Master Of Medicine Research Articles

TRAINING OF FUTURE MASTERS FOR PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN THE INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION BY MEANS OF EDUCATIONAL TRAININGS

The article deals with the problem of training of future masters of medicine, who did not have received a pedagogical education, for pedagogical activities. It has been generalized that optimal conditions in the described process is using modern pedagogical innovations, which make possible an integration of vocational (in particular, medical) training and pedagogical education, give an opportunity for future masters of medicine testing own professional knowledge, abilities and skills in pedagogical situations that simulate professional-pedagogical, medical-professional activities. Educational trainings may become such technologies. Analysis of scientific literature gave a possibility to generalize that scholars describe theory and practice, contextual and methodical aspects of conducting trainings, reveal the main stages of training technologies, propose methods of organization and conducting training of personal development, which gives an opportunity to identify the essence of trainings in general. The purpose and task of the research is to describe the essence of educational trainings, which appropriate to apply in the vocational training of future masters of medicine for pedagogical activities in the institutions of higher medical education. It has been generalized that in the process of participating the future masters of medicine in educational trainings, participants have ability to identify the main advantages of such work for the use of training forms and methods of teaching in pedagogical activity as a lecturer of medical institution of higher education. It has been stated that the purpose of training of future masters for participating and individual conducting educational trainings in pedagogical activities of lecturers must inform the participants with the main model of preparing for training, which is seen as the basis for making appropriate syllabus that combine the following stages: determining the topic and purpose of training as an image of the future result; determining the composition of the training group; identifying the time resources; formulating the problem; formulating the tasks; selecting appropriate exercises, situational tasks of professional purposes; emphasizing the blocks of the training syllabus and classes for each block; drawing up a scenario of training plan; writing a short training scenario with the purpose of each class and all the necessary materials.
 Keywords: masters, vocational training, pedagogical activity, educational trainings, training requirements.

METHOD OF USING SPERMATOGONIAL STEM CELLS IN NON-OBSTRUCTIVE AZOOSPERMIA

METHOD OF USING SPERMATOGONIAL STEM CELLS IN NON-OBSTRUCTIVE AZOOSPERMIA Rano Zhankina master of Medicine, Urologist, doctoral student of the Department of Urology and Andrology of NAO "Astana Medical University", Kazakhstan, Nur

Creating a Sport and Exercise Medicine Masters syllabus for doctors: a Delphi study

ObjectiveSport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) Masters curricula vary. This Delphi study is aimed to create a consensus curriculum for doctors undertaking SEM Masters courses.MethodsA modified Delphi survey was used. An...

Jiedu-Yizhi Formula Improves Cognitive Impairment in an Aβ 25-35-Induced Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease by Inhibiting Pyroptosis.

Jiedu-Yizhi formula (JDYZF) is prescribed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and was created by Jixue Ren, a master of traditional Chinese medicine, based on the “marrow deficiency and toxin damage” theory. In our clinic, this formula has been used for the treatment of AD for many years and has achieved good results. However, the mechanism by which JDYZF improves cognitive impairment has not been determined. In this study, we confirmed that orally administered JDYZF reversed the cognitive deficits in an Aβ25–35-induced rat model, increased the number of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area, improved their structure, decreased the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ), reduced the expression of proteins related to the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD and LPS/Caspase-11/GSDMD pyroptosis pathways, and reduced the levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, thereby inhibiting the inflammatory response. In addition, JDYZF exerted no hepatotoxicity in rats. In short, these results provide scientific support for the clinical use of JDYZF to improve the cognitive function of patients with AD.

Retrospective Study of Biohorizons® Implants Placed by Postgraduate Students at the University of Barcelona

The study aimed to evaluate the survival and failure rate, in the short- and medium-term, in addition to its relationship with risk factors, in implants placed by postgraduate students of the Master of Medicine, Surgery, and Oral Implantology course from the University of Barcelona. The study was designed including 192 patients with 422 implants placed between 2015 and 2018. Variables of implant failure were evaluated and related. Failure was split into early failure and late failure. Qualitative data were compared using the chi-squared test, taking p ≤ 0.05 as a significant value. The comparison of quantitative variables was carried out using the Student’s t-test for independent samples. The survival rate in a period of 6 months to 3 years was 97.87%. The mean age of the patients was (54.5 ± 13), and the largest number of implants were placed in the 51–60 age range. The failure rate was 2.13% (N = 9), 6 failed early and 3 failed after definitive prosthetic loading, with a p value < 0.0001. When comparing the failures according to their location in the anterior/posterior sector of the arch, the anterior sector showed statistically significant results (p = 0.027). Failed implants had a statistically significant relationship when they were placed in the anterior sector and were performed in the early stage.

