Mastitis In Goats Research Articles

Therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on mastitis experimentally induced by lipopolysaccharide in lactating goats

Escherichia coli is a cause of subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy cattle and goats, and sometimes causes severe clinical disease that may result in death of the animal. Previous investigation showed that ginsenoside Rg1 extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) has an anti-inflammatory effect on the sepsis induced by E. coli lipopolysaccharide via competitive binding to toll-like receptor 4. We hypothesized that intravenous injection of Rg1 had therapeutic effect on mastitis experimentally induced by intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide in lactating goats. In this study, 9 lactating goats were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups: (1) lipopolysaccharide intramammary infusion + saline intravenous injection, (2) lipopolysaccharide intramammary infusion + Rg1 intravenous injection, and (3) saline intramammary administration + saline intravenous injection. Because no adverse clinical signs were observed after intramammary infusion of saline and intravenous injection of Rg1 in a preliminary experiment, and available qualified goats were limited in this study, this treatment was not included in this study. One udder half of each goat received intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide (50 μg/kg of body weight; groups 1 and 2) or saline solution (group 3), and the other half was infused with 2 mL of saline solution at h 0. Afterward, intravenous injections of saline solution (groups 1 and 3) or Rg1 (2.5 mg/kg of body weight; group 2) were administered at h 2 and 4 post-lipopolysaccharide challenge. Blood and milk samples were collected 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 48, and 72 h post-lipopolysaccharide challenge, and clinical signs were monitored hourly after lipopolysaccharide challenge within the first 10 h and at the same time points as blood samples. The results showed that Rg1 treatment downregulated rectal temperature, udder skin temperature, udder girth, milk somatic cell count, and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and upregulated milk production, lactose, and recovered blood components, such as white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, total proteins, albumin, and globulin. Considering the positive therapeutic effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in goats presented in this study as well as the anti-inflammatory activity found previously, the botanical Rg1 deserves further study as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of E. coli mastitis in dairy animals.

ETIOLOGIA E SENSIBILIDADE ANTIMICROBIANA IN VITRO DE BACTÉRIAS ISOLADAS DE CABRAS COM MASTITE NO SERTÃO E CARIRI PARAIBANO

Resumo Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a etiologia da mastite em caprinos no sertão e cariri da Paraíba e estabelecer o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana das bactérias isoladas. Foram identificadas 11,85% de infecções intramamárias em amostras de leite assepticamente coletadas e 236 isolamentos bacterianos com predominância de Staphylococcus spp. Nos casos de mastite clínica, foram coletadas 85 amostras de leite, o que resultou em 34 (40%) isolamentos com maior prevalência de bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus spp. (44,11%) e Trueperella pyogenes (23,52%). A resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos frente aos isolados de mastite subclínica e clínica foram maiores para penicilina (64,31% e 40%) e oxacilina (20,65% e 13,33%), em contraste com a maior suscetibilidade frente aos antimicrobianos cefalotina (100%), clorafenicol (100%) e neomicina (100%). O caráter zoonótico de alguns patógenos, a exemplo do Staphylococcus aureus, ressalta a importância da implantação de programas de controle em propriedades leiteiras.

English

English

Isolation and Characterization of A Bacillus Phage from Equine Carcass Disposal Site

Bacteriophages play an important role in bacterial control in natural niche however a little is known about Bacillus sp. phages prevailing in cadaver affected soils. In the current study, the Bacillus sp. phage was isolated from the equine cadaver disposal site and characterised to gain an insight into the issue of role of phages in biological dynamics of manure thus formed over years. Firstly, the host bacterium was isolated and identified as Bacillus cereus group member as assessed by phylogenetic analysis and secondly it’s corresponding phage from same soil sample was also enriched and characterised. The phage (VTCCBPA38) was found to belong to family Myoviridae and was active within the temperature range of 4°C - 45°C. As assessed by biological sensitivity by spot test, the phage was active against 6/19 (31.6 %) Bacilli tested including Bacillus cereus from goat mastitis. Thus the phagemay find potential use in biocontrol of diseases caused by Bacillus sp. Furthermore, this report is valuable as the first study for investigation of Bacillus sp. phage in carcass burial sites.

