Massive Leakage Research Articles

Fluorescein angiographic behaviour of iris masses.

28 cysts and tumours involving the iris are studied by means of fluorescein angiography of the anterior segment. Iris cysts usually showed abnormally dilated and tortuous feeding vessels, but only exceptionally did they leak fluorescein. Inflammatory masses presented massive dye leakage from both tumour-involved and distant iris vessels. Benign stromal masses showed normal angiograms or dye leakage limited to the tumour site. Benign pigmented lesions were angiographically always silent, whereas malignant melanomata showed moderate to heavy leakage from the tumour. This leakage occasionally extended to apparently uninvolved iris areas, specially to the pupillary margin. Exceptionally, a malignant melanoma of the iris was angiographically silent. It is concluded that iris angiography is a useful but not error-free method for the evaluation of iris masses.

Das ölige Kontrastmittel im Liquorraum nach Myelographie

In 32 patients neurological and radiological studies were done after spinal myelography using 5 ml of monoidostearate. The route and speed of elimination of the contrast medium remaining intrathecally have been observed over 2 years, establishing correlations with the way and conditions of administration. In the case of active lumbar drainage from the puncture channel after lumbar instillation of contrast medium or after lumbar puncture, a quick and sometimes massive extrathecal and extravertebral leakage, reaching 1/3 of the applied contrast medium, has been observed in 80%-90% of the cases during the first days and weeks. During the first year, the mean contrast medium elimination was 50%. In the case of a single cisternal instillation of contrast medium, no leakage was found, the elimination was 0-8-1-0 ml/year. The importance of "lumbar puncture drainage" becomes evident, as well as its activity which lasts up to 19 days. The possible routes of leakage (migration) of the contrast medium are discussed.

Mouse Model For Protoporphyria. III. Experimental Production of Chronic Erythropoietic Protoporphyria-like Skin Lesions

Albino mice were made protoporphyric with griseofulvin according to an established procedure. Photosensitivity flares were elicited once a week throughout a 10-month period, using black light as a source for 410 nm radiation and the flares were monitored by the intravenous injection of vascular tracers and by light and electron microscopy. Each irradiation led to a selective destruction of the endothelial cells of superficial capillaries which was followed by massive vascular leakage. The basal lamina remained largely intact, providing the scaffold for regenerating endothelial cells which deposited new basal lamina material at their periphery. Subsequent exposures to 410 nm radiation reproduced the endothelial damage and subsequent basal lamina formation; multiple irradiations thus resulted in excessive, concentric, tubelike basal lamina deposits around dermal vessels which light microscopically appeared as PAS-positive hyaline material and clinically gave the skin a thickened, waxy appearance. This model thus reproduced the skin of erythropoietic protoporphyria clinically, microscopically, and at the ultrastructural level.

Iris angiography in cystoid macular edema after cataract extraction.

Iris angiography was performed on eight patients (nine eyes), who had cystoid macular edema postcataract extraction. The fundus fluorescein angiographies showed typical star-shaped, multiloculated staining of the macular area. The iris angiographies demonstrated moderate to massive leakage of dye from the iris, and possibly leakage of ciliary body vessels into the anterior chamber, thus evidencing the until now suspected but undocumented fact that fluorescein leakage is not restricted to the fundus vessels. These data tend to support the idea that this type of macular edema is due to a vascular abnormality, and not to altered vitreous mechanics.

Stagnation thrombosis: an iris fluorescein angiography study.

Two cases of central retinal venous thrombosis with gross involvement of the arterial supply to the retina are described. The iris fluorescein angiography showed massive leakage of dye into the anterior chamber. The iris angiographic findings in 48 cases of central venous thrombosis are compared with those of 19 patients with central retinal artery occlusion. In venous obstruction pupillary and extrapupillary vessels leak both in recent and in long-standing cases, whereas in arterial occlusions extrapupillary leakage occurs exclusively in recent cases. Comparatively, the 2 cases of stagnation thrombosis appear to show an exaggerated arterial type of response, and seem to form a distinct clinical entity as opposed to the basically venous insufficiency of central retinal vein thrombosis of the usual type.

The effect of anti-ATPase antibodies upon the Ca ++ transport of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Sheep or guinea pig antisera against the purified Ca ++ transport ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum inhibit Ca ++ transport due to a complement-dependent damage of the membrane, which causes massive leakage of Ca ++. The Ca ++-activated ATPase activity is only slightly affected even at ten times higher antibody concentration than that required for inhibition of Ca ++ transport. Antibodies prepared against the Ca ++ binding protein (C 1 protein) have no influence upon either ATPase activity or Ca ++ transport and ferritin-labeled anti-C 1 antibodies do not bind to microsomes.

Oxygen affinity and electrolyte distribution of human blood: changes induced by propranolol.

Propranolol causes a massive leakage of potassium ions from red cells, which results in an alteration of the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium across the red cell membrane. According to such a mechanism, the presence of propranolol significantly increases the hydrogen ion activity of the interior of the red cell, causing a decreased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin according to the classical Bohr effect. No release of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate which may be bound to the membrane is thus necessary to explain the effect of propranolol on the oxygen dissociation curve of blood.

Massive aortic incompetence associated with the Björk-Shiley prosthesis.

Smith, G. H., and Chandra, K. (1973) . Thorax , 28 , 627-630. Massive aortic incompetence associated with the Bjork-Shiley prosthesis . Three patients are described. In each, a diseased aortic valve was replaced by a Bjork-Shiley valve prosthesis. For different reasons, ventricular fibrillation occurred when the patient was still on cardiopulmonary bypass. In these circumstances, a massive leak occurred through the valve and caused overdistension of the left ventricle. Subsequent examination of the valves in the laboratory showed that, under the conditions described above, there was a leakage equal in volume to half the forward flow.