Core prescriptions in treatment of edema by traditional Chinese medicine masters and mechanism prediction

The core prescriptions and formulation characteristics in the treatment of edema by traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) masters were analyzed through data mining and their mechanisms were explored by network pharmacology. We collected journal reports on the treatment of edema by TCM masters in three sessions from China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) and constructed a database by Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System 3.0. The prescriptions in the case studies were analyzed by association rules and k-means clustering. The chemical components and targets of Chinese medicines in core prescriptions were collected through TCMSP and TCMID. Edema-related targets were collected from DrugBank and GeneCards. The protein-protein interaction(PPI) network was constructed by STRING and the core targets were screened out. FunRich 3.1.3 was used to enrich the expression sites of core prescriptions. Metascape was used to perform Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) enrichment analysis of intersection targets. Cytoscape 3.6.0 was used to visualize the "Chinese medicine-active ingredient-core target-pathway" network. The results showed that 315 pieces of medical records in the treatment of edema by TCM masters were obtained and five core prescriptions were analyzed by association rules and k-means clustering. Core prescription 1 contained Poria, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Alismatis Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Codonopsis Radix, involving 166 chemical components and 1 125 targets. Core prescription 2 contained Astragali Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Poria, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, and Angelicae Sinensis Radix, involving 138 chemical components and 1 112 targets. Core prescription 3 contained Poria, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Alismatis Rhizoma, and Coicis Semen, involving 126 chemical components and 1 121 targets. Core prescription 4 contained Poria, Forsythiae Fructus, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Imperatae Rhizoma, Cicadae Periostracum, and Coicis Semen, involving 58 chemical components and 820 targets. Core prescription 5 contained Poria, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Alismatis Rhizoma, Trionycis Carapax, and Dioscoreae Rhizoma, involving 68 chemical components and 919 targets. The core targets of core prescriptions included AKT1, ALB, CASP3, MAPK3, EGFR, SRC, MAPK1, and TNF. The potential targets of core prescriptions in the treatment were highly expressed in the stomach, bladder, lung, and kidney. KEGG pathways were enriched in inflammation and cell cycle pathways, especially the inflammation-relation pathways. The therapeutic effect of core prescriptions on edema is presumedly achieved by tonifying the spleen, draining water, activating blood, and benefiting Qi to resist inflammation and regulate the immune system. This study is expected to provide references for the summary of TCM masters' experience and new drug development.

Reform Thinking and Practice of Innovative Ability Training of Clinical Medicine Professional Master under the Background of Substantial Expansion of Postgraduate Enrollment

Through the reform of the current postgraduate training mode and the way of mentoring and teaching, such as increasing the proportion of scientific research-related courses, raising the threshold for graduation, establishing a team of tutors to provide effective guidance to students, etc. The idea of forming a postgraduate scientific research team is proposed, and students of different majors and degree types are encouraged to participate in scientific research activities as a team, so as to improve the scientific research atmosphere and scientific research enthusiasm of professional master of clinical medicine (hereinafter referred to as “professional master”), in order to achieve the goal of improving the scientific research and innovation ability of “professional master”, put forward solutions for the problems encountered in the context of the “Double Tracks in One” policy and the large-scale expansion of postgraduate enrollment, and provide theoretical and theoretical ideas for the cultivation of innovation ability of “professional master”. Practical basis.

Palliative medicine Master Classes for primary care: an evaluation.

