Matching Data Research Articles

819 Pre-residency Research Output Amongst U.S. Neurological Surgery Residents

INTRODUCTION: Research productivity is often used in evaluating candidates for neurosurgery residency. Official Match data report successful candidates have on average ∼25 pre-residency research products; however, average number of indexed publications, the highest-valued research product, is not reported separate from other research products. METHODS: A list of all US neurosurgery residents who successfully matched between 2017-2021 was generated and narrowed to US MD seniors who applied to the authors’ institution. Each resident’s pre-residency publication quantity was extracted using Scopus. Additional variables were extracted from residency applications. RESULTS: 93.2% of all matched neurosurgery applicants from 2017 through 2021 were captured. Distribution of publication quantity was right skewed. Mean ± SD total, neuroscience-specific, and first-author pre-residency publications for applicants who matched in 2021 were 8.1 ± 10.0, 6.6 ± 8.7, and 2.3 ± 3.8 respectively. Median (IQR) total, neuroscience-specific, and first-author pre-residency publications were 5.0 (2.0, 11.0), 4.0 (1.5, 9.0), and 1.0 (0.0, 3.0) respectively. There was a statistically significant increase in average total, neuroscience-specific, and first-author publications from 2017 to 2021 (p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated an independent, positive association between class year and publication quantity (1.07 (0.71-1.42), p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Indexed publications constitute a small portion of total research products successful neurosurgery candidates apply with. A high number of publications is not necessary to match with approximately 50% of all applicants who successfully matched having fewer than five publications and 25% having fewer than two. That said, average pre-residency publication quantity is increasing over time at a rate of approximately one publication per year.

Digital empowerment and export quality: The moderate effect of market segmentation

The development of the digital economy and changes in market structure could impact product exports. Utilizing matching data of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share Listed Enterprises from 2011 to 2015 and Chinese Customs Database, our results showed that digital empowerment could promote export product quality for enterprises, but market segmentation might inhibit the quality improvement effect of digital empowerment. Market segmentation played a negative regulatory role when digital empowerment affected export product quality. Furthermore, the heterogeneity analysis showed that digital empowerment significantly impacted the quality improvement of state-owned enterprise products, non-high-tech products, and economically developed provinces in China.

Physiological variables associated with performance in a European professional male rugby team: Analysis of a training intervention

The main objective of this study was to identify the impact on conditional variables through a training intervention. A retrospective observational study was conducted in a professional rugby team, where an intervention was conducted for 4 weeks. Data were collected for a total of 18 weeks: 14 weeks pre-intervention, including 7 matches; and 4 weeks post-intervention, including 4 matches. The variables selected and analysed were distance (m), sprint distance (m), distance per minute (m/min), maximum speed (km/h), high intensity actions (n) and accelerations and decelerations >3 m/s² (n). In training, a significant difference was found before and after the intervention in Dist. Sprint (t = 4.303), in Vel. Max (t = 4.141), and in Acc+Dec>3 m/s² (t = 2.939). In the match data, changes were observed in the mean of the variables before and after the intervention, highlighting the Dist. Sprint (t = -2.295) and Max Speed (t = -0.805). In this specific context, coaches and professionals should be aware of the conditional variables that have the greatest impact on the game, with the aim of optimising the training methodology and focusing on the specific needs of each team to improve performance.

Bluetooth Enabled LCD Cricket Scoreboard

This abstract centres on designing and developing a Bluetooth-enabled LCD cricket scoreboard with a primary focus on reducing delay time during score display, aiming to significantly enhance the cricket match experience for players, spectators, and officials. The scoreboard seamlessly integrates Bluetooth technology with LCDs to ensure real-time transmission and instant display of match statistics, scores, player information, and game progress. The system incorporates Arduino-based hardware for LCD control and Bluetooth communication, complemented by a dedicated mobile application functioning as an intuitive interface for scoreboard management. Through the mobile app, users can wirelessly interact with the scoreboard, thereby reducing delays by enabling swift updates of match data, configuring display preferences, and ensuring rapid data exchange between the app and the LCD scoreboard. The emphasis on reducing delay time in score presentation underscores the commitment to delivering timely and accurate information, contributing to an enriched viewing experience for cricket enthusiasts, sports venues, educational institutions, and community cricket events. This represents an innovative approach, leveraging Bluetooth connectivity and LCD technology to minimize delays and provide comprehensive, real-time match information, thereby modernizing and augmenting traditional cricket scoreboards.

