Name Matching Research Articles

The neural basis of the bilateral distribution advantage.

Letters can be matched by their physical identity (i.e., a-a: same/A-a: different) or by their name (both a-a and A-a: same). The latter, more demanding task has in previous experiments led to an advantage of bilateral over within-hemifield matches, which was not observed in the former. We have investigated the neural basis of this bilateral distribution advantage (BDA) in letter name matching with event-related fMRI. Unilateral, compared to bilateral, name matching led to increased activation in the contralateral fusiform and lateral occipital gyri. This increase went along with an ipsilateral increase of activation in homologous areas. Such a hemispheric resource sharing was not observed for letter shape matching. This pattern of activation shows that letter name matching induces hemispheric resource sharing in visual areas, which occurs when task demands in the hemisphere of input reach a critical level. Activation in anterior cingulate complex and posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex showed a task x visual field interaction with lower activation for bilateral than unilateral name matches but higher activation for bilateral than unilateral shape matches, which fits the interhemispheric transfer demands in these tasks.

Adaptive name matching in information integration

Identifying approximately duplicate database records that refer to the same entity is essential for information integration. The authors compare and describe methods for combining and learning textual similarity measures for name matching.

A specific role for the human amygdala in olfactory memory.

The medial temporal lobe is known to play a role in the processing of olfaction and memory. The specific contribution of the human amygdala to memory for odors has not been addressed, however. The role of this region in memory for odors was assessed in patients with unilateral amygdala damage due to temporal lobectomy (n = 20; 11 left, 9 right), one patient with selective bilateral amygdala damage, and in 20 age-matched normal controls. Fifteen odors were presented, followed 1 h later by an odor-name matching test and an odor-odor recognition test. Signal detection analyses showed that both unilateral groups were impaired in their memory for matching odors with names, these patients were not significantly impaired on odor-odor recognition. Bilateral amygdala damage resulted in severe impairment in both odor-name matching as well as in odor-odor recognition memory. Importantly, none of the patients were impaired on an auditory verbal learning task, suggesting that these findings reflect a specific impairment in olfactory memory, and not merely a more general memory deficit. Taken together, the data provide neuropsychological evidence that the human amygdala is essential for olfactory memory.

Inferring higher functional information for RIKEN mouse full-length cDNA clones with FACTS.

FACTS (Functional Association/Annotation of cDNA Clones from Text/Sequence Sources) is a semiautomated knowledge discovery and annotation system that integrates molecular function information derived from sequence analysis results (sequence inferred) with functional information extracted from text. Text-inferred information was extracted from keyword-based retrievals of MEDLINE abstracts and by matching of gene or protein names to OMIM, BIND, and DIP database entries. Using FACTS, we found that 47.5% of the 60,770 RIKEN mouse cDNA FANTOM2 clone annotations were informative for text searches. MEDLINE queries yielded molecular interaction-containing sentences for 23.1% of the clones. When disease MeSH and GO terms were matched with retrieved abstracts, 22.7% of clones were associated with potential diseases, and 32.5% with GO identifiers. A significant number (23.5%) of disease MeSH-associated clones were also found to have a hereditary disease association (OMIM Morbidmap). Inferred neoplastic and nervous system disease represented 49.6% and 36.0% of disease MeSH-associated clones, respectively. A comparison of sequence-based GO assignments with informative text-based GO assignments revealed that for 78.2% of clones, identical GO assignments were provided for that clone by either method, whereas for 21.8% of clones, the assignments differed. In contrast, for OMIM assignments, only 28.5% of clones had identical sequence-based and text-based OMIM assignments. Sequence, sentence, and term-based functional associations are included in the FACTS database (http://facts.gsc.riken.go.jp/), which permits results to be annotated and explored through web-accessible keyword and sequence search interfaces. The FACTS database will be a critical tool for investigating the functional complexity of the mouse transcriptome, cDNA-inferred interactome (molecular interactions), and pathome (pathologies).