Introduction General practitioners (GP) are key in the delivery of primary palliative care in the community, so appropriate knowledge and skills are needed. Previous research has suggested there may be gaps in training opportunities. Aims To develop and evaluate a Master Class series presented by a hospice palliative care service to their local GPs and other health-care professionals. A secondary aim was to measure the lasting impacts of the educational intervention. Methods The study setting was the Canterbury region of Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). GPs and other health-care professionals were surveyed using a research team-designed questionnaire rating self confidence in the nominated learning objectives before and after the Master Classes. The participants were also asked to self-rate the application of the knowledge to their practice 3 years after the Master Class sessions were attended. Results There were 56 sets of questionnaires completed. The participants tended to be experienced female GPs with a range of palliative care patients in their practice. There was significant improvement in most learning outcomes across the Master Classes series. The attendees reported the Master Classes were relevant and clear, with useful resources. The improvements in the learning outcomes were largely sustained over 3 years. Discussion The provision of palliative care education that aligns with clinical practice improves knowledge, skills and confidence in GPs who provide most of the end-of-life care in New Zealand.

Discussion on the Standardized Training Process of Professional Degree Postgraduate of Clinical Medicine under the Dual-Track Integration Mode

The standardized training of residents is the only way for medical students to start clinical medical work and is also an important measure for the Chinese education department to foster clinicians with good professional ethics, solid medical knowledge, and clinical skills. Through standardized training of residents, a resident physician can diagnose and treat the common diseases independently and normatively in his related major. As a group of people who intend to engage in clinical medical work, postgraduate students in clinical medicine need to receive standardized training for resident physicians while receiving postgraduate education. Now, we will discuss that problems existing in the training process of postgraduates of clinical medicine master’s degree about course schedule are scattered, training of skill operation isn’t comprehensive, training of residents’ first diagnosis is not consummate, pressure in life and spirit is really high. And through optimizing course settings, improving procedures in the standardized training of residents, improving the role of tutors, and letting students learn and summarize on their own, we can improve the training process in our school.

PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF TRAINING FUTURE MASTERS OF MEDICINE FOR PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY IN HIGHER MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS OF EDUCATION

The training of future masters of medicine for teaching is extremely important. On the shoulders of doctors rests the responsibility for people's lives, for the future of the nation. The modern doctor, interacting with patients and colleagues, should take the position of not only a physician, but also the position of a teacher, educator, assistant, friend, and mentor. Pedagogy helps to form, develop and implement all these qualities. Knowledge in the field of pedagogy helps a doctor to become a worthy profession representative, easy to communicate with varous group of population, while demonstrating high professionalism and generosity. The aim of the study is to reflect the pedagogical conditions of training of future masters of medicine for teaching in higher medical educational institutions. Research methods applied: system analysis, logical and theoretical generalization, grouping and comparison. It has been established that pedagogical conditions provide the creation of an educational environment for the training of future masters of medicine in higher medical educational institutions. By pedagogical conditions of training the future masters of medicine for pedagogical activity in higher medical educational institutions is understood: (i) the orientation of the educational process on the formation of motivational and value attitude of future masters of medicine to pedagogical activity in the health care system; (ii) pedagogically oriented connotation of the content and methods of studying the general scientific and medical disciplines; (iii) optimal combination of educational forms, methods, technologies in the obtaining by future masters of medicine the pedagogical component in medical practice; (iv) stimulating the future masters of medicine to personal and professional self-development.

Prevalence of methylphenidate use by Master of Medicine students at a South African university

BackgroundMethylphenidate is mainly used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactive-disorder (ADHD). Its effect of increased attentiveness leads to the potential of off-label use by students for academic enhancement—previously demonstrated in undergraduate...

The use of a formative OSCE to prepare emergency medicine residents for summative OSCEs: a mixed-methods cohort study