Drug Susceptibility Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Mastitic Milk of Goats and Risk Factors Associated with Goat Mastitis in Pakistan

Drug Susceptibility Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Mastitic Milk of Goats and Risk Factors Associated with Goat Mastitis in Pakistan

412 Synergism between exogenous lactoferrin and dietary Hibiscus sabdariffa extract in prevention of mastitis in dairy goats during the dry period.

412 Synergism between exogenous lactoferrin and dietary Hibiscus sabdariffa extract in prevention of mastitis in dairy goats during the dry period.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Milk of Goats with Subclinical Mastitis in Thika East Subcounty, Kenya.

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in Thika East Subcounty, Kenya. Further the bacterial pathogens and their antibiogram were investigated. Farm level data on risk factors were obtained from 41 farmers using questionnaires. Milk was obtained from 110 lactating dairy goats and tested for submastitis using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The prevalence of subclinical mastitis at goat level was estimated to be at 50.9% using CMT, out of which 86.5% yielded bacteria on culture. The significant risk factors associated with the occurrence of subclinical mastitis were cleaning schedule (p=0.022, OD=1.047) and parity of the goat (p=0048, OD=1.37). Higher prevalence of subclinical mastitis was observed for goats residing in houses cleaned at least once a fortnight. Does in the first parity were least affected. 169 bacterial isolates were obtained from culture, of which 52 isolates from major classes of isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic sensitivity to six antibiotics. Fourteen different bacteria were isolated and identified from the milk samples. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (20.7%), Serratia spp. (19.5%), Citrobacter spp. (16%), Klebsiella spp. (11%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.7%), Enterobacter spp. (6.5%), Escherichia coli (5.9%), Proteus spp. (3%), Corynebacterium spp. (1.8%), Morganella spp. (1.8%), Streptococcus spp. (1.2%), Providencia spp. (0.6%), Micrococcus spp. (0.6%), and Staphylococcus intermedius (0.6%) were isolated and identified from the samples. All the isolates were resistant to Penicillin G, while 98% of the isolates were sensitive to Streptomycin. In conclusion, the study showed that a large proportion of goats were affected by subclinical mastitis, with the main bacteria being Staphylococci spp. and coliforms, and that most of the tested antibiotics can be used in the treatment of mastitis. Farmers need to be trained on improved control of mastitis through adoption of good dairy husbandry and milking practices.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis mastitis in Egyptian dairy goats.

Background and Aim:Mastitis is an important threat facing goat milk industry and is the most common cause of culling. Efficient control of mastitis, based on efficient diagnosis of diseased animals, would improve milk production and reproductive efficiency. In subclinical mastitis (SCM), infected goats demonstrate neither udder symptoms nor abnormal milk. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is an infectious causative agent of mastitis, mostly results as an extension of infection from the supramammary lymph node, and causes financial losses in the goat industry. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of SCM with emphasis on C. pseudotuberculosis mastitis in Egyptian dairy goats in the selected farms.Materials and Methods:A total of 336 half milk samples were collected from 177 dairy goats of various crossbreeds, in mid-to-late lactation period, after clinical examination. All samples were examined bacteriologically, while somatic cell count (SCC) was determined only in 180 half milk samples of the clinically healthy milk samples. The isolated and identified C. pseudotuberculosis was examined for evidence of virulence genes (Phospholipase D [pld] and β-subunit of RNA polymerase [rpoB]) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results:The prevalence of clinical mastitis was 30.5%, while 69.5% of animals were apparently healthy and secreted milk was normal. Of those 180 clinically healthy half milk samples, 96 milk samples (53.33%) showed SCM as detected by SCC (SCC ≥1,000,000 cells/ml). Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most prevalent bacteria (41.96%), then Staphylococcus aureus (37.5%) and C. pseudotuberculosis (7.14%). Molecular diagnosis of virulence genes revealed evidence of pld gene in 16 isolates (66.66%), and rpoB gene in 6 samples (25%) of the 24 bacteriologically isolated C. pseudotuberculosis. Here, we describe, for the 1st time, isolation and identification of C. pseudotuberculosis from milk of does suffering from SCM in Egypt.Conclusion:C. pseudotuberculosis must be considered for routine bacteriological examination of milk from dairy goats, particularly herds with a history of caseous lymphadenitis. Pld gene-based PCR is more reliable than rpoB gene-based ones for the diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis.