Matching faces for semantic information and names: an event-related brain potentials study

In face identification, it has been controversial whether or not access to biographical information and to a person’s name are mediated by qualitatively different loci. We recorded ERPs while participants saw two successive faces and performed a matching task that either required retrieval of semantic information (“same or different profession?”), or retrieval of the person’s name (“same or different number of forename syllables?”). For both tasks, slow ERP activity between the first and the second face was characterized by a prominent right posterior negativity, with the asymmetry being larger for the name than the semantic matching task. ERPs to the second face showed a difference between congruent (matching) and incongruent (mismatching) trials, with more negative ERPs for incongruent trials. In the semantic matching task, these differences were significant between 450 and 550 ms, and resembled an N400, with a maximum negativity over the vertex. In the name matching task, the topography of this congruency effect was qualitatively different from that seen in semantic matching. These findings suggest that different brain substrates mediate the access to semantic and name information.

Analysis of gamut mapping algorithms from the viewpoint of color name matching

Abstract—The validity of color name matching in analyzing gamut mapping algorithms is described in this paper. The performances of three types of gamut mapping algorithms (cusp scaling, clipping, and categorical weighting) are evaluated in a psychophysical experiment from the viewpoint of color name matching. Based on this evaluation, we have found that cusp‐scaling algorithm is capable of controlling lightness reasonably well, compensating for a decrease in chroma caused by the difference in the size of device gamut between a source and a destination device. Ranking of reproducible performance by the three gamut mapping algorithms in the psychophysical experiment is arrived at on the basis of color name matching.

Bisimulations in the join-calculus

We develop a theory of bisimulations in the join-calculus. We introduce a refined operational model that makes interactions with the environment explicit, and discuss the impact of the lexical scope discipline of the join-calculus on its extensional semantics. We propose several formulations of bisimulation and establish that all formulations yield the same equivalence. We prove that this equivalence is finer than barbed congruence, but that both relations coincide in the presence of name matching.

The segmental representation of consonant clusters: Constituents, cohabitants, or unitary clusters

What is the form of the segmental representation that underlies auditory word recognition? In spoken word recognition, different segmental representations have been proposed for words. Most models of word recognition assume some form of phonetic representation. In a phonetic representation, consonant clusters such as the /spl/ in ‘‘splash’’ are treated as a sequence of separate, discrete elements. However, the precise nature of this representation is unknown. Clusters could be composed of abstract phonemes, context-sensitive allophones, or some other unit. A form-based priming paradigm was used with naming, lexical decision, and A–X name matching tasks to investigate the representation of syllable initial clusters. Primes that differ from the targets in the number and order of consonants (in syllable initial clusters) were presented to listeners. For example, primes such as /skrav/, /skav/, /krav/, /sav/, /kav/, /rav/, and /bav/ (control) were used with the target /skrem/. If clusters are composed from their constituent phonemes, the number of phonemes in common between prime and target should determine the magnitude of priming. The results will be discussed in terms of their implications for the segmental representation of speech. [Work supported by NIDCD Grant R01DC00219 to the Univ. at Buffalo.]

Finding approximate matches in large lexicons

AbstractApproximate string matching is used for spelling correction and personal name matching. In this paper we show how to use string matching techniques in conjunction with lexicon indexes to find approximate matches in a large lexicon. We test several lexicon indexing techniques, including n‐grams and permuted lexicons, and several string matching techniques, including string similarity measures and phonetic coding. We propose methods for combining these techniques, and show experimentally that these combinations yield good retrieval effectiveness while keeping index size and retrieval time low. Our experiments also suggest that, in contrast to previous claims, phonetic codings are markedly inferior to string distance measures, which are demonstrated to be suitable for both spelling correction and personal name matching.

Use of record linkage techniques to maintain the leicestershire diabetes register

The Leicestershire Diabetes Register is a computerised live register of approximately 5000 insulin users who are resident in Leicestershire. Data capture is from clinic notes and is input by two part-time clerical officers. The register is used for epidemiological and planning purposes. The computer software used for the register was developed in-house and is written in C, ensuring a fast response time even on large numbers of records, and will run on any IBM PC-compatible. Successful use is made of record linkage techniques, including phonetic name matching and a heuristic algorithm to improve reporting of results and to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the register, and much manual checking is thus avoided. Record linkage allows us to check for duplicates, deaths and migrations and allows cross-checks on the accuracy and completeness of patients' identifying details.

