Mastitis In Goats Research Articles

Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats (Review)

Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats (Review)

Prevalence and bacterial etiology of subclinical mastitis in goats reared in organized farms.

Aim:Assessment of the status of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in Jamunapari and Barbari goats in Indian organized farms, the involvement of bacterial pathogens and their sensitivity to antibiotics.Materials and Methods:A total of 181 composite milk samples were aseptically collected from the apparently healthy Barbari (n=95) and Jamunapari (n=86) goats. The California mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) were used to diagnose SCM. The milk samples with CMT scores of 0 and +1 were considered as negative, while the samples with the score of +2 or +3 were taken as positive, and further, the positive samples were used for the bacteriological examination. An antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by disk diffusion method using seven commercially available antibiotic discs.Results:All the samples having CMT score of +2 or +3 demonstrated SCC more than 1 million. Overall, the prevalence of SCM in the goats was assessed as 19.89% (36/181). The prevalence of SCM in Barbari and Jamunapari goats was found as 24.21% (23/95) and 15.12% (13/86), respectively. Out of 11 isolates of Staphylococci, 9 isolates were identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS), whereas 2 isolates were found as Staphylococcus aureus. The identified bacterial isolates (n=30) did not show antibiotic resistance.Conclusion:The current investigation showed the considerable prevalence of SCM among Jamunapari and Barbari goats which may have a negative impact on quantity and quality of the milk. CNS was found as the most prevalent cause of SCM in the goats. Negligible antibiotic resistance was found among the identified udder pathogens.

Effect of intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion on milk pH of uninfused udder in goat.

The change in milk composition in response to intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated. Four clinically healthy goats were infused with LPS (100 µg) by intramammary administration to the left udder. Clinical manifestations (rectal temperature and physical activity), selected blood parameters (pH and white blood cell count) and milk compositions (somatic cell count and pH) were evaluated at 0 hr (just before challenge) and at multiple time points over the first 24 hr post-challenge. After intramammary LPS challenge, the pH of milk from both udders increased. Thus, this study revealed that LPS-induced mastitis in goat can result in increased pH in milk from the unchallenged (contralateral) udder.

English

English

Antimicrobial sensitivity of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in goats in Bulgaria

The aim of this study was to analyze the antibacterial sensitivity of microbial isolates causing subclinical mastitis in goats. The classical Bauer disk-diffusion assay was used to determine the sensitivity of the coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CNS) isolates and isolates belonging to other genera. In all the tested isolates, the highest rates of resistance were observed to be to Oxacillin (81.25%) and Novobiocin (75%), followed by Penicillin (68.75%), Tetracycline (37.5%) and Amoxycillin (31.25%). There was low prevalence of resistance to Cefotaxime (12.5%), Thiamphenicol (6.25%), Cefuroxim (6.25%), Cefuroxim (6.25%), Amikacin (6.25%), Sulfamethoxazole + Ttrimethoprim (6.25%) and Gentamicin (6.25%). Staph. intermedius showed resistance to the highest number of antimicrobial agents, four ones (28.57%), whereas Staph. haemolyticus was the least resistant isolate, which was sensitive to nearly all of the tested antimicrobials and showed intermediate sensitivity to only three ones (21.43%). Among the microorganisms other than CNS, B.brevis and Å.coli showed resistance to the highest number of antimicrobial agents (42.86%).

Diversity of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from the Spanish sheep and goat population and the identification, function and prevalence of a novel arbutin utilisation system

The zoonotic bacterium Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is a diverse, opportunistic pathogen that can cause mastitis in dairy sheep and goats. We used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to define the genetic diversity of 60 isolates of S. zooepidemicus, which were recovered from sheep and goats in Spain between 2003 and 2010. We identify a novel clonal complex based on sequence type (ST), ST-236, which accounted for 39 of the 60 isolates. A representative ST-236 strain, S. zooepidemicus strain C7 (SzC7), was sequenced and interrogated for the presence of novel nutritional uptake or utilisation systems, the acquisition of which have previously been shown to be important for environmental adaptation in other streptococcal pathogens. A novel phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS), which enabled the utilisation of arbutin, was identified. Functionality of the PTS was confirmed following deletion of the PTS from SzC7. Arbutin is found in multiple animal foodstuffs and we propose that the ability to utilise arbutin may have conferred a selective advantage to strains infecting animals, the diet of which contains this sugar.