The CoachAI Badminton Environment: Bridging the Gap between a Reinforcement Learning Environment and Real-World Badminton Games

We present the CoachAI Badminton Environment, a reinforcement learning (RL) environment tailored for AI-driven sports analytics. In contrast to traditional environments using rule-based opponents or simplistic physics-based randomness, our environment integrates authentic opponent AIs and realistic randomness derived from real-world matches data to bridge the performance gap encountered in real-game deployments. This novel feature enables RL agents to seamlessly adapt to genuine scenarios. The CoachAI Badminton Environment empowers researchers to validate strategies in intricate real-world settings, offering: i) Realistic opponent simulation for RL training; ii) Visualizations for evaluation; and iii) Performance benchmarks for assessing agent capabilities. By bridging the RL environment with actual badminton games, our environment is able to advance the discovery of winning strategies for players. Our code is available at https://github.com/wywyWang/CoachAI-Projects/tree/main/Strategic%20Environment.

Abstract 862: Multi-omic analysis of allelic expression patterns of imprinted and non-imprinted genes in cancer and their association with drug response

Abstract Malignant cells undergo a broad array of epigenetic changes, including changes in imprinting patterns. In normal cells, imprinted genes have parent of origin-specific monoallelic expression, which is controlled via epigenetic mechanisms. Imprinted gene loci are often complex and frequently include multiple isoforms, which have different individual patterns of parent-of-origin monoallelic or biallelic expression in the normal tissues. Many imprinted genes promote cell proliferation and body growth, and their expression is important during embryonic and postnatal development. Dysregulation of imprinting in tumors has been suggested to contribute to growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Previously we reported that chemotherapy responses of cancer cell lines from a variety of tumors and of patient-derived acute myeloid leukemia samples were associated with copy number, expression, or DNA methylation of selected imprinted genes. In the current project, we examined allele-specific patterns of expression (monoallelic vs. biallelic) of imprinted genes and isoforms in tumors and studied their potential effect on response of cancer cells to drug treatment. We analyzed expression patterns at the whole gene, isoform, and exon levels of 59,283 autosomal protein-coding genes and ncRNA genes, with a special focus on 94 imprinted genes and their isoforms. We developed a computational pipeline to evaluate monoallelic and biallelic expression patterns of each gene in cancer cell lines and in tumor samples based on available matched RNA-seq expression data, whole exome sequencing information, and copy number data. Our initial analysis included 108 cell lines from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), which had been derived from 9 pediatric and adult tumor histologies. We observed variation of allelic expression patterns of imprinted genes and their isoforms in tumor cell lines, including differences across and within cancer histologies. We also observed predominantly monoallelic expression of multiple additional genes. Some of them (PRIM2, BCLAF1, MAP2K3, and SEC22B) had been previously reported as potentially imprinted. Monoallelic expression of other genes identified in our analysis (e.g., GRK2, CBX4, and additional genes) was likely caused by molecular mechanisms other than imprinting. Allelic expression patterns and overall expression levels of isoforms of multiple imprinted and non-imprinted monoallelically expressed genes (e.g., CPA4, MAP2K3, and other genes) were associated with in vitro drug response. We also report our ongoing validation of allelic expression patterns of imprinted and non-imprinted genes, isoforms, and exons in primary bladder and breast tumors and in matched solid normal tissue samples using patient data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). These results provide new knowledge about epigenetic dysregulation in cancer. Citation Format: Julia Krushkal, Travis L. Jensen, George Wright, Yingdong Zhao. Multi-omic analysis of allelic expression patterns of imprinted and non-imprinted genes in cancer and their association with drug response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 862.