Phenotypic characterization of Staphylococci causing mastitis in goats and microarray-based genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolates

To understand the prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococci causing goat mastitis in Algeria, mastitis milk samples were collected and cultured on both blood agar and mannitol salt agar medium. Staphylococci isolates were identified by API-Staph gallery and tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion method. DNA microarrays analysis was performed on S. aureus strains in order to detect virulence factors, including toxins, and to assign the isolates to theirs MLST clonal complexes. Overall, 86/266 (32.3%) goats suffered from mastitis, whose 32.5% (28/86) infected with Staphylococci. Most of strains were susceptible to many antibiotics, except for penicillin, tetracycline and fusidic acid, and the resistance incidence of which were 21.4%, 25%, and 10.7% respectively. Only twelve (42.8%) isolates were resistant to utmost two antibiotics and bi-drug resistance was associated to four Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) strains. Nine different species were identified in CNS isolates while S. aureus strains were clustered within CC130-agr3-[lukF-P83, lukM+] (four isolates; 50%), CC6-agr1 (three isolates; 37.5%) and one agr4 non-typables cluster. Enterotoxins genes were found in 62.5% of the S. aureus strains. Of which sec, sel were the most prevalent (62.5%: n = 5) followed by sea (12.5%: n = 1). CC130 showed edinB, tst and tetK (2/4) genes and CC6 were positive to cna and fosB genes. The current investigation provide the data for prevalence of Staphylococci in goats in Tizi-Ouzou region and S. aureus characterization which will help in tracking evolution of epidemic strains and their control methods.

Catarrhal mastitis by <i>Staphylococcus simulans</i> in a nulliparous goat

The present paper is a case report of a one-year old nulliparous Alpine Goat belonging to a dairy goat farm in semi-arid region of Brazil. Both glands were naturally infected by α-hemolytic Staphylococcus simulans and evolved similar clinical signs. The mammary glands presented an acute catarrhal mastitis with systemic clinical signs that responded positively to treatment with gentamicin associated with amoxicillin. The present report suggests the importance of the pathogenic potential of non-aureus Staphylococci strains (NAS) as a cause of clinical mastitis also in nulliparous animals. The isolate showed resistance to tetracycline and contained staphylococcal toxin production genes (sec, sec and TSST-1). Moreover, it has been reported that Staphylococcus simulans is an emerging pathogen in humans causing cutaneous and osteoarticular infections, mainly in those in close contact with farm animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a clinical mastitis in a nulliparous goat caused by Staphylococcus simulans.

Prevalence of clinical and subclinical caprine mastitis of northern region in Bangladesh

Mastitis is a multifactorial and infectious disease of the udder of dairy animals. Infected animals suffer from pain and fever and causing damage in udder and changes in milk. The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical caprine mastitis associated with bacterial pathogens during the period from January to June, 2017. A total of 120 lactating goats were randomly selected from different villages of Dinajpur district and 240 milk samples from each udder half were aseptically collected. The udders were examined and screened for the evidence of clinical and subclinical mastitis by clinical examination of udders and examining milk samples. Subclinical mastitis was detected by California Mastitis Test (CMT). Milk samples of all clinical and subclinical mastitis goats were cultured in/on bacteriological media for isolation and characterization of responsible bacterial pathogens. The overall prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in goats was found to be 11.67% and 38.75%, respectively. Bacteriological examination of mastitic milk samples of caprine revealed Staphylococcus spp. (32.5%) as the major pathogen followed by Escherichia coli (22.5%), Pseudomonas spp. (12.5%), Klebsiella spp. (12.5%) and Bacillus spp. (5%). Results of this study indicated that about 50% of caprine udder were infected with mastitis (38.75%), which may render lowering milk production and mortality of goats and kids. It needs to screen milk sample of lactating goats by CMT, identify mastitic goats with infected bacteria, evaluate antibiotic sensitivity and design control strategy accordingly.Progressive Agriculture 29 (2): 127-138, 2018