Karakterisasi Faktor-faktor Virulensi Staphylococcus aureus Asal Susu Kambing Peranakan Ettawa secara Fenotip dan Genotip

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of mastitis in large or small ruminants, and often manifested by subclinical mastitis in Peranakan Ettawa (PE) goats. Staphylococcus aureus in human can cause food borne disease. The research aimed to characterize the virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk PE goats, phenotypic- and genotypically. Phenotypically characterization were determined through the pigmen assay as well as hydrophobicity, haemolysin, and hemaglutinin reaction. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was used to detect 4 virulen genes including coa, clf, fnbA, and fnbB genes. The results of research showed that Staphylococcus aureus abled to produce white pigmen (35,7%), yellow pigmen g (57,1%), andorange pigmen (7,2%). Staphylococcus aureus showed α-hemolysis zone (35,7%), β-hemolysis (35,7%), dan γ-hemolysis (28,9%). Hydrophobicytic test revealed 14,3% Staphylococcus aureus isolates were hydrophobe and85,7% hydrophil. Staphylococcus aureus (85,7%) isolates abled to aglutinated sheep blood cells. Based on genotypic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus could be detected coa gene (92,8%), clf gene (64,3%), fnbA gene (78,6%), and fnbB gene (64,3%). Based on the phenotypic and genotypic characters, it can be concluded that Staphylococcus aureus are virulent strains. This information can be used as the basis for control mastitis in PE goats

Effect of Season on Occurrence of Caprine Mastitis in Beetal in Faisalabad Premises

Mastitis in goats, analogous to dairy cattle, is one of the most significant diseases of economic importance, worldwide. For the proposed study 25 Beetal Faisalabadi goat farms comprising 10-20 goats in radius of 25 km was included. Sampling was done during two kidding season first in September-October and second in February-March. The epidemiological data, including goat breed, age, parity, stage of lactation, amount of milk, length of lactation period, and farming system were recorded. These selected herds were screened out by SFMT and positive milk samples were aseptically collected. Samples from infected goats were subjected to microbiological assays. On the basis of results of sampling, screening and microbiological analysis of milk samples it was revealed that mastitis is more in summer season as compared to winter season. In winter the occurrence of mastitis in beetal Faisalabadi was 21.68% and in summer it was 25.70%. Bacteriological examination of mastitic milk samples revealed that Staphylococcus species was the major etiological agent of caprine mastitis in Beetal Faisalabadi goats during both season. Statistical results of the study has showed that age, teat length, teat end, teat symmetry, distance between teat length and floor, stage of lactation and udder shape has significant effect on caprine mastitis (p 0.05).

UspA Gene Based Characterization of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Different Disease Conditions in Goats

Escherichia coli (E. coli) carry six universal stress protein (usp) genes: A, C, D, E, F and G, and the expression of these genes are triggered by various environmental stresses. The uspA gene is important for survival of E. coli during cellular growth, adhesion and motility. The present study was conducted to characterize three pathogenic E. coli strains isolated from the cases of diarrhoea, pneumonia and mastitis in goats. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify 884 bp open reading frame (ORF) of the uspA gene from the E. coli strains. The uspA amplicons of the three E. coli strains were sequenced, and compared with the published sequences in NCBI GenBank, and their phylogenetic relationships were analysed. The diarrheic strain showed significant variation in the nucleotide composition as compared to pneumonia and mastitis associated strains. In the ORF of uspA gene, silent mutations were noticed in the nucleotide sequence positions 27, 33, 207 and 316, which were not reflected phenotypically. Among the peptides, ‘KHILIAVDLS’ could be a putative candidate for use as epitope in diagnostics. Further, comprehensive studies on sequence analysis of the uspA gene will help us to understand the distribution, variability, and phylogenetic relationships of different pathogenic E. coli isolated from different disease conditions in goats.