Abstract 6560: Cell-free RNA analysis for non-invasive cancer detection and characterization

Abstract Blood-based liquid biopsies enable non-invasive characterization of cancers. Cell-free RNA (cfRNA) analysis could potentially complement circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis and allow broader molecular characterization of cancers but has not been extensively explored. Here, we describe RARE-Seq, a novel cfRNA sequencing method designed to maximize sensitivity by targeting rare, tissue-specific transcripts, and simultaneously detecting both tumor-derived expression signatures and somatic mutations in circulating tumor RNA (ctRNA). To interrogate samples for specific gene expression signatures, we developed and optimized a framework to measure tumor- and tissue-specific enrichment scores (ES) within cfRNA. We then empirically determined the limit of detection (LOD95) of RARE-Seq using admixtures of tumor cell line RNA and control cfRNA across a wide range of fractions. We found RARE-Seq to have an estimated LOD95 of 0.05% for cancer-derived RNA, which was 52-fold better than whole transcriptome cfRNA profiling. To explore its potential clinical utility, we profiled 192 samples from 170 subjects with various cancers and non-cancer controls using RARE-Seq. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) expression signatures were significantly detected in 40 out of 51 NSCLC samples (78% sensitivity at 90% specificity). Detection increased with stage, ranging from 40% in stage I to 87% in stage IV. In a subset of stage IV NSCLC patients with matching ctDNA data (n=16), ctRNA levels were significantly correlated with ctDNA allele frequencies (Pearson R=0.84, P=0.005). Intriguingly, 86% of samples with undetectable ctDNA contained detectable ctRNA, suggesting potential complementarity of ctRNA and ctDNA analysis for cancer detection. We also developed and benchmarked a direct ctRNA genotyping approach, allowing noninvasive detection of driver mutations in 42% of patients with advanced NSCLC. When applied to other tumors, RARE-Seq demonstrated 80-100% sensitivity at 90% specificity for detection of pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PAAD), prostate adenocarcinomas (PRAD), and hepatocellular carcinomas (LIHC). Furthermore, when evaluating tissue of origin (TOO) classification performance, RARE-Seq achieved 85% median accuracy for the top predicted tissue and 96% median accuracy for the top two tissues. These results highlight the potential value of ultrasensitive cfRNA analysis, providing proof-of-principle for detection of multiple tumor types using RARE-Seq. Citation Format: Monica C. Nesselbush, Bogdan A. Luca, Young-Jun Jeon, Isabel Jabara, Catherine B. Meador, Michael S. Binkley, Nova Xu, Angela B. Hui, Andrea Garofalo, William Y. Shi, Kevin J. Liu, Takeshi Sugio, Noah Kastelowitz, Emily G. Hamilton, Rene F. Bonilla, Yi Peng Wang, Alice Jiang, Brianna Lau, Jordan Eichholz, Mandeep Banwait, Joseph Schroers-Martin, Jan Boegeholz, Daniel A. King, Mohammad S. Esfahani, Tyler Raclin, Robert Tibshirani, Sandy Srinivas, Viswam S. Nair, James M. Isbell, Bob T. Li, Zofia Piotrowska, Lecia V. Sequist, Aaron N. Hata, Joel W. Neal, Heather A. Wakelee, Andrew J. Gentles, Ash A. Alizadeh, Maximilian Diehn. Cell-free RNA analysis for non-invasive cancer detection and characterization [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6560.

