Material Elements Research Articles

Complete miscibility of immiscible elements at the nanometre scale.

Understanding the mixing behaviour of elements in a multielement material is important to control its structure and property. When the size of a multielement material is decreased to the nanoscale, the miscibility of elements in the nanomaterial often changes from its bulk counterpart. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and quantitative experimental insight into this process. Here we explored how the miscibility of Au and Rh evolves in nanoparticles of sizes varying from 4 to 1 nm and composition changing from 15% Au to 85% Au. We found that the two immiscible elements exhibit a phase-separation-to-alloy transition in nanoparticles with decreased size and become completely miscible in sub-2 nm particles across the entire compositional range. Quantitative electron microscopy analysis and theoretical calculations were used to show that the observed immiscibility-to-miscibility transition is dictated by particle size, composition and possible surface adsorbates present under the synthesis conditions.

Microstructural Characterisation of Adsorbent Ash with Potentially Toxic Elements in a Mortar

Abstract Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in ecosystems and construction materials pose a significant environmental concern. Various qualitative and quantitative techniques are employed to analyse PTEs in a sample. This study explores an innovative approach that incorporates PTE (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb) adsorbent ash, specifically adsorbed paper ash (APA) and adsorbed mulch ash (AMA), into mortar composites. This approach offers several advantages, including reduced reliance on waste landfills, energy recovery during the ashing process, and immobilisation of PTEs within a cement matrix. This study evaluated the elemental and microstructural characteristics of mortar composites incorporated with adsorbed ash by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), followed by analysing the elemental maps with ImageJ software version 1.8.0. Parallel experiments were conducted to measure the leaching of mortar composites. The total elemental content of PTEs in the leachate solutions was quantified using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The differences in adsorption capacity and leaching of PTEs observed between paper and mulch can be ascribed to their distinct affinities, which are influenced by the recorded pH levels. The examined elemental mapping revealed a consistent distribution across the APA and AMA mortar matrix structures, with greater intensity than the blank mortar sample. Furthermore, there is a reverse correlation between the order of percentage area coverage of the immobilised elements and the order of leaching, indicating that the PTEs were successfully immobilised. The percentage of PTE area coverage within AMA mortar composites followed the subsequent order: Pb > Cd > Zn > Cu, constituting 32.1 %, 28.6 %, 13.8 %, and 12.4 %, respectively. This order was also observed in the blank mortar composite, with percentages of 12.5 %, 8.6 %, 4.5 %, and 4.2 %, respectively. In the case of the APA mortar composite, the percentage of area coverage followed a different sequence: Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu, representing 27.7 %, 26.6 %, 14.5 %, and 14.1 %, respectively. The results also demonstrated notable improvements in the microstructure of the mortar when AMA and APA are incorporated, which is attributed to the ash additives’ micro-filling capacity. The findings contribute to advancing environmentally sound construction practices, with implications for sustainable waste management and pollution mitigation.

The Dual Effect of Surface Adsorbates on Fracture of Calcite

Harnessing ab-initio electronic structure calculations, this study reveals the role of surface adsorbates on the tendency of brittle fracture - a key failure mode of minerals such as calcite. The results demonstrate that (1) adsorbates can both enhance and inhibit the tendency to fracture, depending on the bonding configuration of the adsorbate to the calcite surface, and (2) the disassociation/reaction of water at the surface substantially enhances its degrading effect on fracture. This establishes the feasibility for tuning in either direction the tendency of brittle minerals to fracture by manipulating the composition of secondary elements in environments and materials.

Relative elongation of raw cotton fibers as a result of feathers adhesion and action of tensile forces

The change in the relative elongation of raw cotton fibers as a result of feathers adhesion and the influence of tensile forces is studied. The dependence of the relative elongation of fibers on tensile forces is obtained, taking into account other significant factors. For experimental studies of different varieties of cotton, a test bench is made to determine the resistance forces of the elastic element of the raw material. Keywords:raw cotton, relative elongation, tension, resistance force, elastic element rasulov.ruzimurad@mail.ru

LITERATURE REVIEW: STAFF PERFORMANCE FACTORS RELATED TO INCOMPLETE MEDICAL RECORD DOCUMENTS IN PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER

Background: Patient medical records are records relating to the patient’s identity, diagnosis, action, and to the treatment that has been given to the patient. Thus, medical records must be protected from damage, but damage to medical records is still found in every hospital. Purpose: This study attempts to investigate the causes of damage to hospital medical record materials. Methods: this is literature review, and the research was obtained from google scholar and the portal garuda, using full text articles. The measured results were factors that cause damage to medical record documents. Results: The main factor were still officers with a low level of education, namely high school graduates. This has an impact on filing officers to be not disciplined in maintaining medical record documents, and the absence of implementation of training related to management and storage management in the filing section. The machine factor was that there was no medical record rack available in accordance with the number of medical record documents. The method factor was that there was no SOP for maintaining medical records. The material factor was the raw material for the map using thin paper. The media factor, namely the storage space, has not been avoided from the dangers of water, fire, and biological damage. Conclusion: Based on 5M factors, the factors that have the highest influence on damage to medical record documents are the elements of people, machine, and material. While the factor that causes the least damage to medical record documents is the method.

Imaging technology based on the interaction between muon and material

Muon imaging technology, as an emerging detection method, is widely used in various fields. Muons can be classified into cosmic ray muons and accelerator muons based on their origins. Cosmic ray muons stand out for wide energy range, strong penetrating power and no artificial radiation. These characteristics make cosmic ray muon imaging technology adept at achieving nondestructive imaging of target objects. Presently, the commonly used imaging methods include scattering and transmission imaging technologies that leverage muon information for imaging. Additionally, muon and muonic secondary particle coincidence imaging technology utilizes information from secondary particles generated during the interaction between muons and target objects for imaging. The accelerator muon, distinguished by its high flux, strong monochromaticity, and adjustable energy, enables rapid and multidimensional imaging of target objects at various depths. Furthermore, it facilitates the analysis of material elements through muonic X-rays. This article provides insights into the production process and physical characteristics of muons, the fundamental principles of muon imaging technology, and its diverse applications across disciplines. It also explores the current development status and emerging trends in fields such as mineral resource exploration, archaeological studies, and nuclear safety.

Determination of the size of representative volume element for gap-graded granular materials

Gap-graded granular soils have a wider grain size distribution and more heterogeneous fabric structure than normal soils. It is critical to choose the sample size of element tests in a faithful and repeatable manner. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is utilized to determine the size of representative volume element (RVE) of gap-graded mixtures with varying particle size distributions. Over seven hundred triaxial tests are performed to investigate the effect of particle size ratio and coarse fraction on the typical RVE size. Microscopic parameters are analyzed to validate the reproducibility of the determined RVE sizes. The optimal RVE size is negatively proportional to particle size ratio and positively correlated with the coarse fraction. Empirical equations are further established to correlate the RVE sizes with particle size ratios for different coarse fractions. The findings may provide a useful reference for experimental and numerical studies in choosing the RVE size for gap-graded soils.

The Application of Natural Elements in Industrial Materials

With the pursuit of a balance between industrial development and environmental protection, the importance of natural elements in the application of industrial materials is becoming increasingly prominent. The article mainly focuses on the definition and classification of natural elements in industrial materials, as well as their mechanism of action in improving material properties. The article analyzes the unique contributions of plant-based materials, mineral materials, and bio-based polymers in enhancing material properties. Meanwhile, the article also points out the cost, technological, and environmental regulatory challenges faced by natural elements in industrial applications, as well as innovative solutions to address these challenges. These solutions include technological innovation, policy support, and building sustainable supply chains. This comprehensive analysis not only reveals the key role of natural elements in industrial material innovation but also provides profound insights for future research and applications.

Upcycling with Material Debris: Nurturing the Creative Process through Responsible Handling of Waste Materials

By default, upcycling as a fashion methodology of deconstructing, re-assembling and removing material elements from existing garments, always produces material waste. This waste, with which one would traditionally disengage and place in the bin, is produced through various upcycling approaches—altering motifs, changing silhouettes or deconstructing forms. This waste can be incredibly micro in scale: dust, fibers, the smallest thread, or damaged bit which is produced from breaking down the structure of a garment. Framed more sensitively, this waste can be classified as process debris. Debris conventionally is not clearly understood as a material to reuse, or to value, or to place - as it is small in scale, fragmented, and allegedly beyond repair. This attitude would usually encourage a disengagement with the material, and it would be de historicized and rendered as waste. In the context of this study, the debris from reforming a historic archive has gained new significance. Analyzing and designing with it invites a larger discussion around notions of care, value and the preservation of certain materials. ‘Care’, in this case, emerged through my encounter with the material debris itself, and the way that unique encounter instigated a consideration of value and role.