Inhibition of biofilm formation and antibacterial potentiation by 2-aminoimidazole compounds evaluated using coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from goat mastitis

Biofilm formation is important in the pathogenesis of many bacterial infections of both humans and animals. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are significant biofilm-producing pathogens found in human foreign-body infections and ruminant mastitis. We have previously shown differences in biofilm production by representatives of various genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine mastitis. We further demonstrated that 2-aminoimidazole compounds have anti-biofilm and antibacterial potentiation properties when tested in vitro using these isolates. The CNS are the bacteria most commonly isolated from goat milk, and they can be important pathogens in the goat mammary gland. Our purpose was to evaluate the biofilm-forming potential of representatives of genotypes of the most common CNS we found in goat mastitis. We hypothesized differences in biofilm-producing potential among goat CNS isolates and that biofilm formation may reflect pathogenic potential. Using the most prolific biofilm-forming CNS isolate, we hypothesized that 2-aminoimidazole compounds would inhibit biofilm production and potentiate antibacterial activity.

Mastitis in dairy goats from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil: profiles of farms, risk factors and characterization of bactéria

ABSTRACT: The Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais has a specialized goat milk production chain. Goat milk is superior in quality compared with milk of other domestic species, and the demand for milk and milk products for the public has increased. Data on dairy goat breeding in Minas Gerais are scarce and relatively old, and this lack of information has limited the implementation of prophylactic measures, especially for mastitis, which represents the biggest sanitary problem for dairy herds. The objective of this work was to characterize mastitis and bacteria associated with it in milking goats in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais. It also causes socioeconomic problems and market issues for dairy goat farming. A total of 539 lactating goats were examined and 268 individual samples (one for teat) were collected from animals positive for strip cup test and/or the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Microbiological cultures were carried out on blood agar medium and the bacteria were subjected to phenotypic, genotypic and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 28.0% and the clinical prevalence was 2.8%. Bacterial multiplication was obtained in 62% of samples. One hundred eighty seven total bacteria were identified. The most common species identified was Staphylococcus aureus (60%), followed Staphylococcus epidermidis (9.1%,), Escherichia coli (6.9%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (5.9%) e Staphylococcus caprae (4.3%). Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus presented a profile of resistance to antimicrobials belonging to the beta-lactam class (penicillin, ampicillin and oxacillin) in addition to tetracycline, in contrast to the other antimicrobials tested. Twelve percent of multidrug resistence (MDR) was found in five microregions. Among the bacteria with the highest prevalence of MDR, 38.5% were E. coli and 10.6% were S. aureus. The producers of the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais are technicians who work with specialized dairy breeds and practise good management. However, some measures related to prophylaxis and control of diseases, such as vaccination, have low adherence or are not performed due to a lack of veterinary assistance. This is the first study focusing on this region, which is highly prominent in goat milk production in Brazil. It provides important information that can help in the implementation of measures for the prophylaxis and control of diseases, and for maintenance of a constant supply of products in sufficient quantities and of a quality suitable for the consumer population.

Host factors determine the evolution of infection with Staphylococcus aureus to gangrenous mastitis in goats

Staphylococcus aureus is the major cause of very severe mastitis of dairy goats. The initial objective of our study was to fine-tune an experimental model of infection of the goat mammary gland with two strains of S. aureus and two lines of goats (low and high somatic cell score lines). Following the challenge, the 10 infected goats divided in two clear-cut severity groups, independently of the S. aureus strain and the goat line. Five goats developed very severe mastitis (of which four were gangrenous) characterized by uncontrolled infection (UI group), whereas the other five kept the infection under control (CI group). The outcome of the infection was determined by 18 h post-infection (hpi), as heralded by the bacterial milk concentration at 18 hpi: more than 107/mL in the UI group, about 106/mL in the CI group. Leukocyte recruitment and composition did not differ between the groups, but the phagocytic killing at 18 hpi efficiency did. Contributing factors involved milk concentrations of α-toxin and LukMF′ leukotoxin, but not early expression of the genes encoding the pentraxin PTX3, the cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β, and the chemokines IL-8 and CCL5. Concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-22 rose sharply in the milk of UI goats when infection was out of control. The results indicate that defenses mobilized by the mammary gland at an early stage of infection were essential to prevent staphylococci from reaching critical concentrations. Staphylococcal exotoxin production appeared to be a consequent event inducing the evolution to gangrenous mastitis.

Detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli in Brazilian mastitic milk goats by multiplex-PCR

ABSTRACT: This study evalueted the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli in milk samples from 257 goats (513 half-udders) and ten bulk tanks, from ten dairy goat farms of São Paulo State, Brazil, by multiplex-PCR. The samples were screened by microbiological culture (gold-standard), and tested by different multiplex-PCR protocols for the detection of each bacterium. A total of 178 half-udders resulted positive by microbiological culture, with coagulase-negative staphylococci (70%), S. aureus (13.5%), S. intermedius (7.9%), and Enterobacteriaceae (4%) the prevalent pathogens. In other way, multiplex-PCR detected 173 pathogens in 151/523 (28.9%; CI95% 25.2-32.9%) milk samples 144/513 (28.1%) half-udders and 7/10 (70%) bulk tanks, with E. coli (86/162, 51.9%) and S. aureus (50/162, 30.9%) the prevalent ones in half-udders, and S. aureus (6/10, 60%) and E. coli (4/5, 36.4%) in bulk tanks. Multiplex-PCR showed a high performance for the detection of three bacteria at a time in mastitic goat milk direct from half-udders or bulk tanks. Thus, this multiplex-PCR protocol proved to be an adequate tool for the identification of the most common mastitis pathogens, independent of their phenotypic characteristics in the diagnosis of clinical mastitis in goats, allowing a continuous and better vigilance and monitoring the herd, being included in quality programs.

Genetic Analysis Method for Staphylococcus chromogenes Associated with Goat Mastitis.

Mastitis in goats is mainly caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS). The identification methods for this group are based on evaluating the expression of phenotypic characteristics such as the ability to metabolize various substrates; however, this is disadvantageous as these methods are dependent on gene expression. In recent years, genotyping methods such as the Multiple Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and gene identification have been useful for epidemiological study of several bacterial species. To develop a genotyping method, the genome sequence of Staphylococcus chromogenes MU970 was analysed. The analysis showed nine virulence genes described in Staphylococcus aureus. The MLVA was developed using four loci identified in the genome of S. chromogenes MU970. This genotyping method was examined in 23 strains of CNS isolated from goat mastitis. The rate of discrimination for MLVA was 0.8893, and the highest rates of discrimination per the index of Simpson and Hunter-Gaston were 0.926 and 0.968 for the locus 346_06, respectively. The virulence genes were present in all strains of S. chromogenes but not in other CNS. The genotyping method presented in this paper is a viable and easy method for typifying CNS isolates from mastitis cases in different regions and is an ideal mean of tracking this disease.