Abstract 2661: Identification of a novel morphology of tertiary lymphoid structure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade

Abstract Background: Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid follicles that arise in non-lymphoid tissue. TLS may contribute to response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in solid tumors, but understanding of the life cycle of these structures, particularly the circumstances of their resolution and the functional contribution of this stage to the adaptive immune response, remains incomplete. Methods: We employed a multi-omics approach to evaluate TLS in the tumors of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with neoadjuvant ICB (n = 19) and untreated controls (n = 14). TLS density was assessed by immunohistochemistry and correlated with pathologic response, relapse free survival, and overall survival. Imaging mass cytometry was used to characterize distinct TLS morphologies in areas of tumor regression bed and viable tumor. Individual TLS from treated tumors were microdissected and characterized by T cell receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) sequencing, and TCR clonotypes identified in TLS were further characterized by comparison against matched single cell RNA and TCR sequencing of peripheral blood and TIL. Results: Intratumoral TLS density was significantly increased in HCC tumors treated with neoadjuvant ICB compared to untreated controls (p = 0.05). Tumors with major or complete pathologic response to treatment had significantly higher intratumoral TLS density compared to tumors with partial pathologic response (p = 0.000246) and non-response (p = 0.0129). In the treatment group, patients with tumors in the top tertile of intratumoral TLS density had significantly longer relapse free survival (p = 0.021 by log-rank test). In the regression bed of treated tumors, an involuted TLS morphology was identified which was notable for dispersion of the B cell germinal center, retention of a T cell zone enriched for T-DC interactions, and increased expression of markers of T cell memory. In a subset of patients, immune repertoire sequencing demonstrated increased TCRβ clonality and BCR somatic hypermutation at involuted TLS. Highly expanded T cell clonotypes identified in TLS were found in the GZMK+ and GZMB+ CD8 T effector memory clusters in matched single cell data. Conclusions: These data suggest that in HCC tumors treated with neoadjuvant ICB, treatment may induce formation of intratumoral TLS, which are associated with superior pathologic response and relapse free survival. An involuted TLS morphology is identified in tumor regression bed with features consistent with dissolution of the B cell germinal center, persistent antigen presentation to T cells, and increased T cell memory formation. Taken together, these findings suggest a potential role for late-stage TLS in supporting consolidation of the intratumoral T cell repertoire after elimination of viable tumor. Citation Format: Daniel H. Shu, Won Jin Ho, Luciane T. Kagohara, Alexander Girgis, Sarah M. Shin, Ludmila Danilova, Jae W. Lee, Dimitrios N. N. Sidiropoulos, Sarah Mitchell, Kabeer Munjal, Kathryn Howe, Kayla J. Bendinelli, Hanfei Qi, Guanglan Mo, Janelle Montagne, Tamara Y. Lopez-Vidal, Qingfeng Zhu, Amanda L. Huff, Xuan Yuan, Alexei Hernandez, Erin M. Coyne, Neeha Zaidi, Daniel J. Zabransky, Logan L. Engle, Aleksandra Ogurtsova, Marina Baretti, Daniel Laheru, Jennifer N. Durham, Hao Wang, Robert Anders, Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Elana J. Fertig, Mark Yarchoan. Identification of a novel morphology of tertiary lymphoid structure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2661.

Bluetooth Enabled LCD Cricket Scoreboard

This abstract centres on designing and developing a Bluetooth-enabled LCD cricket scoreboard with a primary focus on reducing delay time during score display, aiming to significantly enhance the cricket match experience for players, spectators, and officials. The scoreboard seamlessly integrates Bluetooth technology with LCDs to ensure real-time transmission and instant display of match statistics, scores, player information, and game progress. The system incorporates Arduino-based hardware for LCD control and Bluetooth communication, complemented by a dedicated mobile application functioning as an intuitive interface for scoreboard management. Through the mobile app, users can wirelessly interact with the scoreboard, thereby reducing delays by enabling swift updates of match data, configuring display preferences, and ensuring rapid data exchange between the app and the LCD scoreboard. The emphasis on reducing delay time in score presentation underscores the commitment to delivering timely and accurate information, contributing to an enriched viewing experience for cricket enthusiasts, sports venues, educational institutions, and community cricket events. This represents an innovative approach, leveraging Bluetooth connectivity and LCD technology to minimize delays and provide comprehensive, real-time match information, thereby modernizing and augmenting traditional cricket scoreboards.