Prevalence of Mastitis in Goats

Prevalence of Mastitis in Goats

Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in the Local Goats in the Province of Laghouat (ALGERIA)

Subclinical mastitis is a disease of the udder that passes mostly unnoticed. Or several germs associated with it and their presence in milk constitutes a major risk to consumer health. Our study aims to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in local goats in Laghouat region (Algeria). We undertook a study based on the detection of sub-clinical mastitis by Califirnian Mastitis Test (CMT) in 60 goats aged 1 to 9 years and weighing 18 to 45 kg of live weight and whose lactation number varies from 2 to 8. We found a prevalence of subclinical mastitis reaching 46.6%. A clearly significant difference (P <0.05) is reported on this prevalence compared to age. The highest rate is recorded especially in goats aged between 3 to 7 years with 62% of detected subclinical mastitis, followed by the older goats (over 7 years) with a prevalence of 27%, and at the end the youngest goats (1-3 years) with a prevalence of 11%. A significant difference was also recorded between the different lactation ranks (P <0.05). The goats having the highest rank of lactation were most affected by subclinical mastitis. Prevalence of 46%, 31%, 11% and 8% respectively are found for the 6th rank of lactation and more, 4 lactations, 5 lactations and 1 lactation. We noticed that the majority of diagnosed mastitis were caused by poor hygiene conditions. This study allows us to conclude that there is a high prevalence of subclinical mastitis in the local goats in the province of Laghouat (Algeria).

The Prevalance, Etiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of the Microorganisms in Subclinical Mastitis in Goats

Calisma, Hatay cevresinde kecilerde subklinik mastitis prevalansi, neden olan mikroorganizmalar ve mikroorganizmlarin antibiyotik duyarlikliklarini belirlemek amaciyla duzenlendi. Besyuzbes keciye ait 1010 meme lobu CMT ile muayene edildi. Somatik hucre sayisi (SHS) direkt mikroskopik yontemle belirlendi. Mikroorganizmalarin izolasyon ve identifikasyonu rutin mikrobiyolojik yontemlerle gerceklestirildi. Stafilokoklarin alt turlerinin belirlenmesi amaciyla API-STAPH system kullanildi. Antibiyotik duyarlilik testlerinde disk difuzyon yontemi kullanildi. Subklinik mastitisin prevalansi %8.71 olarak belirlendi. En fazla izole edilen mikroorganizma %71.5 oraniyla Stafilokoklardi. Calismada Stafilokoklar disinda Streptokoklar (%8), Basillus spp. (%5.7), E. coli (%4.5), Corynebacterium spp. (%3.4), Pseudomonas spp. (%2.3) ve Acinetobacteri spp. (%2.3) de izole edildi. Ek olarak orneklerin % 2.3’unde miks enfeksiyon saptandi. Antibiyotik duyarlilik testlerine gore penisilin, eritromisin, oksitetrasiklin, gentamisin, amoksisilin’e karsi yuksek oranda direc gozlendi. Enrofloksasin, amoksisilin klavulonik asit, kanamisin ve sefaleksin’e karsi orta duzeyde direnc saptanirken, sefalotine karsi direnc yoktu. Sonuc olarak Hatay cevresinde keci surulerinde subklinik mastitisin prevalansinin dikkate deger seviyelerde oldugu, koagulaz negatif stafilokoklarin en fazla izole edilen mikroorganizmalar oldugu belirlendi. Kecilerde subklinik mastitis tanisinda kuvvetli CMT reasksiyonlarinin dikkate alinmasi gerektigi, CMT ve somatik hucre sayilarinin mikrobiyolojik yontemlerle desteklenmeleri gerektigi kanisina varildi