Facts and Rules: Incidence of the Social Environment in the Understanding and Elaboration of Law, from the Communicational Theory of Law

AbstractThe Communicational Theory of Law (CTL) usually differentiates between Legal Sociology and Legal Theory, in the sense that Legal Sociology is concerned with the social validity of the rules and Legal Theory with the formal or legal validity of the rules. It can be argued that both disciplines are two different perspectives of the same empirical reality (legal rules). Also, legal System and social milieu are two closely linked realities; they cannot be separated because they need each other. The Law is the form or order that the social milieu takes, and, at the same time, the social environment provides the ideas, collective representations and other matters that need a legal regulation. For this reason, the epistemological separation between Sociology and Legal Theory must be overcome when the theoretical perspective comes to legal decisions. Thus, the decisional moment becomes the meeting point between the legal System and the social milieu. This is where the concept of the legal System fulfils its main function, as it allows for the dynamism and adaptability of the legal order. The hermeneutic re-elaboration of the normative texts will be the channel through which the social facts and other material elements can inform the meaning or possible interpretations of the rules and institutions of the legal order. This happens primarily by influencing theoretical and doctrinal works of an expository and didactic nature; and secondarily by influencing the decisions of legal operators and courts. This study seeks to explain how the social context influences legal decisions and the formation of the legal System, from a communicational perspective of Law. In order to do so, it will be necessary to set out two epistemological premises of CTL: the semiotic tripartition of the Theory of Law and the legal Order-legal System distinction.

Multi-scale FE[formula omitted] investigation of non linear rate dependent 3D composite structures accounting for fiber–matrix damage

In the present paper, a two-scale FE2 technique based on periodic homogenization theory is investigated to predict the macroscopic non-linear behavior of polymer matrix composite structures.The computational technique accounts for the fiber/matrix interfacial damage, the matrix ductile damage and the effect of 3D periodic microstructure. The developed approach integrates the geometric description and the non-linear time-dependent local behavior of the different constituents (fibers, matrix and interface). For numerical calculations, advanced User Defined Material and User Element subroutines are developed at the two scales, simultaneously activated to solve macroscopic and microscopic problems through an incremental scheme in the finite element commercial code Abaqus/Implicit The computational efficiency of the developed multi-scale approach is demonstrated by predicting the overall response of 3D composite structures under complex loading paths. The composite structures consist of thermoplastic polymer matrix with elasto-viscoplastic behavior and ductile damage, reinforced by elastic aligned short fibers that are coated by a cohesive zone, which obeys the general unified potential. The numerical results obtained by FE2 simulation with and without accounting for interface effect are analyzed and compared for two examples: Meuwissen-like and 3D corner shape structures. The main benefits of the developed approach lie in accessing the microscopic strain fields, the distributions of the internal variables and the damage evolution in both polymer matrix and interface, as well as identifying their repercussions on the macroscopic response.

Femtosecond Laser-Induced Phase Transformation on Single-Crystal 6H-SiC.

Silicon carbide (SiC) is widely used in many research fields because of its excellent properties. The femtosecond laser has been proven to be an effective method for achieving high-quality and high-efficiency SiC micromachining. In this article, the ablation mechanism irradiated on different surfaces of 6H-SiC by a single pulse under different energies was investigated. The changes in material elements and the geometric spatial distribution of the ablation pit were analyzed using micro-Raman spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectrum (EDS), and an optical microscope, respectively. Moreover, the thresholds for structural transformation and modification zones of 6H-SiC on different surfaces were calculated based on the diameter of the ablation pits created by a femtosecond laser at different single-pulse energies. Experimental results show that the transformation thresholds of the Si surface and the C surface are 5.60 J/cm2 and 6.40 J/cm2, corresponding to the modification thresholds of 2.26 J/cm2 and 2.42 J/cm2, respectively. The Raman and EDS results reveal that there are no phase transformations or material changes on different surfaces of 6H-SiC at low energy, however, decomposition and oxidation occur and then accumulate into dense new phase material under high-energy laser irradiation. We found that the distribution of structural phase transformation is uneven from the center of the spot to the edge. The content of this research reveals the internal evolution mechanism of high-quality laser processing of hard material 6H-SiC. We expect that this research will contribute to the further development of SiC-based MEMS devices.

