalmykia. Федеральный научный центр агроэкологии Российской академии наук имеет значительный опыт создания и внедрения результатов научной работы, направленной на достижение высоких и устойчивых показателей в лесном и агропромышленном комплексе. Для создания селекционно-семеноводческого центра имеются обширные дендрологические коллекции, маточники, ценные декоративные плантации деревьев и кустарников (Самарская, Волгоградская, Орловская, Астраханская области, Алтайский и Ставропольский край), питомники и тепличные комплексы (Нижневолжская станция по селекции древесных пород). В регионе созданы интродукционные ресурсы, семенные плантации, производственные питомники биоразнообразия деревьев и кустарников (340 га лесных посевных плантаций, архивы клонов, более 150 га лесных плантаций). Создана обширная коллекция полевых культур (2500 гибридов и сортов озимой и яровой пшеницы, ярового ячменя, семян проса, сорго, технических культур, деревьев, кустарников, многолетних плодовых культур), теоретическая база и практические разработки. Миссия селекционно-семенного центра - ускорить создание и внедрение в серийное производство адаптированных инновационных сортов и гибридов сельскохозяйственных и лесных культур, отвечающих самым современным требованиям агроэкологических нормативов для производства и переработки сельскохозяйственной продукции.

Implementation of TPS Cooperative Learning Model for Improving Student Motivation Using Augmented Reality

This study aims to study the application of the TPS type of cooperative learning model to increase student motivation in class VII by trying Think Pair Share (TPS). The method used is thinking or thinking, pairing or pairing, sharing, or sharing. TPS type cooperative learning model in increasing student motivation to develop craft knowledge aided by augmented reality vegetable cultivation material. All learning strategies and models that students find and discuss how the construction and contribution of students using teaching materials assisted with augmented reality can be used to help cultivation material.

Grafted polymer brush coatings for growth of cow granulosa cells and oocyte-cumulus cell complexes.

In the present work, three types of grafted brush coatings [P4VP, POEGMA246, and P(4VP-co-POEGMA246)] were successfully fabricated using graft polymerization of monomers "from the surface." The composition, thickness, and morphology of the grafted brush coatings were analyzed by TOF-SIMS, ellipsometry, and AFM, respectively. The chemical nature of the polymer surface plays a crucial role in the growth and development of the cow granulosa cells and, therefore, also oocyte-cumulus complexes. In comparison with other coatings, the P(4VP-co-POEGMA246) copolymer coating enables the formation of dispersed and small but numerous cell conglomerates and high cumulus expansion in oocyte-cumulus complexes with highly homogeneous cumulus layers surrounding the oocytes. Moreover, the cellular oxygen uptake for this coating in the presence of NaF (inhibitor glycolysis) was stimulated. This new (4VP-co-POEGMA246) copolymer nanostructured coating is a promising material for granulosa cell and oocyte-cumulus complex cultivation and possibly will have great potential for applications in veterinary and reproductive medicine.

Pesticides in cannabis: A review of analytical and toxicological considerations.

A review of the literature surrounding the use, analysis, and detection of pesticide material for cannabis cultivation is presented. The use of pesticides in crop cultivation is not new, and cannabis crops are no exception. Studies have found that the use of these are common and that high levels of the pesticides are transferred into the cannabis smoke. The most common pesticide classes associated with cannabis are insecticides, acaricides, and fungicides. Over 350 different pesticide products may be used on cannabis materials and of these, 16 pesticides and three plant growth regulators (PGR) are considered to be the main candidates. Many of the pesticides found in cannabis samples destined for consumption are classed as moderately hazardous by the World Health Organization. Analytical methods for pesticide detection on cannabis are being developed with a view to implementing quality control of cannabis, where it is legal, before being sold. However, no standardized protocol exists. The pesticide levels found in the cannabis samples tested were generally low (less than μg/g), these results do not, however, provide information on chronic low-dose adverse effects of pesticides in relation to cannabis consumption. Currently no research exists on the toxicity of pyrolyzed pesticides in humans from smoking cannabis. More studies are needed to further understand this potentially harmful health threat.