Polymorphisms of the Toll-Like Receptor 2 of Goats (Capra hircus) may be Associated with Somatic Cell Count in Milk

ABSTRACTToll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays an important role in recognition by the innate immune system of Gram-positive bacteria. As Gram-positive bacteria cause mastitis, we examined variations in the region of the TLR2 gene that codes for the extracellular domain. Samples of forty goats from a single dairy herd were collected, half with low SCC (≤200,000 cells/mL), and half with higher SCC. Two synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified: 840G > A and 1083A > G. One nonsynonymous SNP 739G > A was identified. This coded for valine or isoleucine, which have similar physiochemical properties, and was not in a region coding for a known functional domain. Surprisingly, the least square mean SCC of the heterozygous goats (146,220) was significantly lower than the SCC of homozygous GG goats (537,700; p = 0.004), although these two groups were similar in days in milk (p = 0.984), and there was no significant difference by breed (p = 0.941). Because factors other than mastitis can affect SCC and our sample sizes were limited, additional studies are needed to corroborate an association between TLR2 genotype and SCC or mastitis in goats.

0725 Effect of 2,4-thiazolidinedione treatment in the inflammatory response to induced subclinical mastitis in dairy goats receiving adequate vitamin supplementation

0725 Effect of 2,4-thiazolidinedione treatment in the inflammatory response to induced subclinical mastitis in dairy goats receiving adequate vitamin supplementation

Prevalence of S. aureus and E. coli causing subclinical Mastitis in goat with their antibiotic resistance pattern and associated risk factors

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the status of the caprine clinical and subclinical mastitis in Chittagong Metropolitan Area. A total of 61 lactating goats were sampled during the period of January 2015 to June 2015 from Shahidul Alam Quadary Teaching Veterinary Hospital (SAQTVH) of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU). Clinical diagnosis of mastitis (clinical and subclinical) in goats was based on the California Mastitis Test (CMT). The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was estimated at nearly 64% (39 positive samples). One of the sampled animals showed clinical signs of mastitis. Milk samples were further analyzed for the isolation and identification of bacterial agents that were previously found associated with caprine subclinical mastitis. 28 (71.79% among 39 positive samples) samples were culture positive to Staphylococcus aureus and 14 (35.90% among 39 positive samples) were culture positive to E. coli. Among all tested samples, the overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus was 46% and E. coli 23%. 10 antibiotic disks were used to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated bacteria. The most sensitive antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus were amoxicillin (82.15%), trimethoprim (64.29%), doxycycline (100%), ciprofloxacin (67.86%). The most sensitive antibiotics against E. coli were colistin sulphate (85.71%), doxycycline (100%), gentamycin (100%), and ciprofloxacin (92.86%). In addition, suspected risk factors such as age of animal, parity, length of lactation period, type of farming system and type of housing floor etc. for subclinical mastitis were also analyzed with advanced statistical tools. The findings of the present study will facilitate accuracy in public service from the Clinical Pathology Laboratory, CVASU through proper diagnosis followed by treatment.

The Effects of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 on Dairy Goat Mastitis and Cell Survival of Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a zinc-dependent enzyme, and plays a crucial role in extracellular matrix degeneration, inflammation and tissue remodeling. However, the relationship between MMP-9 and somatic cell count (SCC) in goat milk and the role of MMP-9 in the regulation of mastitis are still unknown. In this study, we found MMP-9 was predominantly expressed in the spleen, intestine and mammary gland. The SCC in goat milk was positively correlated with MMP-9 expression, and staphylococcus aureus could markedly increase MMP-9 expression in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC) in dosage and time dependent manner. We also demonstrated that SB-3CT, an inhibitor of MMP-9, promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in GMEC. Thus, MMP-9 may emerge as an easily measurable and sensitive parameter that reflects the number of somatic cells present in milk and a regulatory factor of apoptosis in GMEC.