Composição do leite e diagnóstico de mastite em caprinos

Background: Milk is one of the most used foodstuffs by humans in their diet. The quality of goat milk is already regulated by Law, which takes into consideration its physical-chemical and microbiological composition parameters. Several factors contribute for the alteration of the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters of caprine milk. These include breed, age, lactation phase and diet, among others. The health status of animals may interfere in the quality of the milk produced, both regarding food safety and milk processing and, for that reason, the identification of mastitis-causing agents is important, so that prevention and control measures can be implemented. The present study aimed at analyzing the occurrence of mastitis and the milk composition of dairy goats in a semi-intensive production system. Materials, Methods & Results : In a private goat farm with a flock composed of 32 female animals of breeds such as Saanen and Anglo-Nubian, raised on a semi-confined system, the diagnosis of mastitis was made through methods such as California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cells Count (SCC) and bacterial isolation. A total of 136 milk samples were analyzed, which were individualized per teat. Additionally, the study determined the volume of milk produced individually and the chemical composition of milk samples (fat, raw protein, lactose and total solids). In 37 (27.2%) samples, subclinical mastitis caused by CNS was identified. A negative response to CMT was observed in 125 (91.92%) samples. Only four samples presented a coincidence (OR=1.239) between CMT and bacterial isolation (P=0.7470). It was observed that the daily milk production ranged between 207.90 mL and 2.68 L. Moreover, it became clear that the milk production in half of the teats with subclinical mastitis was smaller (P=0.0026). A tendency to a significant reduction (p -1 ) during the sampling months. A significant concordance (P Discussion : Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland and, in the majority of cases, it is manifested in its subclinical form, having CNS as its main agent, both in Brazil and in other countries. Methods such as bacterial isolation, SCC and CMT are used for the diagnosis of mastitis. In the present study, no relation among these diagnostic methods has been found. This fact had already been reported in Brazilian literature. The herd configuration may have contributed for the occurrence of mastitis, since this disease is influenced by genetic factors and age. Moreover, its occurrence was higher in Anglo-Nubian females which, in addition to being older and consequently having undergone a higher number of lactations, presented an udder conformation with fragile ligaments and pending teats. Such conformation of the mammary glands may collaborate to the occurrence of infection. Mastitis is responsible for damages in the dairy production system, due to economical losses and reduction in the quality and volume of milk. However, the present study did not observe a variation in milk production due to bacterial contamination or an increase of SCC. A reduction in solid and fat contents did coincide with the beginning of the lactation period in Saanen goats; animals belonging to this breed tend to produce a higher volume of milk and, consequently, a smaller proportion of its components is observed. Based on the results obtained, the study concluded that the herd composition with regard to breed and lactation phase has an influence in the occurrence of subclinical mastitis, as well as in milk composition. Methods such as the CMT and SCC should be used carefully in the diagnosis of mastitis in goats.

The Prevalence and Etiology of Subclinical Mastitis in Sheep and Goats

From September 2016 to August 2017, four hundred and twenty four milk samples were collected from mammary halves of 212 apparently healthy lactating animals (108 ewes and 104 does) from small private flocks in different localities at Sharkia Governorate. All samples were investigated by California mastitis test (CMT) and bacteriological examination to determine prevalence and etiology of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in sheep and goats and to estimate the mean somatic cell count (SCC) of infected milk samples with different pathogens. The prevalence rates of SCM using CMT were 44 (40.7%) in ewes [59 milk samples, (27.3%)] and 50 (48.1%) in does [62 milk samples, (29.8%)]. Furthermore, out of ewes’ and does’ milk samples examined by bacteriological culture 54 (25.0%) and 56 (26.9%) samples were bacteriologically positive, respectively. The isolated bacterial causing SCM in ewes’ milk samples were E. coli (44.4%), S. aureus (38.9%), Streptococcus spp. (27.8%), coagulase negative Staphylococci (26.0%), Citrobacter spp. (3.7%) and Enterobacter spp. (1.9%). The identified isolates from does’ milk samples were S. aureus (46.4%), E. coli (26.8%), Streptococcus spp. (25.0%), coagulase negative Staphylococci (19.6%), Citrobacter spp. (5.4%) and Enterobacter spp. (3.6%). The geometric mean of SCC of milk samples harbored major pathogens was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those harbored minor pathogens. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was applied on a total of 26 isolates from the most recovered species associated with mastitic milk samples of ewes and does. Suspected S. aureus, E. coli, Strep. agalactiae, Strep. dysagalactiae, and Strep. uberis isolates showed characteristic bands at 270 bp, 366 bp, 487 bp, 279 bp, and 723 bp which were specific for the used genes, respectively. In conclusion: a great attention should be directed to the early diagnosis of SCM in ewes and does.

Successful Management of Fungal Mastitis in Goats - A Report of Three Cases

Successful Management of Fungal Mastitis in Goats - A Report of Three Cases

Occurrences of Goat Mastitis and Milking Management in the Oodi Agricultural Region, Botswana

Occurrences of Goat Mastitis and Milking Management in the Oodi Agricultural Region, Botswana