Interaction of complement and polymyxin with gram-negative bacteria.

The interaction of complement and polymyxin with gram-negative bacteria has been investigated by using three strains of Salmonella typhimurium in an attempt to determine the loci of complement action. It has been shown that the bactericidal activities of complement and polymyxin towards a smooth gram-negative organism are similarly affected by various components of the bactericidal test system. Further, complement and polymyxin have been shown to act synergistically in the bactericidal event. Evidence is presented which suggests that each agent produces lesions in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, allowing lysozyme to interact with its glycopeptide substrate. An attack on the inner cytoplasmic membrane follows, since cell respiration is rapidly inhibited and this membrane becomes sufficiently disorganized to permit massive leakage of beta-galactosidase from the cytoplasm of the target cells.

EFFECTS OF SOME ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS ON CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY OF THE GASTRIC MUCOSA IN THE RAT

It has been reported that many anti-inflammatory drugs employed in the treatment of rheumatic disorders cause various gastrointestinal disturbances, such as haemorrhage and the development or reactivation of peptic ulcer. The mechanisms involved are not understood precisely, but they may include stimulation of gastric acid secretion and decrease in the resistance of the local gastrointestinal mucosa (1). Serum proteins, albumin and globulin, have been found in gastric juice (2-4). A hypothesis that transudation of serum proteins from capillaries to the interstitial spaces and thence into the lumen of the stomach is a normal physiological process was proposed by Hollander and Horowitz (5). It has been shown that clinically a massive leakage of serum proteins into the stomach occurs often in gastric cancer, Menetrier's disease, and in some cases of gastric atrophy (6, 7). In addition, experimentally increased plasma output was seen in the canine stomach irrigated with fatty acids or salicylates (8). In the present study, in order to find some relationships between gastric disturbances and chages in capillary permeability of the gastric mucosa, we investigated the effects of anti-inflammatory drugs, that is, aspirin, cinchophen, cortisone, indomethacin, and phenylbutazone, and three plant extracts which have anti-inflammatory or anti-peptic ulcer activities (9-12), on the output of plasma and the volume of gastric juice.

Acute Radiation Injury: Pathophysiological Aspects of the Massive Leakage of Albumin into the Gastrointestinal Tract

Rabbits were irradiated with 250 to 1600 r Co60 gamma rays, and the degradation and distribution of albumin in the ani mals were investigated by means of I131-labeled albumin injected intravenously after irradiation. The half life of the labeled albumin was found to be inversely proportional to the radiation dose, indicating an increased albumin catabolism and leakage through the gastrointestinal wall. The excessive excretion of radioactivity in the rabbit irradiated with 1200 r indicates partial restitution of the re- absorption capacity of the intestine. It is concluded that the epithelium and capillaries of the gastrointestinal tract constitute the most sensitive system in acute radiation injury. (D.L.C.)

Passage of serum albumin into the stomach. Its detection by paper electrophoresis of gastric juice in protein-losing gastropathies and gastric cancer.

The presence of serum albumin in the gastric lumen can be readily diagnosed by paper electrophoresis of the gastric juice. While small amounts of albumin are present in the gastric juice under normal conditions, a massive leakage of serum albumin into the stomach occurs often in gastric cancer, Menetrier's disease, and in some cases of gastric atrophy. Paper electrophoresis of the gastric juice has definite clinical significance for the detection of these conditions.

A STUDY OF THE DUCTAL SYSTEM OF THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND BY USING CAST MODELS MADE OF RESIN, IN ITS SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE RELATION TO SIALOGRAPHIC FINDINGS

In order to obtain cast modelst of the sumbmaxillary gland of dog, resin was infused into the normal or morbid ductal system of the gland. The morbid changes were experimentally evoked by verious means. The cast models obtained in this study were divided into several groups. At the same time the glands were examined sialographically and histologically for the purpose of comparing the characteristic features of each groups. The results were as follows. 1. The cast model of the normal gland was spherical or oval in shape, and had velvety surface. Both Wharton's duct and its branches were smooth in surface. The branches grew gradually finer as they ramified, ending in minute points. The terminal portion was 4 micron in diameter. 2. The cast model the gland with acute inflammatory changes had rough surface. These changes were evoked by infusion of supended staphylococci. The duct with multiple dells resembled a string of beads. The terminal portions were spheri- cal, dilatated or collapsed irregularly. They were over ten times as thick in diameter as the terminal portion of normal duct. These changes in the shape of the ducts were correlated with the sialographic findings which showed granular, oil-drop-like or massive leaks of opaque medium. The picture of the ducts became thin in density and was interrupted or discontinued. 3. The cast model of the gland after the incertion of was foreign bodies roughsurfaced or tree- shaped. The gland gave occasionally no opacity. The shadows of the ductal-system was dilated and rough in surface. 4. Morbid changes of the glands which were exposed to X-ray irradiation, were comparatively moderate. Their cast models were-nearly normal. The cast models of three cases which showed dapple shadows were rough-surfaced. 5. After the ligation of wharton's duct the Cast model of the glands was rough surfaced or tree-shaped. The shadow of the gland was dapple or unvisible. Those ducts were dilated, segme- ntal, pestle-like or discontinued. The shadows of the ducts were dilated, interrupted or discontinued with relation to their cast models. 6. The ductal-system of the glands could be filled with resin with in 2 weeks after injection of pyoctanin, and their models were rough-surfaced or tree shaped. However, it could not be filled after 1 month except the main duct, and the model showed stem-shape with irregular processes. 7. The present studiy indicated that an appreciable correlation was found between three-dimensional cast model of the submaxillary gland and two-dimensional sialographic findings, and it was that the sialographic findings would closely reflect pathologic changes in the ductal system of the gland.