BackgroundThe objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is a part of emergency medicine (EM) examinations such as the Masters of Medicine in Emergency Medicine (MMed) examination and the equivalent Member of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (MRCEM) examination. The use of formative OSCEs to prepare EM residents for summative OSCEs has not been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the role of formative OSCEs in preparing EM residents for the MMed and MRCEM OSCE.MethodsThis was an observational, retrospective, mixed-methods cohort study. We analysed data from formative OSCEs conducted by the National Healthcare Group EM residency programme from 2013 to 2019, and from a questionnaire distributed to all residents during the study period. Residents’ formative OSCE participation and scores were compared with first-attempt summative OSCE success. Qualitative analysis of residents’ opinions on the usefulness of the formative OSCE was performed.ResultsForty-three of the 50 (86.0%) residents attended at least one formative OSCE. Of the 46 who responded to the questionnaire, 40 (87.0%) had attempted and succeeded in the MMed or MRCEM OSCE, of whom 35 (87.5%) had succeeded on the first attempt. Residents who succeeded in the summative OSCE on the first attempt tended to have higher proximate (mean = 70.6, SD = 8.9 vs mean = 64.3, SD = 10.8) and mean (mean = 67.4, SD = 7.1 vs mean = 62.8, SD = 7.3) formative OSCE scores. All 8/40 (20.0%) residents who attended more than three formative OSCEs succeeded in the summative OSCE on their first attempt. Residents’ formative OSCE scores tended to improve with successive formative OSCEs, demonstrating a positive training effect. All residents felt that the formative OSCE was useful in preparing them for the summative OSCE.ConclusionsParticipation in multiple formative OSCEs was beneficial in preparing residents for the summative OSCE. The formative OSCE was useful in familiarising residents with the examination, giving them an opportunity to perform in near-examination conditions, and providing feedback to residents and faculty about their progress. Our findings may support the implementation of formative OSCEs in other training programmes to prepare learners for high-stake summative OSCEs.

Development and implementation of a simulation training program for acute respiratory-failure management in the pulmonary intensive care unit

Background Many medical institutes and centers employ simulation in medical education, however, there is still limited experience regarding its use, especially in low–middle-income countries such as Egypt. Objective We conducted this work to investigate the effectiveness of simulation-based training (SBT) as an educational tool for teaching pulmonary-medicine postgraduate students the ICU management of acute respiratory failure (ARF). Patients and methods Thirty postgraduate students enrolled in the Master of Pulmonary Medicine at Ain Shams School of Medicine without previous experience in SBT were randomly categorized into two groups (1 : 1), namely SBT and lecture-based training in the period between January 2019 and January 2020. Both groups attended lectures on management of ARF in ICU patients; however, the SBT group received additional SBT. We assessed clinical knowledge after the lectures with multiple-choice written exams. The SBT group received the same exams after simulation to assess its impact in addition to a satisfaction survey. The ventilator skills of the SBT team were evaluated after a video presentation of the ventilator chart recorded in a real case using a 12-item checklist before and after simulation training. Results Total knowledge scores of all scenarios were almost similar between the two groups at baseline (SBT: 56.6 vs. 55.2, P=0.581). Simulation training significantly improved the total knowledge score of the SBT group, compared with the presimulation score (56.6 vs. 69.4, P≤0.001) and the lecture-based training group (69.4 vs. 55.2, P≤0.001). Compared with baseline, the SBT group’s skill score significantly increased after simulation (46.9 vs. 65.6, P≤0.001). The improvement in knowledge and skills scores was independent of baseline-knowledge score, age, and years of experience, except for the acute-asthma scenario. All SBT participants were either very satisfied (86.7%) or satisfied (13.3%). It should be noted that satisfaction with this type of training was not correlated with the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. Most of the candidates (80.7%) believe that such training has successfully improved their communication skills. Conclusion The current study indicates a positive impact of a simulation-based program regarding team training on ARF in an ICU.

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНА ПЕРЕВІРКАСТРУКТУРНО-ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ МОДЕЛІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРАВОВОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ МАЙБУТНІХ МАГІСТРІВ МЕДИЦИНИ

The article is devoted to the experimental verification of the effectiveness of pedagogical conditions and the structural-functional model of the formation of the legal culture of future masters of medicine. The formation of the legal culture of future masters of medicine has been studied separately for each of the criteria defined in the structuralfunctional model: personal-axiological; cognitive-operational; evaluative. The method of introduction of structuralfunctional model of formation of legal culture of future masters of medicine is described. The experimental study was conducted during four stages of scientific and pedagogical search - theoretical, ascertaining, formative, generalizing, which were determined by certain tasks, appropriate forms and methods of organization. Scientific methods were implemented gradually and complemented each other. In the process of experimental study, control and experimental groups were formed. At the ascertaining stage of the experiment the diagnostics of the initial levels of formation of the legal culture of future masters of medicine was performed, the initial state of the studied groups, the level of knowledge and skills of future masters were clarified; the initial conditions in which the experiment was conducted, the initial state of the participants of pedagogical influence was characterized. The proposed author's methods of forming legal culture were introduced in the process of lectures, seminars and practical classes of future masters of medicine. At the formative stage of the experiment, generalized data on the formation of the legal culture of future masters of medicine were analyzed. Author’s methods have proved their effectiveness and contributed to positive changes in the process of forming the legal culture of future masters of medicine. With the help of mathematical methods, the efficiency of the structural-functional model of formation of legal culture of future masters of medicine was confirmed. &nbsp

Benchmarking Scholarly Activity by Pharmacists Who Are Fellows Within the American College of Critical Care Medicine.