Hemispheric differences in letter matching of hiragana and katakana

The purpose of the present study was to examine the hemispheric differences in letter matching of hiragana and katakana. The stimuli with a pair of each one letter of hiragana and katakana were presented unilaterally to the right or left visual hemifield with a tachistoscope. The subjects were 40 male right handers. They were required to judge whether a pair of letters had the same name or different one. A significant right visual hemifield superiority was observed for both the accuracy of recognition and reaction time. The results suggest that the callosal relay model of Zaidel may be applied to the name matching task.

Event-related potentials and the phonological matching of picture names

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from one midline and three pairs of lateral electrodes while subjects determined whether a pair of sequentially presented pictures had rhyming or nonrhyming names. During the 1.56-sec interval between the two pictures, the slow ERP wave recorded over the left hemisphere was more negative-going than that over the right, especially at frontal electrodes. The ERPs evoked by the second picture differed as a function of whether its name rhymed with its predecessor. This difference, taking the form of increased negativity in ERPs to nonrhyming items, had an earlier onset and a greater magnitude at right than at left hemisphere electrodes. This pattern of ERP asymmetries is qualitatively similar to that found when words are rhyme-matched. It is therefore concluded that such asymmetries do not depend on the employment of orthographic material and may reflect some aspect(s) of the phonological processing of visually presented material.

Developmental trends in speed of semantic memory retrieval

Speed of semantic memory retrieval has been implicated as an important component of developmental differences on a wide range of cognitive tasks, including verbal problem solving and memory for verbal materials. This article critically examines the evidence regarding developmental trends in speed of retrieval of semantic information with particular attention to the theoretical assumptions underlying the methods used in existing studies. Review of studies using simple naming latencies, name vs physical matching, and categorization times indicates that speed of semantic memory retrieval is not a simple, unitary ability but instead may vary with the kind of information accessed. In addition, speed of retrieval may be related to other factors such as age-related trends in use of strategies and organization of semantic memory. It is suggested that researchers have generally failed to focus on the time course of retrieval and consequently have neglected the role that active decision processes may play in the tasks used. Alternative methods that address the locus and possible causes of children's slower performance are suggested.

Components of fluent reading

Two experiments studied individual differences among normal adults in performance on the Nelson-Denny reading test to cast light on the processes involved in reading. Experiment 1 correlated reading comprehension with performance on the Daneman and Carpenter working memory span test, vocabulary, lexical decision with both homophonous and nonhomophonous nonwords, and Posner's letter matching task, based on both physical and name matching. Working memory span proved to be a significant predictor as did lexical decision with nonhomophonous nonwords, letter name matching, and vocabulary. A derived measure indicating degree of phonological coding in lexical decision was only weakly correlated with comprehension while the physical name match difference on the Posner task was uncorrelated with reading performance. A second experiment explored further the working memory span task, comparing it with a nonlinguistic span test devised by Case. Kurland, and Goldberg based on memory and counting. While the verbal working memory measure again correlated significantly with comprehension, the counting measure was much more weakly related. As in Experiment 1, vocabulary also correlated significantly with comprehension. It is concluded that reading comprehension is dependent on a number of separable components including vocabulary, working memory, and a general lexical access process.

Effects of intrahemispheric interference on reaction times to lateral stimuli.

Earlier work (Green, 1977) indicated that response by a given hand was slower when stimuli occurred in the visual half field ipsilateral to the body side of hand origin. It was hypothesized that this was due to interference between processing demands originating within the same hemisphere. The present experiments provide evidence regarding the relationship between such interference and the magnitude and type of processing demands. The eight experiments indicate that intrahemispheric interference affects a variety of tasks, including letter shape, letter name, or face matching. The results indicate that reduction in response processing demands reduces the interference. Evidence of interference appeared with a more demanding choice response, but not with a simpler go-no-go response. Manipulations hypothesized to reduce initial, perceptual stimulus processing demands did not reduce the magnitude of interference, possibly because the level of more central stimulus processing demands was still sufficient to interfere with response processing. Interference tended to be minimal on right-hand, match trials, which are hypothesized to involve reduced response processing and reduced central stimulus processing demands. Further investigation of the effects of stimulus processing demands is required.