Can digital construction policy promote enterprise green innovation? A quasinatural experiment based on broadband China

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore how digital construction policy (DCP) drives enterprise green innovation (EGI) from an information processing theory (IPT) perspective, including the mediating mechanisms of market information accessibility and operational risk, the moderating role of intellectual property protection (IPP) and product market competition (PMC) and the heterogeneous effects of ownership, Internet development and managerial ability.Design/methodology/approachBased on the matched panel data of A-share listed enterprises from 2011 to 2019 and the Broadband China policy as a quasinatural experiment, this study investigates the impact of DCP on EGI by constructing a multi-time point difference-indifferences (DID) model.FindingsDigital construction policies can significantly promote EGI. DCP works in two fundamental ways, namely by increasing market information accessibility and reducing operational risk. IPP and PMC significantly increased the contribution of digital construction policies to EGI. Heterogeneity analysis found that digital technology has a stronger promotion effect for SOEs, high-managerial-ability enterprises and enterprises in regions with low Internet development levels.Practical implicationsThe study provides new insights about the antecedents of EGI from a DCP perspective. It also enlightens emerging economies to actualize green innovation under the digital wave.Originality/valueFrom the perspective of IPT, this study explains the mechanism of DCP-driven EGI. It enhances understanding of the relationship between DCP and EGI.

Auditor’s response to firm’s environmental violations and engagement in supplemental environmental projects

Purpose In this study, the authors investigate a pressing concern: how auditors react to their clients facing repercussions due to environmental violations. More specifically, this study aims to examine how environmental engagements, which carry potential risks and liabilities, influence auditors’ decision-making and fee structure. Design/methodology/approach This study uses unique, reliable and actual violation data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) from 2000 to 2015, focusing on clients involved in environmental violations that led to legal prosecution and penalties and those who subsequently engaged in voluntary supplemental environmental projects (SEPs). The authors use the ordinary least squares method to test the authors’ main research question and later use propensity score matching and alternate data source (ASSET4) to check the robustness of the authors’ results. Findings The authors find that firms with environmental violations are more susceptible to auditor resignation. Moreover, the environmental violator firms that maintain their engagement with auditors pay significantly higher audit fees compared to non-environmental violator firms. Furthermore, these environmental violator firms also face extended audit report delays and take longer to appoint a new auditor. Originality/value This study provides an additional consequence of environmental violations, namely, increased chances of auditor resignation and higher audit fees, alongside the penalties imposed by the US-EPA. Moreover, the authors’ findings position environmental violations and participation in SEPs as important factors in auditors’ business risk assessment.

A new xG model for football analytics

The aim of this exploratory study is to refine and improve, in terms of prediction performance, the expected goal (xG) model, one of the emerging tools in the field of football analytics. With this final goal, we merged data from different sources: tracking data, match event data and some players’ performance composite indicators. Using an original sample of match data relying on the 2019/2020 season of the Italian Serie A, composed of 660 shots, one outcome (i.e. the GOAL) and 22 regressors, a supervised machine learning approach (logistic regression model with imbalanced training sample adjustment) was applied to different scenarios for sample balanced techniques. Results are interesting in terms of sensitivity and F1 metrics, compared with a benchmark (Understat). Other results concerning the classic imbalance framework significantly outperform the benchmark in terms of the AUC metric. In addition, some performance composite indicators and one original tracking variable are significant for the classification model, contributing to increasing the goal prediction probability compared with the benchmark.