Identification of Religious and Cultural Elements in Arts Learning Materials at Indriyasana Somoitan Kindergarten and Mosque Syuhada Kindergarten

This research aims to describe religious and cultural elements in art learning materials in kindergarten. Art learning in early childhood is often carried out to develop various aspects of intellectual, social and spiritual maturity. This can be supported by the school's background under a religious foundation so that the learning carried out can be adapted to the existence of a religious environment in each school. The two schools use different cultural and religious elements in art learning at school. The writing of this article is the result of observations, interviews and documentation carried out using qualitative research methods with triangulation of data sources. The data analysis carried out obtained the results that the religious elements that appeared in arts learning in the two kindergartens were religious stories, religious singing, prayer activities with tunes, projects through stories in books, dancing with religious songs, playing angklung with spiritual songs, and playing gamelan with religious songs such as prayers. Meanwhile, the cultural elements applied are the introduction of traditional musical instruments, the introduction of traditional dance, the singing of children's songs, the use of traditional games associated with learning, making batik, and the use of traditional clothing in art learning.

Who Acts When Autonomous Weapons Strike?

Abstract This essay examines the theories according to which ‘actions’ carried out by autonomous weapon systems enabled by strong artificial intelligence in detecting, tracking and engaging with the target (‘intelligent AWS’) may be seen as an ‘act’ of the weapon system for the purpose of legal responsibility. The essay focuses on the material act required for the commission of war crimes related to prohibited attacks in warfare. After briefly presenting the various conceptions of the act as an essential component of the material element of criminal offences, it argues that the material act of war crimes related to prohibited attacks is invariably carried out by the user of an ‘intelligent AWS’. This also holds true in the case of so-called ‘unintended engagements’ during the course of a military attack carried out with an intelligent AWS. The essay moves on to examine the question of whether, in the case of the use of intelligent AWS by the armed forces of a state, the ‘actions’ of intelligent AWS — including those not intended by the user — are attributable to the state. It demonstrates that under a correct understanding of the concept of ‘act of state’ for the purpose of attributing state responsibility under international law, such attribution is unquestionable. It underlines that, suggesting otherwise, would bring to a breaking point the possibility of establishing violations by states of international humanitarian law in the conduct of hostilities.

Sosialisasi Pemanfaatan Bahan Bangunan Bersejarah dan Perkembangannya: Kolaborasi Komunitas Peneliti Peninggalan Warisan Filipina di Kota Semarang

Registered heritage buildings and sites are not just shapes and designs passed down from generation to generation. The materials and techniques used are part of the tangible and intangible heritage and contribute to the authenticity of the monument. This activity is a collaboration between the cultural heritage community of Semarang City and the City of Manila which visited Semarang. This activity aims to understand the authenticity of historical architectural works through their material and technical elements in Asia by comparing similar works in the cities of Semarang and the Philippines. It is hoped that the results of this activity will be able to find authentic images in several examples of traditional Asian architectural works and provide alternatives for forming place identities in both the cities of Semarang and Manila.

The role of advanced nuclear reactors and fuel cycles in a future energy system.

Nuclear power has been an important part of the US electricity system since the 1950s and continues to be a major source of low-carbon electricity today. Despite having low emissions, high grid reliability, and an excellent track record of safety, nuclear power also demands significant time and upfront capital to deploy, can struggle to compete economically with other generation sources, has intrinsic proliferation risk by relying on fissile material for fuel, and generates radioactive waste for which there are currently no disposal sites. Given the emissions and energy security benefits of having nuclear as part of the energy mix, advanced nuclear technologies have garnered significant interest and investment in recent years. Advanced reactor designs differ from the current operating fleet and have several potential advantages, including lower cost, faster construction, smaller size, inherent safety features, and lower waste yields. Yet, many challenges related to their deployment remain, and overcoming them will dictate whether or not new nuclear technologies become a material element of the future energy infrastructure. This article synthesizes the opportunities and barriers to deploying advanced nuclear reactors and their associated fuel cycles as described in two National Academies consensus reports. It highlights the consensus recommendations that could allow these new technologies to reach commercial success as part of a long-term decarbonization strategy.

Chemical elements in Elaeis guineensis materials and derived oil

The production of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Southeast Asia is vital to the economies of Indonesia and Malaysia. Both fertilisers and pesticides used in palm production can contain elevated concentrations of Trace Elements (TEs) which may accumulate in soils and leaf tissues of plants. We hypothesised that leaves from oil palms may be deficient in essential elements, while containing elevated concentrations of non-essential TEs commonly found in agrichemicals. Samples of plant materials (leaves and fruitlets) were collected from active and former plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia, and analysed for essential and non-essential elements. Indonesian palm oil samples were sourced in New Zealand and their elemental concentrations determined. Leaf materials from both active and abandoned production sites were deficient in N, K, S and Mo, while leaf materials from abandoned sites were deficient in P. These deficiencies may have been a contributing factor to the abandonment of production at these sites. Concentrations of non-essential elements were below or comparable to average plant concentrations and no evidence of contamination was found in plant tissues. Palm oil contained low concentrations of TEs, which did not pose any toxicity risks. However, Na and Al were present in concentrations of 1198 and 159 mg kg−1 respectively, which were higher than have been previously reported. Tropical oil palm production could benefit from the determination of bioaccumulation factors for fertiliser contaminants in E. guineensis, to limit the transfer of contaminants to plants and products if increased fertiliser applications were used to correct nutrient deficiencies.