OBJECTIVES:Quantify scholarly activity by pharmacists who are Fellows within the American College of Critical Care Medicine and to develop a potential publication benchmark for fellowship application.DESIGN:Review of the Scopus and PubMed online citation databases.SETTING:None.PATIENTS:None.INTERVENTIONS:None.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:Pharmacists designated Fellow of Critical Care Medicine (FCCM) were identified in January 2021 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Pharmacists designated Master of Critical Care Medicine (MCCM), without an active license, or were not identified in either online citation database were excluded. Practice setting characteristics were obtained from the American Hospital Association including country, state, geographic region, number of staffed beds, and hospital designation. Two online citation databases (Scopus and PubMed) were queried in February 2021, and year of first publication, total publications, citations, and Hirsch index were recorded. Of the 152 pharmacists designated FCCM, 138 (91%) were evaluable. Reasons for exclusion included MCCM designation (n = 7; 5%), lack of data in either online citation database (n = 4; 3%), and no active pharmacist license (n = 3; 2%). Most pharmacists were practicing in the Southern geographic region of the United States (n = 62; 45%) and at an academic medical center (n = 116; 84%). The median year of FCCM convocation was 2016 (2012–2019) and of the first publication was 2007 (2002–2011). After removing duplicates, 4,488 unique publications were identified. The median number of publications per individual pharmacist was 20 (9–43) with 10 (5–19) between the year of their first publication and FCCM convocation. Most scholarly activity was in the form of original research (n = 3,173; 71%) or reviews (n = 795; 18%). Individual pharmacists have 244 (99–661) citations and an h-index of 8 (5–13).CONCLUSIONS:Pharmacists designated FCCM have maintained a high level of scholarly activity. Pharmacists pursuing fellowship may use these data as a benchmark for fulfilling aspects of the core area of scholarly activities related to critical care medicine prior to application.

Great physician with absolute sincerity and carrying forward acupuncture and moxibustion: commemorating the 100th anniversary of the birth of academician CHENG Xin-nong, master of traditional Chinese medicine

The academician CHENG Xin-nong's academic thoughts and his contributions to the acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine are summarized. Academician CHENG emphasizes the importance of meridian theory to acupuncture and moxibustion. He has hosted the National Climbing Program "Meridian Research", and put forward the symptom differentiation along the running course of channel and symptom differentiation based on meridian tropism. He values the guiding role of TCM theory on clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion, and advocates that acupoints have the same properties as traditional Chinese herb. He has established the acupuncture and moxibustion treatment based on syndrome differentiation, which includes principle, method, prescription, acupoint and technique. He is good at summarizing the acupuncture and moxibustion treatment rules of dominant diseases of TCM, and has formed his own unique acupuncture method in clinical practice: San-Cai acupuncturing method. In addition, he is one of the important founders of acupuncture and moxibustion education in the New China by pioneering early education of acupuncture and moxibustion and compiling textbooks. He is also the pioneer of international communication of acupuncture and moxibustion, carrying out international training of acupuncture and moxibustion, and spreading knowledge of acupuncture and moxibustion. He has the qualities of a great physician, dedicated to clinical practice and very kind to patients.

Fuzhenghefuzhiyang Formula (FZHFZY) Improves Epidermal Differentiation via Suppression of the Akt/mTORC1/S6K1 Signalling Pathway in Psoriatic Models.