Exploring recent trends (2014–21) in preferencing and accepting Queensland medical internships in rural hospitals

BackgroundMedical internship is a key transition point in medical training from student to independent (junior) doctor. The national Regional Training Hubs (RTH) policy began across Australia in late 2017, which aims to build medical training pathways for junior doctors within a rural region and guide students, interns and trainees towards these. This study aims to explore preferencing and acceptance trends for rural medical internship positions in Queensland. Moreover, it focuses on internship preference and acceptance outcomes prior to and following the establishment of RTHs, and their association with key covariates such as rural training immersions offered by medical schools.MethodsData from all applicants to Queensland Health intern positions between 2014–2021 were available, notably their preference order and location of accepted internship position, classified as rural or metropolitan. Matched data from Queensland’s medical schools were added for rural training time and other key demographics. Analyses explored the statistical associations between these factors and preferencing or accepting rural internships, comparing pre-RTH and post-RTH cohorts.ResultsDomestic Queensland-trained graduates first preferencing rural intern positions increased significantly (pre-RTH 21.1% vs post-RTH 24.0%, p = 0.017), reinforced by a non-significant increase in rural acceptances (27.3% vs 29.7%, p = 0.070). Rural interns were more likely to have previously spent ≥ 11-weeks training in rural locations within medical school, be rurally based in the year applying for internship, or enrolled in the rural generalist pathway.ConclusionsThe introduction of the RTH was associated with a moderate increase of graduates both preferencing and accepting a rural internship, though a richer understanding of the dominant reasons for and against this remain less clear. An expansion of graduates who undertook longer periods of undergraduate rural training in the same period did not diminish the proportion choosing a rural internship, suggesting there remains an appetite for these opportunities. Overall, domestic graduates are identified as a reliable source of intern recruitment and retention to rural hospitals across Queensland, with entry to the rural generalist pathway and extended rural placement experiences enhancing uptake of rural practice.

A Market Convergence Prediction Framework Based on a Supply Chain Knowledge Graph

Market convergence challenges socially sustainable supply chain management (SSSCM) due to the increasing competition. Identifying market convergence trends allows companies to respond quickly to market changes and improve supply chain resilience (SCR). Conventional approaches are one-sided and biased and cannot predict market convergence trends comprehensively and accurately. To address this issue, we propose a framework based on info2vec that solves the problem of matching multidimensional data by using the technology layer as the focal layer and the supply chain as the supporting layer. The framework enriches the supply chain dimension with the technology dimension. A knowledge graph is constructed to facilitate cross-domain information connectivity by integrating different data sources. The nodes in the knowledge graph were characterized using a representation learning algorithm, which enhanced feature mining during supply chain and market convergence. Changes in market demand were predicted based on link prediction experiments. Market convergence has an impact on firm cooperation and, thus, on SCR. The framework recommends potential technological and innovative cooperation opportunities for firms. In this way, it has been demonstrated to improve SSSCM through network resilience experiments. This method predicts market convergence efficiently based on the supply chain knowledge graph, which provides decision support for enterprise development.

Climate Adaptation through Trade: Evidence and Mechanism from Heatwaves on Firms' Imports

Firms can adapt causally to heat waves by altering their import behaviors. Utilizing matched data from the China Customs Database, the China Industrial Enterprise Database, and the China National Meteorological Science Data Center, this paper investigates variations in firm-level imports on days marked by extreme heat. The study robustly establishes that, in comparison to the temperature range of [12 °C, 15 °C), extreme heat leads to increased imports by industrial firms. Additionally, for each additional day within a month featuring an average daily temperature falling within the ranges [24 °C, 27 °C), [27 °C, 30 °C), or [30 °C, +∞), monthly imports for firms increase cumulatively by 0.35%, 0.57%, and 0.56%, respectively. Notably, the impact of hot weather on non-state-owned labor-intensive firms is particularly pronounced. Our mechanistic analysis suggests that firms resort to heightened imports as a strategy for adapting to the warming climate, mitigating the elevated domestic production costs identified in existing studies. These findings bear relevance to the formulation of future “bottom-up” climate adaptation policies.

Terrain park injuries and risk factors in western Canadian resorts, 2008-2009 to 2017-2018: insights for risk management.