The functions of a Municipal Law as a branch of law: debatable issues of theory

In article problems of the theory of functions of a modern Municipal Law are considered. The basic essential and meaningful, objective and subjective, internal and external aspects of modern Municipal Law. It is noted that among the basic tasks that are currently faced domestic science Municipal Law, is the formation of a coherent and comprehensive knowledge of the system of municipal law of Ukraine, its legal aspects and patterns of development and operation of its norms and institutions. A holistic conception of the Municipal Law of Ukraine in the unity of its static and functional, material and procedural elements are important theoretical and methodological basis for the development and improvement of the system of national municipalism, current municipal legislation and municipal law-making and law enforcement activities.
 However, if the theory of problematic issues of Municipal Law as in law, its genesis, sources, norms and institutions are reflected in the works of ukrainian researchers, the problem functions of this area of law remains almost unexplored. Understanding the nature and content of the functions of Municipal Law makes it possible to understand the importance of this area of law to regulate social relations and answer questions about the role of Municipal Law in society and the state.
 Characteristic signs of functions of a Municipal Law are analyzed. The functions of municipal law should be considered exclusively in the focus of the subject and method(s) of municipal law. Therefore, they are inextricably linked with the functions of municipal power and the functions of municipal human rights.
 Based on the above and other characteristics, the functions of municipal law as a branch of law should be defined as the main directions and types of influence of municipal law on social relations that arise in the process of recognition, formation, organization and exercise of municipal power, as well as the implementation and protection of municipal rights a human’s.

An overview of preconcentration techniques combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for trace element determination in biological studies.

In the last decades, the determination of trace elements in biological materials has emerged as an important area of study because of its relevance to human health and the environment. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has proven to be a powerful tool for trace element analysis, owing to its high sensitivity and ability to determine several elements in a single measurement. However, given the complex nature of biological matrices and the presence of elements, most of them at ultratrace levels, it becomes crucial to complement ICP-MS with preconcentration techniques to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of analytical methods. This article presents an exhaustive overview of liquid- and solid-phase preconcentration techniques used in combination with ICP-MS for trace element determination in different biological samples from 2000 to the present. An in-depth discussion of the advances on the application of state-of-the-art solvents and materials in trace element extraction and preconcentration is presented. Special attention is given to different strategies for elemental speciation analysis, employing both chromatographic and non-chromatographic techniques. The role of automation in these methodologies is also described. Finally, future trends and challenges related to this topic are discussed.

Electrode Wear Rate of RBD Palm Oil as Dielectric Fluids on Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) at Different Peak Current and Pulse Duration of Titanium Alloys

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a widely utilized commercial method for generating a variety of forms of materials that are used as the fundamental material in a wide range of industries. Vegetable oil as the dielectric fluid is one technique for assuring EDM's long-term viability because it is ecologically benign and biodegradable. This article presents experimental investigations on the influence of electrical discharge machining (EDM) input parameters on electrode wear rate (EWR) while using EDM oil and vegetable oil as dielectric fluid. Kerosene which is known as conventional oil for EDM has been used as a benchmark to compare the feasibility of the EDM process by using a different type of dielectric fluid which is RBD palm oil. Peak currents (Ip) in the 6 to 12A range and pulse durations (ton) in the 50 to 150 µs range were chosen as the major factors for this study to improve the efficiency of EDM operation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphology surface characteristics of the copper electrode and the migration of workpiece material elements to the tool electrode. The EWR increases with increasing peak current, although it is inversely related to pulse duration. The lowest EWR for kerosene and RBD palm oil is 0.0416mm3/min and 0.0480mm3/min, respectively, at the same IP=6A and ton=150µs. Simultaneously, the highest EWR for both kerosene and RBD palm oil was at the same IP=12A and ton=50µs, which is 0.1725mm3/min and 0.2425mm3/min, respectively.