Name and face matching in one or two visual fields: A test of models of hemispheric specialization

In two experiments a name and a face (each male or female) were simultaneously flashed to either the same or opposite visual fields (left or right), for matching congruent (same sex) or incongruent (opposite sex), to test the predictions of various models of hemispheric specialization. While overall best performance occurred with a face in the left visual field (LVF) and a name in the right visual field (RVF), and worst with the opposite configuration, the general pattern of results was incompatible with either a direct access model or an activational/ attentional account. The results were, however, most compatible with the predictions of a semispecialized hemispheres account, whereby cerebral asymmetries are seen as relative rather than absolute, either hemisphere being capable of processing either kind of material (verbal or visuospatial), but to different levels of efficiency. However, despite the fact that the stimulus materials had previously been shown to produce stable and consistent lateral asymmetries in the predicted directions when presented in isolation, in the composite, integrative matching task the position of the name seemed to be the major determinant of the resultant asymmetries. It would seem therefore that when such stimuli are to be cross matched, either left hemisphere (language) processes somehow dominate right hemisphere (visuospatial) processing (though not in the way that would be predicted by a simple activational/attentional account) or the left hemisphere's greater capacity predominates.

Perceived symmetry and name matching

Letter pairs made from the letters F, G, J, L, and R in normal, reversed, or inverted orientations were used as stimuli in a name-matching experiment. When the same letter was used twice to form a pair, the different orientation combinations produced four types of symmetry: rotational, vertical axis bilateral, and translational symmetry, and a distorted version of horizontal axis bilateral symmetry. The pattern of results suggests that symmetry was used as a “diagnostic” when the presence or absence of symmetry was easily detected (same-letter stimuli with vertical axis bilateral and translational symmetry, and all different-letter stimuli) and that letter names were matched only for those pairs whose symmetry was not easily assessed (same-letter stimuli with horizontal axis bilateral and rotational symmetry).

情報処理様式からみた大脳両半球の機能的差異

Functional hemispheric differences were investigated from the point of modes of information processing. The subject's task was to judge a set of stimulus letters same (all are identical) or different (one item differs from the rest). The set was consisted of letters of alphabet or Japanese character (Kana and Kanji), which number varied from two to five. The reaction time was recorded and plotted as a function of the number of letters in the set. When the task was name or upright matching of alphabet or Kana, RT was increased linearly for both hemispheres, suggesting serial processing. On the other hand, in the case of inverted matching of all stimuli and upright matching of Kanji, RT showed no increase as in parallel processing.

Hemispheric asymmetry for classifying upright and inverted letter pairs: Handedness and sex differences

Eighty subjects, 20 in each sex/handedness combination, performed a lateralized physical and name matching task with upright and inverted letter pairs. “Same” reaction times only displayed Orientation × Hemisphere × Subject Group interactions which, it was suggested, might be rather too readily interpreted in terms of the usual sex and handedness differences in hemispheric asymmetry.

The manipulation of stimulus quality and the definition of stimulus encoding operations in memory scanning experiments.

Two experiments examine procedures for defining and isolating stimulus encoding processes within the standard memory scanning task. Two manipulations are used to converge on this definition: letter case (i.e., physical vs. name matching of letters) and stimulus quality. Experiment 1 produced equal scanning rates for the name match and the control conditions in which letter case was not varied. The physical match conditions produced scanning rates half as great as the control. None of these rates were greatly affected by the degradation (contrast reduction) of the probe stimulus, although the small difference in rates for the physical match condition was significant. Experiment 2 investigated two modes of stimulus degradation, contrast reduction and the addition of visual noise. All of the results of the first experiment were replicated for both modes of degradation, with the exception of the change in the scanning rates for the physical match condition. In addition, visual noise produced greater differences between positive and negative response times than did contrast reduction, which did not differ from the high contrast control condition. These results indicate that an abstract internal code is derived during the encoding of the probe stimulus from which the effects of stimulus quality have been removed. Thus, factors that interact with stimulus quality in memory scanning tasks can be assumed to have a locus within the encoding stage of processing.