Terrain parks (TP) are popular attractors to snowsport resorts for both skiers and snowboarders, however there is some concern about the risk of severe injury. TP risk management needs to balance the business case against the human cost of injury. To inform effective TP risk management strategies, it essential to understand risk factors, and injury frequency and severity. To this end, a retrospective inductive analysis of Canada West Ski Areas Association's Accident Analyzer database (2008-2009 to 2017-2018). Inclusion criteria., (i) at least 8 seasons of matching injury and participation data, (ii) minimum of 10 TP injuries p.a., (iii) activity either skiing or snowboarding, and (iv) injury location was coded as terrain park/rail. Data was excluded for ticket type N/A. Anonymised and deidentified secondary data was entered into SPSS for analysis. Between group differences were explored via χ2 analysis with Yates' Continuity Correction for 2 × 2 tables and an inductive data driven approach to explore other factors. From this data, 12,602 injuries were in TPs across 28 resorts. 11,940 (94.7%) met the inclusion criteria (14.2% female; 86.5% <25 years; 73.0% snowboarders. 50.8% were male snowboarders <25 years). Higher levels of helmet use were not correlated with a decline in reported head injuries. Day-ticket holders were more likely to be injured on their first two uses of a run than season pass holders. More snowboarders injured in TPs (59.7%) went to hospital than skiers (51.0%). Thus, participants injured in TP are typically younger, male, and snowboarders with either a Season Pass or day ticket, thus potentially a distinct target group for injury mitigation and prevention strategies and communications. The application of other frameworks such as the hierarchy of control and socioecological framework reflects the complex multifactorial systems in which snowsports occur and from which more targeted risk management strategies may emerge to mitigate injury risk while maintaining TP appeal.

Coarse-Grained Model of Glycosaminoglycans for Biomolecular Simulations.

Proteoglycans contain glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) which are negatively charged linear polymers made of repeating disaccharide units of uronic acid and hexosamine units. They play vital roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes, particularly in governing cellular communication and attachment. Depending on their sulfonation state, acetylation, and glycosidic linkages, GAGs belong to different families. The high molecular weight, heterogeneity, and flexibility of GAGs hamper their characterization at atomic resolution, but this may be circumvented via coarse-grained (CG) approaches. In this work, we report a CG model for a library of common GAG types in their isolated or proteoglycan-linked states compatible with version 2.2 (v2.2) of the widely popular CG Martini force field. The model reproduces conformational and thermodynamic properties for a wide variety of GAGs, as well as matching structural and binding data for selected proteoglycan test systems. The parameters developed here may thus be employed to study a range of GAG-containing biomolecular systems, thereby benefiting from the efficiency and broad applicability of the Martini framework.

Cross Campus Perceptions of the Role of a Novel Regional Medical Campus

Regional medical campuses (RMCs) were initially established to address a projected physician shortage and have gained popularity throughout the country in also providing unique medical educational experiences. Despite the increasing prevalence of RMCs and progress toward meeting these needs, the overall perceptions of RMCs by faculty and students at the associated main campus have yet to be fully explored. In an attempt to address this gap, we administered a survey to both main campus and RMC students and faculty inquiring about perceptions of its associated RMC, including relative student competencies and opportunities for academic success at the RMC compared to their main campus counterpart. Furthermore, we paired these subjective perceptions with objective Match data, USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK results, and research output data in order to better substantiate or challenge these viewpoints. Not only did we find significant differences in a variety of perceptions surrounding the RMC and its associated students, but we also identified overall negative viewpoints of RMC-trained students by main campus students and faculty. Looking more deeply, RMC students surveyed were found to believe their RMC may be even more negatively perceived by main campus faculty than actual responses indicated. Contrary to the prevailing views by main campus students and faculty, Match data revealed no significant differences between successful acceptance into both primary care and surgical specialties across both campuses. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK scores or research output across both campuses. This study identifies several unexpected perceptions of a successful RMC curriculum and its students held by main campus students and faculty responding to a survey. However, such viewpoints do not correlate with objective evidence, suggesting the presence of bias. Results suggest the need to further explore and define cross-campus perceptions between main campuses and their RMCs with objective metrics while also considering the potential unintended effects of crosscampus bias.