Psoriasis is a chronic proliferative skin disorder characterised by abnormal epidermal differentiation. The Fuzhenghefuzhiyang (FZHFZY) formula created by Chuanjian Lu, a master of Chinese medicine in dermatology, has been external used in the Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine for the treatment of psoriasis, but its mechanisms of action against psoriasis remain poorly understood. This study involved an exploration of the effects of FZHFZY on epidermal differentiation and its underlying mechanisms in interleukin (IL)-17A/IL-22/interferon (IFN)-γ/tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α–stimulated HaCaT cells and in a mouse model of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Epidermal differentiation was detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Histological evaluation of the skin tissue was performed via haematoxylin and eosin staining, and the Akt/mTORC1/S6K1 pathway was analysed by western blotting. FZHFZY inhibited proliferation and improved epidermal differentiation in IL-17A/IL-22/IFN-γ/TNF-α–induced HaCaT cells. FZHFZY ameliorated symptoms of psoriasis, regulated epidermal differentiation and inhibited phosphorylation of the Akt/mTORC1/S6K1 pathway in the skin of mice with imiquimod-induced psoriasis. Our results suggest that FZHFZY may exhibit therapeutic action against psoriasis by regulating epidermal differentiation via inhibition of the Akt/mTORC1/S6K1 pathway.

A study of the factors affecting the academic performance of postgraduate examinees in the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part-1 examination

Background: It has been observed that some candidates do very well in postgraduate examinations and get through in the very first attempt, whereas the others may not do very well and have to go for multiple attempts to get through the same examination. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the performance and the success rate in the first attempt in the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part–1 examination. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study involving 73 postgraduate candidates who passed the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part–1 examination between 2016 and 2017. The candidates were required to respond to various questions about various factors assumed to be affecting their performance, including sociodemographic factors, pre–training, and in–training factors. Statistical analysis of the received responses was done and linked to the performance in the Part-1 examination. Results: The candidates with more than 5 y of medical service had 85% lower odds than those with 5 or fewer years (adjusted OR 0.15; 95% CI 0.03–0.81; p = 0.027). Those who passed the entrance examination after 2 or more attempts also had 80% lower odds than those who passed at the first attempt (adjusted OR 0.20; 95% CI 0.06–0.70; p = 0.011). The odds of the candidates who often had small-group discussions during their study leave were 16.21 times higher to pass than those who seldom had any discussion (adjusted OR 16.21; 95% CI 1.81–145.41; p = 0.013). Conclusions: The success in the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part–1 examination in first attempt was determined by a shorter duration of medical service, single attempt at the entrance examination, and regular small-group discussions. Key words: Anesthesiology; Postgraduate; Medicine; Examination; Candidate Abbreviations: UKM – Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; USM – Universiti Sains Malaysia; OSCE – Objective Structured Clinical Examination; SPM – Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia Citation: Yusoff ATM, Hassan WMNW, Hassan MH, Yusoff MSB, Shukeri WFWM, Yaacob NM. A study of the factors affecting the academic performance of postgraduate examinees in the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part-1 examination. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(4):478–486. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i4.1568 Received: April 16, 2021, Reviewed: May 30, 2021, Accepted: 2 June 2021

Testimony in African epistemology revisited

This article addresses important epistemological issues raised by Barry Hallen and J. Olubi Sodipo’s pioneering philosophical fieldwork among Yoruba herbalists or masters of medicine (onisegun). More precisely, I shall primarily investigate, as well as object to, the unduly restrictive view they take on testimony in Yoruba epistemic practice. With this criticism as the starting point, but still based on the cases Hallen and Sodipo provide, I explore different ways in which an “oral culture” like Yoruba (as traditionally depicted) can rely on testimony as a source of justification without succumbing to the gullible and uncritical attitude towards tradition such societies have been charged with. To this purpose, I put to use relevant developments in analytic epistemology taking place after Hallen and Sodipo published their work.

Analysis on the Culture behind Worship to Traditional Chinese Medicine Master Sun Simiao

Worship to traditional Chinese medicine mater Sun Simiao is rooted in the traditional Chinese culture of Confucianism and Taoism, which attaches great importance to life and life in this world. The development and spread of Taoism is a platform for the promotion of traditional Chinese medicine master Sun Simiao. People's demand for medicine and health care is the basis of the folk culture behind worship to Sun Simiao. Medicine master culture of and worship to Sun Simiao's promoted people's healthy life and national prosperity, so it was widely recognized and spread.