Survey on small ruminant bacterial mastitis in Italy, 2013–2014

Mastitis is the most important disease of dairy small ruminants affecting animal welfare, agricultural economy, and food safety. Only a few investigations on the bacterial epidemiology of udder infections have been performed. Aim of the study was to describe the Italian epidemiology of bacterial mastitis in small ruminant dairy herds. An ad hoc electronic data collection module was created by the National Reference Center for Sheep and Goat Mastitis (C.Re.N.M.O.C). Public health veterinary laboratories of the Experimental Zooprophylactic Institutes (EE.ZZ.II) (n=10) were selected. Nine (90.0%) EE.ZZ.II. participated to the survey and 8 (87.5%) provided a full report. Bacteriological culture results from 30,232 sheep and goat milk samples collected in 1,795 herds between 2013 and 2014 were analyzed. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most frequently isolated bacteria in dairy sheep and goats, followed by Staphylococcus aureus; other bacterial species were Pseudomonas spp., Streptococcus uberis, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Coryneiforms. Italian results confirm previous findings described in other countries; CNS are the most prevalent bacteria, probably due to subclinical symptoms, whereas Staphyloccocus aureus is the most prevalent clinical mastitis etiological agent. The present survey, based on the first, Italian standardized data electronic collection focused on small ruminant mastitis, may represent the backbone for future control and preventive strategies nationwide.

Improved Fuzzy Logic System to Evaluate Milk Electrical Conductivity Signals from On-Line Sensors to Monitor Dairy Goat Mastitis.

The aim of this study was to develop and test a new fuzzy logic model for monitoring the udder health status (HS) of goats. The model evaluated, as input variables, the milk electrical conductivity (EC) signal, acquired on-line for each gland by a dedicated sensor, the bandwidth length and the frequency and amplitude of the first main peak of the Fourier frequency spectrum of the recorded milk EC signal. Two foremilk gland samples were collected from eight Saanen goats for six months at morning milking (lactation stages (LS): 0–60 Days In Milking (DIM); 61–120 DIM; 121–180 DIM), for a total of 5592 samples. Bacteriological analyses and somatic cell counts (SCC) were used to define the HS of the glands. With negative bacteriological analyses and SCC < 1,000,000 cells/mL, glands were classified as healthy. When bacteriological analyses were positive or showed a SCC > 1,000,000 cells/mL, glands were classified as not healthy (NH). For each EC signal, an estimated EC value was calculated and a relative deviation was obtained. Furthermore, the Fourier frequency spectrum was evaluated and bandwidth length, frequency and amplitude of the first main peak were identified. Before using these indexes as input variables of the fuzzy logic model a linear mixed-effects model was developed to evaluate the acquired data considering the HS, LS and LS × HS as explanatory variables. Results showed that performance of a fuzzy logic model, in the monitoring of mammary gland HS, could be improved by the use of EC indexes derived from the Fourier frequency spectra of gland milk EC signals recorded by on-line EC sensors.

Indirect diagnostic tests for the detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats experimentally infected with Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to assess two diagnostic techniques (California mastitis test (CMT) and the somatic cell count (SCC)) that can diagnose mastitis in dairy goats. Experimental infection was conducted using 20 mammary glands, a strain of Staphylococcus aureus, an infectious dose of 1.2x108CFU mL-1 and a volume of 1mL per mammary gland. The CMT and the SCC were used to detect subclinical mastitis. Bacterial culture (BC) was performed immediately after milk collection and was used as the gold standard. Four experimental time points were established (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-inoculation). Analysis of the ROC curve confirmed that the best combination of sensitivity and specificity were obtained with a cutoff point of 405.5, 6030.0 and 729.5x103 cells mL-1, respectively at M1, M2 and M3. Furthermore, considering the drop in sensitivity throughout the experimental time points, the use of serial bacterial cultures are recommended, particularly in herds with a high prevalence of S. aureus.

Aerobic Bacteria Associated With Subclinical Mastitis in Ewes and Goats in River Nile State, Sudan

Aerobic Bacteria Associated With Subclinical Mastitis in Ewes and Goats in River Nile State, Sudan