An Analysis of Positional Generic and Individualized Speed Thresholds Within the Most Demanding Phases of Match Play in the English Premier League.

To analyze the positional distances covered above generic and individualized speed thresholds within the most demanding phases of match play. Categorized by position, 17 English Premier League players' match data were analyzed over 2 consecutive seasons (2019-20 and 2020-21). The most demanding phases of play were determined using a rolling average across 4 periods of 1, 3, 5, and 10minutes. Distance covered in the time above the standard speed of 5.5m/s was analyzed, with individualized metrics based on the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) test data. Central defenders displayed lower values for high-intensity periods when compared with fullbacks, midfielders, and wide midfielders for both generic and individualized metrics. MAS during 1-minute periods was significantly higher for forwards when compared with central defenders (82.9 [18.9] vs 67.5 [14.8] for maximum high-speed running [HSR] and 96.0 [15.9] vs 75.7 [13.8] HSR for maximum MAS activity). The maximum effect size differences between the central midfielders, wide midfielders, and fullbacks for HSR and MAS measures under the maximum HSR criterion was 0.28 and 0.18 for the 1-minute period, 0.36 and 0.19 for the 3-minute period, 0.46 and 0.31 for the 5-minute period, and 0.49 and 0.315 for the 10-minute period. Individualized speed metrics may provide a more precise and comparable measure than generic values. Data appear to be consistent across playing positions except for central defenders. This information may allow practitioners to directly compare individualized physical outputs of non-central defenders during the most demanding phases of play regardless of the players' positional group. This may provide coaches with important information regarding session design, training load, and fatigue monitoring.

The Impact of Urban Public Services on the Residence Intentions of Migrant Entrepreneurs in the Western Region of China

Balanced regional development affects high-quality and sustainable development. Previous studies have shown that regional talent allocation, technology business incubators, industrial ecology, cross-regional cooperation, and balanced investment in higher education have positive effects on sustained regional development. Therefore, discussing more influencing factors that promote regionally balanced development is necessary. As far as China is concerned, with the spread of the migrant population to the central and western regions, it is of certain significance to explore the factors affecting the development of the western region from the perspective of migrant entrepreneurs’ flow. Urban public services, as an important way for the government to attract talent, directly affect the residence intentions of migrant entrepreneurs in the future. This paper uses the matching data of the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey and 289 prefecture-level city data from the China City Statistical Yearbook to study the impact of urban public services in the western region on the residence intention of migrant entrepreneurs and further examines the heterogeneous impact of urban public services in the western region on the residence intention of migrant entrepreneurs. We find that urban public services in the western region significantly affect the residence intention of migrant entrepreneurs; that is, the higher the level of urban public services, the stronger the residence intention of migrant entrepreneurs. According to the heterogeneity analysis of household registration differences, generational differences, family structure differences, employment identity differences, and industry and flow range differences, this paper finds that public services have a positive impact on the residence intention of non-urban migrant entrepreneurs, the older generation of migrant entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs with small family structures, migrant entrepreneurs in low-tech industries, self-employed entrepreneurs, cross-province migration, and intra-province migrant entrepreneurs. Further analysis indicates that the level of education, culture, medical care, and transportation services in cities significantly enhances the permanent residence intentions of migrant entrepreneurs. The research conclusion not only provides reference and inspiration for China to achieve common prosperity through entrepreneurship and poverty reduction practices, but it can also, to some extent, alleviate population aggregation in large cities and promote the formation of a scientific and reasonable urbanization pattern. In addition, this paper explores the attractiveness of public services to migrant entrepreneurs in the western region of China from the perspective of entrepreneurs’ mobility and complements the relevant research on promoting regional balanced development.